Showing papers on "Rapeseed published in 1977"
81 citations
TL;DR: Rapeseed was more vulnerable than barley to pest infestation when 46 and 52 t, respectively, were stored in farm bins in Manitoba during 1973–76; in a small heated pocket of rapeseed, fat acidity rose in the 3rd yr by 1,000%.
Abstract: Rapeseed was more vulnerable than barley to pest infestation when 46 and 52 t, respectively, were stored in farm bins in Manitoba during 1973–76. The fat acidity of unheated barley did not increase in 3 yr, but that of rapeseed increased by 65% in the 1st yr and 120% by the 3rd yr; in a small heated pocket of rapeseed, fat acidity rose in the 3rd yr by 1,000%. Cladosporium was the major field fungus of rapeseed and Alternaria of barley. Penicillium and members of Aspergillus glaucus group were the major storage fungi associated with rapeseed. Unlike barley, rapeseed was heavily infested by grain mites, Acarus immobilis, Glycyphagus destructor, and their predators, Blattisocius keegani and Cheyletus eruditus. Test insects, Cryptolestes ferrugineus and Tribolium castaneum, introduced in both bins, could not overwinter. Turning of both crops in the spring reduced temperature and moisture differences between the warm center and cooler edges, but it also dispersed fungal spores and mites throughout the bulks. ...
38 citations
TL;DR: Canadian plant breeders have recently succeeded in producing rapeseed with <1% erucic acid in the oil and with a very low level of glucosinolates in the meal, which appears to be no more detrimental when used at the 20% level in animal diets than a number of other oils used in human foods.
Abstract: Canadian plant breeders have recently succeeded in producing rapeseed with <1% erucic acid in the oil and with a very low level of glucosinolates in the meal. One suchBrassica napus cultivar, ‘Tower,’ is now licensed. The meal from ‘Tower’ seed has been subjected to extensive chemical and biological testing and has proven to be a markedly superior product as compared with conventional rapeseed meals. This new cultivar is less goitrogenic and more palatable and gives satisfactory productive performance in animals at use levels well in excess of older varieties. The presence of high levels of erucic acid in older varieties made the oils undesirable, particularly because this compound is not well metabolized by cardiac and certain other tissues and results in pathological changes in a number of experimental animals. ‘Tower’ rapeseed oil is less cardiotoxic than high erucic oils and appears to be no more detrimental when used at the 20% level in animal diets than a number of other oils used in human foods.
35 citations
TL;DR: The improved nutritional quality of hydrogenated oil appeared not to be related to the decreased concentration of linolenic acid, because that fatty acid in linseed oil with or without erucic acid did not increase the incidence of lesions.
Abstract: The incidence of cardiac lesions in male rats fed rapeseed oil (Brassica campestris, cultivar ‘Span’) was lower with partially hydrogenated oil (iodine value 78) than with the liquid oil which had been treated in various ways. Another rapeseed oil (Brassica napus, cultivar ‘Tower’) was similarly improved when hydrogenated to iodine value 76.6, but not at iodine value 97.1, as demonstrated in both Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats. The improved nutritional quality of hydrogenated oil appeared not to be related to the decreased concentration of linolenic acid, because that fatty acid in linseed oil with or without erucic acid did not increase the incidence of lesions. A relatively high concentration of docosahexaenoic acid in the cardiac fatty acids was observed in adversely affected groups, but a lower concentration was found with the appropriately hydrogenated rapeseed oil.
35 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported the average value of 68.45±0.92 C with a range of 67.10 to 69.29 C for rapeseed oil extracted from different Canadian varieties.
Abstract: Crismer Values of rapeseed oil extracted from different Canadian varieties are reported. Seventeen samples of oil containing up to 4.1% erucic acid gave an average value of 68.45±0.92 C with a range of 67.10 to 69.29. Crismer Values of high erucic acid oils (20~45% erucic acid) ranged from 76 to 82 C.
34 citations
TL;DR: A much higher incidence of focal myocardial necrosis was found in animals receiving high-erucate rapeseed oil relative to animals given the corn oil, and the incidence in rats fed diets containing very low-erUCate rapeeed oil was intermediate between these latter two extremes.
Abstract: The nutritional status of the very lowerucate rapeseed oil,Brassica napus var. ‘Tower,’ was compared with that of the high-erucate oil,Brassica napus var. ‘Target’, as well as with corn oil. The effect of randomization on the nutritional qualities of rapeseed oil was investigated as well. The feeding of diets containing the original and randomized ‘Tower” oil or the original ‘Target’ oil, at the 20% level by weight, gave growth rates which were not significantly different from that for corn oil. However, the randomized ‘Target’ oil gave growth rates which were significantly less than all other groups. The growth results could not be explained simply on the basis of food consumption. The level of triglycerides in the hearts of rats fed the very low-erucate oils was not significantly different from the corn oil group. Triglyceride concentrations in the hearts of animals given the high-erucate oils were 7–12 times greater than all other groups. The level of total fatty acids in tissue phospholipids was the same regardless of dietary treatment. Fatty acid compositions of the tissue lipids were the same in animals fed either the original or randomized rapeseed oils. A much higher incidence of focal myocardial necrosis was found in animals receiving high-erucate rapeseed oil relative to animals given the corn oil. The incidence in rats fed diets containing very low-erucate rapeseed oil was intermediate between these latter two extremes.
33 citations
TL;DR: Virginiamycin supplementation significantly increased growth rates, but produced a nonsignificant improvement in feed: gain ratios, and use of the antibiotic did not significantly affect carcass criteria.
Abstract: Ninety-six pigs, fed ad libitum from 10 to 94 kg liveweight, were used to examine the effects of including virginiamycin, at 0 and 1.102 g/100 kg diet, in starter and grower diets containing a low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal (Brassica napus L. cv. Tower) or soybean meal. Virginiamycin supplementation significantly increased growth rates, by 4.6% pre 33 kg liveweight and 5.1% subsequently, but produced a nonsignificant (P > 0.05) improvement in feed: gain ratios (2.8 and 0.5%, respectively). Use of the antibiotic did not significantly affect carcass criteria. Using the oilseed meals at 7.5% in the starter period and 12.5% subsequently, replacement of soybean meal by rapeseed meal resulted in a decrease in growth rates (from 546 to 518 g/day, P 0.0...
29 citations
TL;DR: As cardiolipin is localized in the inner membrane of mitochondria and sphingomyelin in plasma and microsomal membranes, the acyl-moiety alterations of both phospholipids might be correlated to the pathological lesions of rat heart after a long duration of rapeseed oil feeding.
Abstract: The influence of long duration rapeseed oil feeding with high or low levels of erucic acid has been investigated on rat heart phospholipids. The rats treated for 20 wk with rapeseed oil containing 46.2% erucic acid showed a twofold increase in the sphingomyelin content of the heart. Treatment with primor rapeseed oil (3.7% erucic acid) for 20 wk did not modify phospholipid composition of rat heart. The fatty acid patterns of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine were slightly influenced by the high erucic rapeseed oil; eicosenoic acid was incorporated preferentially into position one, but erucic acid showed a random distribution in both. After high erucic rapeseed oil feeding, 22∶1 was incorporated into cardiolipin (5.6%) and sphingomyelin (10.5%). The incorporation of 22∶1 into sphingomyelin was associated with an increase of the percentage of 24∶1 (14.6%) and a decrease of saturated long chain fatty acid (22∶0, 24∶0) percentages. Primor rapeseed oil caused a slight increase of 24∶1 and a decrease of 22∶0 and 24∶0 in rat heart sphingomyelin. As cardiolipin is localized in the inner membrane of mitochondria and sphingomyelin in plasma and microsomal membranes, the acyl-moiety alterations of both phospholipids might be correlated to the pathological lesions of rat heart after a long duration of rapeseed oil feeding.
27 citations
TL;DR: It appears that the background incidence of heart lesions that are found in the rat in any case, and which are increased by rapeseed oil feeding, is caused by the imbalanced fatty acid composition of the oil for the growing rat, i.e. high monoenes.
Abstract: Three hundred (experiment I) and 350 (experiment II) weanling, 3-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 40–50 g were randomly assigned two per cage and 50 per dietary treatment to study the effect of dietary fatty acid balance on myocardial lesions. The following oils were tested: Experiment I.Brassica napus var. Tower rapeseed oil [Tower RSO, 1974 cultivar and 1975 cultivar, each containing 0.3% erucic (22∶1) acid];B. napus var. Zephyr RSO containing 0.9% 22∶1; corn oil; olive oil; and soybean oil. Experiment II.B. napus var. Tower RSO (1974 cultivar), olive oil, soybean oil, and the following oils to which was added the indicated level of free 22∶1; Tower +0.5% 22∶1; Tower +5.6% 22∶1; olive oil +4.4% 22∶1; soybean oil +5.7% 22∶1. In each case the oils were incorporated in a semisynthetic diet at a level of 20% by weight. Heart and heart lipid weights of rats fed the different oils did not differ statistically from each other. Fatty acid analyses of heart lipids revealed that the fatty acid composition of the cardiac lipids reflected that of the diet fed. In experiment I, there was a definite but significantly lower incidence (P<0.01) and severity (P<0.01) of heart lesions in rats fed control oils (corn, olive, soybean) than in rats fed rapeseed oils. Also, in experiment II, a definite but lower incidence and severity of heart lesions occurred in rats fed control oils (soybean, olive) compared to rats fed Tower RSO or this oil with added free 22∶1. Adding 22∶1 to an oil naturally high in 18∶3 (soybean) did not alter the incidence of heart lesions, whereas adding 22∶1 to an oil naturally high in 18∶1 (olive) increased significantly (P<0.01) both the incidence and severity of heart lesions. Thus, it appears that the background incidence of heart lesions that are found in the rat in any case, and which are increased by rapeseed oil feeding, is caused by the imbalanced fatty acid composition of the oil for the growing rat, i.e. high monoenes (18∶1, 20∶1, and 22∶1) and high 18∶3 and is not only due to the presence of excess 18∶3.
26 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, seven sulfur compounds were found in rapeseed oils, including 3-butenyl, 4-pentenyl-, and phenethyl isothiocyanate, and 5-vinyl-2-oxazolidinethione.
Abstract: Seven sulfur compounds were found in industrially extracted rapeseed oils. Four of these were identified as 3-butenyl-, 4-pentenyl-, and phenethyl isothiocyanate, and 5-vinyl-2-oxazolidinethione. These compounds are hydrolysis products from glucosinolates present in the seed.
25 citations
TL;DR: Results from experiment 2, in which B. campestris cultivars were used as 0 and 10% of pelleted diets fed for two 45-min periods daily, indicated that rapeseed depressed daily feed intake and gain significantly but did not adversely affect carcass measurements.
Abstract: Low erucic acid cultivars of Brassica campestris L. (Span and Torch) and B. napus L. (Midas and Tower) were used to examine the effects of cultivar on the performance of 132 crossbred pigs fed, from 23 kg to 89 kg liveweight, diets containing ground rapeseed. The oil percentages and levels of total glucosinolates (mg/g oil-free meal) were, respectively, 39.1 and 8.2 (Span), 40.2 and 7.8 (Torch), 44.7 and 12.0 (Midas), 43.2 and 3.4 (Tower). Growth rates on 17% crude protein diets containing 10% rapeseed in experiment 1 ranged from 637 g/day (Midas) to 797 g/day (Tower), a significant (P < 0.05) difference, although feed:gain ratios and carcass measurements did not differ significantly between the four dietary groups. Results from experiment 2, in which B. campestris cultivars were used as 0 and 10% of pelleted diets fed for two 45-min periods daily, indicated that rapeseed depressed daily feed intake and gain significantly (P < 0.01) but did not adversely affect carcass measurements. Increasing the dietary...
TL;DR: This article showed that replacing erucic acid with C18 acids increased the specific gravity (25 C/25 C) from 0.9123 for an oil with 23.1% erucica acid to 0. 9171 for a soybean oil with 0.7% eicosenoic acid.
Abstract: New varieties of rapeseed oils grown in Canada have bess than 1% erucic (cis-13-docosenoic) acid and also a reduction in cis-11-eicosenoic acid. The replacement of these acids with C18 acids increased the specific gravity (25 C/25 C) from 0.9123 for an oil with 23.1% erucic acid to 0.9171 for an oil with 0.7% erucic acid. Soybean oil data are presented for comparison.
TL;DR: Determination of the total iodine content of egg yolk indicated that there was some reduction in the transfer of dietary iodine to eggs even with the low glucosinolate rapeseed meal.
Abstract: 1. An experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of the gluco‐sinolate content of rapeseed meal on the transfer of dietary iodine to eggs. 2. The experimental diets, containing two concentrations (50 or 100 g/kg) of high‐ or low‐glucosinolate rapeseed meal and a diet, devoid of rapeseed meal, all supplemented with 0.3 mg I/kg were given to laying hens for 6 weeks before oral administration of 125I daily for 11d. 3. The percentage of 125I transferred to egg yolk was significantly reduced by the inclusion of high‐glucosinolate rapeseed meal but not by low‐glucosinolate meal. 4. Determination of the total iodine content of egg yolk indicated that there was some reduction in the transfer of dietary iodine to eggs even with the low glucosinolate rapeseed meal.
TL;DR: The distribution of carbohydrates in the preparation of rapeseed protein isolates was studied in this article, where the major proportion of the carbohydrates of the rapeseed meal was found to accumulate in the meal residue and supernatants.
Abstract: The distribution of carbohydrates in the preparation of rapeseed protein isolates was studied. The major proportion of the carbohydrates of rapeseed meal was found to accumulate in the meal residue and supernatants. Only a minor amount was found in the isolates. The carbohydrates in the supernatants were mainly oligosaccharides. The acidic carbohydrates as well as the RNA extracted from the rapeseed meal were completely recovered in the protein isolates. When a rapeseed protein isolate was prepared by the addition of CMC and an acid, also all added CMC was recovered in the isolate. It was suggested that protein isolates prepared from other raw materials than rapeseed also contain polyacids (e.g. RNA, phytic acid, acidic polysaccharides and acidic polyphenols) extracted from the raw material.
TL;DR: Eggshell quality as measured by shell deformation was significantly improved when birds were fed rapeseed meal + rapeseed gums or soybean meal + soybean gums, compared to those birds fed either rapeseed Meal, or soy bean meal with added rapeseeds gums.
Abstract: An experiment was conducted to investigate whether rapeseed gums have any detrimental effect on the performance of laying hens White leghorn pullets of a commercial strain were fed all-mash diets in which the major source of protein was provided by either soybean meal, rapeseed meal, rapeseed meal + 15% rapeseed gums, soybean meal + 15% rapeseed gums or soybean meal + 15% soybean gums Each diet was offered to four replicate groups of 12 birds during ten 28-day experimental periods Dietary treatment had no significant effect on feed intake or egg production Birds fed diets containing rapeseed meal produced significantly smaller eggs than those birds receiving soybean meal with no added rapeseed gums Eggshell quality as measured by shell deformation was significantly improved when birds were fed rapeseed meal + rapeseed gums or soybean meal + soybean gums, compared to those birds fed either rapeseed meal, or soybean meal with added rapeseed gums Rapeseed gums had no significant effect on body weigh
TL;DR: It is suggested that rapeseed gums per se have no deleterious effect on chicken broiler performance to 49 days of age, when used at an inclu...
Abstract: Samples of Western Canadian rapeseed and soybean meals were manufactured to contain 1.5% of rapeseed gum, a by-product of the oil-refining process. Comparable samples containing no added gums were also used. Male broiler chickens housed in floor pens receiving 20% Tower rapeseed meal with no added gums showed a significantly smaller liveweight at 49 days of age, compared to birds fed either a degummed soybean meal control diet or a diet containing soybean meal + 1.5% soybean gums. Birds offered the soybean control diet exhibited a significantly superior feed intake: body weight gain compared to all other treatments. Carcass grading according to Canada Department of Agriculture standards was not influenced by dietary treatment although birds fed the soybean meal control diet showed a significantly lower incidence of breast cysts compared to all other treatments. These results suggest that rapeseed gums per se have no deleterious effect on chicken broiler performance to 49 days of age, when used at an inclu...
TL;DR: Acidulated soapstock and non-acidulated soapstocks from high and low erucic acid rapeseed, fed in comparison with oils, gave favorable results for growth rate and feed efficiency and there was no mortality attributable to any of the oils or oil fractions.
Abstract: Growth rates of chicks and efficiency of feed utilization were similar when the diet contained 4% of either rapeseed oil or corn oil in one experiment and when the diet contained 10% of either rapeseed oil or soybean oil in a second experiment. Gums from high or low erucic acid rapeseed at dietary levels of 4–5% resulted in growth rates and feed efficiency similar to those obtained with the oils. Acidulated soapstock and non-acidulated soapstock from high and low erucic acid rapeseed, fed in comparison with oils, gave favorable results for growth rate. The non-acidulated soapstocks, probably as a result of their 6% mineral content, reduced feed efficiency slightly. There was no mortality attributable to any of the oils or oil fractions.
TL;DR: In this paper, a rapid and simple method of screening rapeseed (Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L.) and mustard (B. juncea (L.) Coss., and b. hirta Moench) seed for erucic acid content was developed using the solubility of the oil in absolute ethanol or a mixture of methanol and n-propanol 1.7:2.
Abstract: A rapid and simple method of screening rapeseed (Brassica napus L. and B. campestris L.) and mustard (B. juncea (L.) Coss., and B. hirta Moench) seed for erucic acid content was developed using the solubility of the oil in absolute ethanol or a mixture of methanol and n-propanol 1.7:2.0 v/v. The time required for a warm alcoholic solution of the oil to turn opaque on cooling was related to the erucic acid content. The stability of the reagent, sensitivity, simplicity and speed of the method indicates that it is suitable for identification of low and high erucic acid seed in commerce.
TL;DR: Maximum deposition of the long-chain monoenes, erucic and eicosenoic acids, had occurred in the cardiac lipids of chicks after 3 days on diet, and the levels remained high throughout the 4-wk trial.
Abstract: Male White Leghorn chicks were fed either a basal diet or diets supplemented with soybean oil or four different rapeseed oils at 20% by weight of the diet from 1 day of age to 3 days, 1, 2 and 4 wk. The four rapeseed oils contained different levels of erucic (0.9–22.3%) and eicosenoic (1.5–12.3%) acids. Only the diet containing rapeseed oil high in erucic acid gave higher cardiac fat levels as measured gravimetrically. Maximum deposition of the long-chain monoenes, erucic and eicosenoic acids, had occurred in the cardiac lipids of chicks after 3 days on diet, and the levels remained high throughout the 4-wk trial. The relative concentration of these long-chain monoenes in the cardiac lipids of chicks was positively correlated to the dietary levels of these acids. The composition of the alkenyl groups of the plasmalogenic lipids was changed by feeding rapeseed oil, with 18:1 becoming the major alkenyl group. Minor amounts of 20:1 and 22:1 alkenyl groups were detected in the plasmalogenic lipids of chicks f...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple method for determination of oil content and fatty acid composition in small seed sample (>2mg) was presented using methyl heptadecanoate as internal standard.
Abstract: A simple method for determination of oil content and fatty acid composition in small seed sample (>2mg) is presented using methyl heptadecanoate as internal standard. Using this method, the possibility f loss of oil is eliminated, and simultaneous extraction and methyl esterification of oil in a test tube can be efficiently carried out. A comporison of the present method with conventional one revealed a close agreement with regard to oil content and fatty acid composition of two majou rapeseed crops, viz., Brassica napus and Brassica campestris.