Showing papers on "Rapeseed published in 1989"
TL;DR: The fatty acid composition of canola oil is consistent with its use as a substitute for SFAs, in meeting the dietary goals recommended by many health associations, and no single oil meets these current recommendations for ratios of PUFA/monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios as the sole source of cooking and salad oil
Abstract: Canola oil is a newly marketed vegetable oil for use in salads and for cooking that contains 55% of the monounsaturated fatty acid; oleic acid, 25% linoleic acid and 10% alpha-linolenate [polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)], and only 4% of the saturated fatty acids (SFAs) that have been implicated as factors in hypercholesterolemia. It is expressed from a cultivar of rapeseed that was selectively bred from old varieties in Canada to be very low in erucic acid--a fatty acid suspected to have pathogenic potential in diets high in the original rapeseed oil in experimental animals. Canola oil is free of those problems. It is the most widely consumed food oil in Canada, and has been approved for Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) status by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The fatty acid composition of canola oil is consistent with its use as a substitute for SFAs, in meeting the dietary goals recommended by many health associations: an average diet containing about 30% of calories as fat made up of less than 10% SFAs, 8-10% PUFAs in a ratio of linoleic to linolenic acids between 4:1 and 10:1, the remainder being monounsaturated fatty acids. No single oil meets these current recommendations for ratios of PUFA/monounsaturated/polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios as the sole source of cooking and salad oil.
99 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the melting and crystallization properties of fully hydrogenated soybean oil, beef fat, rapeseed oil, a rapeseed, palm, soybean, and cottonseed oil blend, and palm oil were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry.
Abstract: Fully hydrogenated soybean oil, beef fat, rapeseed oil, a rapeseed, palm and soybean oil blend, cottonseed oil and palm oil were characterized by fatty acid composition, glyceride carbon number and partial glyceride content, as well as melting and crystallization properties. The latter were established by differential scanning calorimetry. Polymorphic behavior was analyzed by X-ray diffraction of the products in the flake or granulated form and when freshly crystallized from a melt. The hard fats were dissolved in canola oil at levels of 20, 50 and 80% and crystallized from the melt. Palm oil had the lowest crystallization temperature and the lowest melting temperature; rapessed had the highest crystallization temperature and soybean the highest melting temperature. All of the hard fats crystallized initially in the =00 form. When diluted with canola oil, only palm oil was able to maintain β′ stability.
62 citations
TL;DR: Results from a diallel mating of two rapeseed lines with distinctly different linolenic acid concentration show that this trait is mainly under control of nuclear genes of the embryo, but significant differences in reciprocal F1, BC1 and BC2 indicate maternal control, which is realized by interaction between maternal genotype and nuclear genes in the embryo.
Abstract: Results from a diallel mating of two rapeseed lines with distinctly different linolenic acid concentration show that this trait is mainly under control of nuclear genes of the embryo. However, significant differences in reciprocal F1, BC1 and BC2 indicate maternal control, which is realized by interaction between maternal genotype and nuclear genes of the embryo. Additionally, temperature exerts considerable influence on the degree of maternal control. Since no reciprocal differences are detectable in F2, cytoplasmic factors seem not to be involved in the inheritance of linolenic acid concentration. Hypotheses on the physiological nature of maternal control of this trait are discussed.
50 citations
TL;DR: Embryos excised from the seed of rapeseed accumulated glucosinolate from the culture medium and it is suggested that a carrier-mediated transport system is operating in the developing embryo.
Abstract: Embryos excised from the seed of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) accumulated glucosinolate from the culture medium. Uptake was saturable, subject to inhibition, varied with the developmental stage of the embryo but correlated with the time of accumulation of glucosinolates in situ. It is suggested that a carrier-mediated transport system is operating in the developing embryo.
36 citations
TL;DR: Sulfur did not appear to be an independently limiting factor in field-grown plants and glucosinolate concentration in seeds grown in the glasshouse increased in both cultivars with increasing sulfur application.
Abstract: The effect of sulfur availability on glucosinolate concentration in seed meal of glasshouse grown Brassica nupus cv. Wesbrook and Brassica rapa cv. Runyip was studied. In addition, field trials were evaluated to determine the degree of variability of glucosinolate concentrations in the seed and of sulfur in the plants of rapeseed grown at a number of sites throughout New South Wales.Glucosinolate concentration in seeds grown in the glasshouse increased (P < 0.01) in both cultivars with increasing sulfur application, ranging from an average of 5 8mol at 4 8g g-1 to 55 8mol at 100 8g g-1 sulfur. Bunyip containcd significantly higher concentrations (Pt0-01) than Wesbrook. Increased rates of sulfur application resulted in increased (P < 0.01) seed oil concentrations (from 28.7 to 37.6%), yield (3.1-27.1 g) and 1000-grain weights (2.1-2.9 g). Field trials showed site (P < 0.01) and cultivar (P<0.01) variation in glucosinolate levels. However, sulfur did not appear to be an independently limiting factor in field-grown plants.
33 citations
TL;DR: 3-Butenyl-, 4-pentenyl, 2-Hydroxy-3-butenyl- and 4-hydroxy- 3-indolylmethylglucosinolate were found to be major glucosinolates in developing pod tissue and seed of both high and low glucosInolate lines of rapeseed, consistent with the pod tissue being a source of glucos inolate accumulating in the seed.
Abstract: 3-Butenyl-, 4-pentenyl-, 2-hydroxy-3-butenyl- and 4-hydroxy-3-indolylmethylglucosinolate were found to be major glucosinolates in developing pod tissue and seed of both high and low glucosinolate lines of rapeseed. These glucosinolate profiles along with decreases in the glucosinolate content of pod tissue over a period of 18 d after pollination, and increases in the seed, were consistent with the pod tissue being a source of glucosinolate accumulating in the seed.Key words: Rapeseed, Brassica napus L., Cruciferae, glucosinolate, seed development
24 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Nitrogen rates X application times interaction affected rapeseed yield significantly during the first winter season (1985/86) and the second season (1986/87) and showed that rapeseed plants did not exhibit significant responses to nitrogen rates Xapplication times interaction.
Abstract: A steady and progressive increase in rapeseed yield was observed with each increment in applied nitrogen rates up to 213 kg/ha in both seasons. As for nitrogen application times, the analyzed data showed that adding a split dose (either 1/2 or 1/3) before the third irrigation was a common part between high yielding treatments in 1985/86 season. Nitrogen rates X application times interaction affected rapeseed yield significantly during the first winter season. The highest seed yield of 2.5 t/ha was obtained by adding 213 kg N/ha in two split doses at sowing and just before the third irrigation. The second yield value of 2.47 t/ha was produced under the same N rate when applied in two split doses before second and third irrigation. However, in the second season (1986/87), rapeseed plants did not exhibit significant responses to nitrogen rates X application times interaction.
Chemical analyses showed that rapeseed oil content and its fatty acids (Palmetic, Stearic, Oleic, Linoleic, Linolenic, Arachidic and Erucic) percentages were not significantly affected by either nitrogen rates or application times in both seasons. A very low content of Erucic acid (0.1–0.9 %) in all tested sample was noticed.
24 citations
Journal Article•
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a commercial low-glucosinolate rapeseed meal was extracted with dichloromethane and subjected to chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 to isolate indole-containing compounds which were detected using TLC.
Abstract: Commercial low-glucosinolate rapeseed (Brassica napus L) meal (LG RSM) was extracted with dichloromethane and subjected to chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 to isolate indole-containing compounds which were detected using TLC. Thin layer chromatography of dichloromethane extracts of various heat-treated preparations of defatted low-glucosinolate rapeseed cv Westar was also used to establish the origin of the major indole derivative. One of the minor components was identified as 3-indoleacetonitrile (IAN) based on comparisons of GLC retention times and mass spectral data with authentic IAN. The major indole derivative was identified as 4-hydroxy-3-indoleacetonitrile by comparison of mass spectral data with that for IAN and by establishing its precursor as 4-hydroxy-3-indolylmethylglucosinolate.
21 citations
TL;DR: A standing crop of Tobin canola-quality rapeseed was sampled and swathed at 4-d intervals between 52 and 10% seed moisture content, hastening loss of green seed color by about 2 d as compared to seeds on standing plants.
Abstract: A standing crop of Tobin canola-quality rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) was sampled and swathed at 4-d intervals between 52 and 10% (wb) seed moisture content. Percentages of distinctly green seeds and chlorophyll contents of seeds were assessed. Swathing hastened loss of green seed color by about 2 d as compared to seeds on standing plants.Key words: Canola, harvest stage, green seed, chlorophyll
19 citations
TL;DR: Field experiments were conducted in 1982 and 1983 to determine the effects of increasing densities of ’volunteer’ wheat and barley on the growth and seed yield of rapeseed, and the reduction in rapeseed yield was described by the equations.
Abstract: Field experiments were conducted in 1982 and 1983 to determine the effects of increasing densities (0–60 plants m−2) of ’volunteer’ wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Neepawa’) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ’Bonanza’) on the growth and seed yield of rapeseed (Brassica napus L. ’Regent’). The results were plotted using linear regression analysis and described by the equationwhere y = biomass or yield (g m−2); b0 = intercept; b1 = linear regression coefficient and x1 = density of ’volunteer’ plants m−2. From the results obtained in 1982 and 1983, ’volunteer’ wheat interference reduced rapeseed yields as described by the equationsandrespectively. Similarly, the reduction in rapeseed yield in the two years caused by ’volunteer’ barley was described by the equationsandThus, an intermediate density of 30 ’volunteer’ wheat plants reduced the yield of rapeseed by approximately 17% in both years; whereas, an equivalent density of ’volunteer’ barley plants reduced rapeseed yields by approximately 27% in 1982 and 35% in ...
TL;DR: Canola (rapeseed, Brassica napus L., B. campestris L.) meal can be stored with negligible loss in quality for more than 12 months at temperatures below 30°C and moisture contents of 7%, or below 25°C, while fungal and bacterial incidence and fungal propagule counts indicated that Penicillium spp predominated at 10 and 20°C during the study.
TL;DR: In this paper, X-ray fluorescence and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy were compared with an established method based on the enzymic release of glucose for the rapid analysis of glucosinolates in rapeseed.
Abstract: Rapeseed (Brassica oleracea L) samples representing the wide range of glucosinolate contents typical of both ‘single-low’ and ‘double-low’ varieties grown in the UK were analysed by X-ray fluorescence and by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy, currently considered to be alternatives for the rapid analysis of glucosinolates in rapeseed. Each physico-chemical technique was compared with an established method based on the enzymic release of glucose. The results of such intercomparisons are reported and the relative advantages and disadvantages of the methods are discussed.
TL;DR: The potential of using low glucosinolate full-fat rapeseed meal (FFR) in the diets of early-weaned piglets was investigated in this experiment and it was found that it can be used on an isonitrogenous basis.
Abstract: The potential of using low glucosinolate full-fat rapeseed meal (FFR) in the diets of early-weaned piglets was investigated in this experiment. FFR (containing 17 (xmol total glucosinolates and 2·8 mg erucic acid per g of whole seed) was used on an isonitrogenous basis at either 200 g
TL;DR: In some years yield response to N fertilizer was greater when applied in the spring compared to the fall, and in some years quality of grain response was greater than usual.
Abstract: Application of N fertilizer in the fall as opposed to spring has been a controversial recommendation for cereal crops grown in Western Canada. Also, oilseed crops such as rapeseed may not respond to N in the same way as cereals. To investigate spring and fall application of N on barley and rapeseed, factorial split plot experiments were designed with three N treatments of 45, 90 and 134 kg N ha−1 and four P treatments of 0, 9.4, 18.8 and 28.2 kg P ha−1, as main plots. A control without fertilizer was included and the subplots were spring and fall times of broadcast application of ammonium nitrate fertilizer. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), cultivar Conquest and rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) cultivar Arlo were seeded as the test crops over a 5-yr period and a 6-yr period, respectively, at separate sites on Melfort silty clay soil to determine the differences in yield and quality of grain between spring and fall applied N. In some years yield response to N fertilizer was greater when applied in the spring ...
TL;DR: Hindgut fermentation of hydroxybenzyl-glucosinolate resulted in a low production of SCN, and laying hens were shown to excrete free SCN readily, and fractionation experiments showed the compound(s) to be relatively insoluble in ethanol when compared with intact indole glucosinolates.
Abstract: Balance trials utilising intact (control) and caecectomised laying hens to emphasise hindgut fermentation were conducted to further investigate the sources of thiocyanate ion (SCN) in the excreta of poultry fed lowglucosinolate rapeseed (Brassica napus L) meal (LG RSM). Meals varying in amounts of indole glucosinolate degradation products were prepared from defatted low-glucosinolate rapeseed by subjecting this meal to varying degrees of heat treatment and by solvent extraction. Final quantification of degradation products was conducted on commercial LG RSM. Lack of correspondence between indole glucosinolates decomposed and SCN released in hindgut fermentation indicated the presence of an unidentified thermal degradation product(s) of indole glucosinolates in defatted low-glucosinolate rapeseed subjected to prolonged (60 min) heat treatment and in commercial LG RSM. The concentration of the degradation product(s) was estimated to be 1.4-1.9 μmol g−1 in two samples of LG RSM. Fractionation experiments showed the compound(s) to be relatively insoluble in ethanol when compared with intact indole glucosinolates. Hindgut fermentation of hydroxybenzyl-glucosinolate resulted in a low production of SCN, and laying hens were shown to excrete free SCN readily.
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: Included are summer turnip rapeseed, Brassica campestris L.
Abstract: Included are summer turnip rapeseed, Brassica campestris L.; Argentine-type rapeseed, B. Napus L.; Oriental and brown mustard, B. juncea L.; and yellow mustard, B. hirta Moench.
Dissertation•
01 Apr 1989
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated extraction and ultra-filtration of rapeseed meal with the aim of producing protein concentrates with desirable functional properties and a low glucosinolate content.
Abstract: Almost all rapeseed grown in the UK is the winter rape variety, which is low in erucic acid but high in glucosinolates. The residue remaining after oil extraction is called rapeseed meal and contains about 40% protein (dwb). Extraction and ultrafiltration were investigated with the aim of producing protein concentrates with desirable functional properties and a low glucosinolate content, the target level for glucosinolate being below 0.4g/kg.(Finnigan, 1986)