Showing papers on "Rapeseed published in 1990"

Production of canola protein materials by alkaline extraction, precipitation, and membrane processing.

Abstract: A process designed for the characteristics of rapeseed and canola proteins was developed, consisting of extraction of oil-free meal at pH 10.5–12.5, isoelectric precipitation to recover proteins and ultrafiltration followed by diafiltration to concentrate and purify the remaining acid-soluble proteins. These steps complement one another to yield three products with excellent protein recovery. Isoelectric and soluble protein isolates containing 87–104% protein (N × 6.25) and a meal residue were obtained from canola meal. All five types of fractions were free of glucosinolates. The two isolates were low in phytate, light in color, and bland in taste. The isolate yield depended on the starting meal. The process is simple and has good potential for commercial application.

Phenolic Acids and Tannins in Rapeseed and Canola

Abstract: The utilization of rapeseed meal in human food formulations has been considered for many years. However, due to the presence of some antinutritional factors in the meal, this goal has not been achieved. Glucosinolates and hulls were first considered to be the most important limiting factors in the use of rapeseed meal in food formulations. In spite of the introduction of double-zero rapeseed varieties (canola) in many countries and the invention of a number of methods for dehulling (Sosulski and Zadernowski 1981; Greilsamer 1983; Diosady et al. 1986), the use of rapeseed meal as a source of food-grade protein is still limited by the presence by small amounts of glucosinolates as well as other undesirable components such as phytic acid and phenolic compounds. The content of phenolics in rapeseed flour is much higher than that found in flours obtained from other oleaginous seeds and accounts for about 30 times of the amount of phenolics in soybean flour (Table 11-1).

Commercial Processing of Canola and Rapeseed: Crushing and Oil Extraction

Abstract: Since the development of canola, its processing in Canada has increased to the point where domestic crushing of canola seed accounts for approximately 38% of all canola grown in Canada from 1978 to 1988. In order to ensure that quality canola products will be produced, it is essential that quality control begins with the raw canola seed. Canola seed purchased by processors in Canada is bought on the basis of Canadian Grain Commission Standards.

Rapeseed: Chemistry and Technology

Abstract: 1. Rapeseed as a Raw Material in the Vegetable Oil Industry. 2. Rapeseed Varieties. 3. Chemical Composition of Rapeseed and Physical Properties of Rapeseed Oil. 4. Methods of Analysis and Characterization of Properties. 5. Preliminary Technological Operations. 6. Primary Processing. 7. Oil Refining. 8. Modification of Rapeseed Oil. 9. Technology of Edible Products. 10. Technology of Non-Edible Products. 11. Nutritional Value of Rapeseed Oil. 12. Nutritional Value of Rapeseed Meal.

Proteins from double-zero rapeseed

Abstract: Solubility profiles of protein, phytic acid, and glucosinolates in aqueous electrolytes of varying pH were found to be similar for defatted meals from two varieties of double-zero (low glucosinolate/low erucic acid) rapeseed (Brassica napus) and conventional Chinese rapeseed (Brassica juncea). The amino acid compositions of the meals and protein isolates indicate favorable nutritive value of such products

Effects of processing on the functional properties of canola/rapeseed protein

Abstract: Canola rapeseed is a major oilseed in Canada, Europe and Japan. Recently, Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status was granted to low erucic acid rapeseed oil for use in the U.S. market. Commercial oil extraction of the seed results in a meal that contains 44% protein and which has been subjected to considerable heat. The meal is presently utilized as livestock feed supplement. A number of processes for the preparation of protein concentrates and isolates from canola/rapeseeds and meal have been proposed, although none have proven commercially viable. In addition to protein concentration, a successful process must reduce the levels of glucosinolates, phenolics, phytates and fiber. These antinutrients present a barrier to the use of canola/rapeseed protein materials in foods. Processes to produce protein concentrates have included water extraction of undesirable compounds from heat denatured, dehulled seed followed by solvent extraction for oil recovery and the isopropanol washing of dehulled, defatted flours. Isolates have been prepared by traditional alkaline extraction, and by acid or water extractions followed by isoelectric, heat or polyelectrolyte precipitation of the protein. Isolates have been chemically and enzymatically modified to improve fooduse properties. In this paper, the effects of various processing methods on the functional properties of solubility, color and flavor of canola protein products are reviewed.

Aqueous Enzymatic Processing of Rapeseed for Production of High Quality Products

Abstract: Production and optimal utilization of rapeseed are of great economical importance for many countries (Larsen and Sorensen 1985). Rapeseed contains oil (40–46%) and protein (20–30%) of high quality, but also glucosinolates. Glucosinolates can be critical for both oil and protein quality, especially if too high concentrations of these compounds or especially their degradation products are present in the oil and protein products (Bjerg et al. 1987a; Sorensen 1988). Novel processing methods of rapeseed have therefore attracted considerable attention.

A new variety of low-linolenic rapeseed oil; characteristics and room-odor tests

Abstract: Two Canadian rapeseed oils, “Westar” and “low-linolenic”, supplied by the Canola Council were studied and compared with a French rapeseed. The linolenic acid content of the low-linolenic variety is about 3%. This drop in the C18∶3 is completely compensated for by an increase in the C18∶2. Seventy-two percent of the triglycerides with at least one linolenic chain disappeared. A strong increase in the OOL and OLL was observed. The room-odor tests showed that the “low-linolenic” had a significantly higher odor score than the French rapeseed and the “Westar”, both of these being very similar. A fruity odor dominated in the “low-linolenic”, and the fishy painty odors were particularly reduced.

Stability of Canola Oil

Abstract: Canola oil is used to identify oil obtained from low erucic acid, low glucosinolate rapeseed. Canola oil is Canada’s major vegetable oil. In 1988, canola accounted for 83% of the salad/cooking oil, and 42% and 57% of the vegetable oil used for margarine and shortenings, respectively, in Canada (Statistics Canada 1988). A total of 87 million kilograms of Canadian canola oil was exported (Statistics Canada 1988). To ensure continued and expanded product utilization, canola oil quality and stability are of utmost concern to both processors and users.

Phytates in Canola/Rapeseed

Abstract: Rapeseed is a good source of high-quality protein. However, its use for both human food and animal feed is limited by the presence of high fiber and antinutritional factors such as glucosinolates, polyphenols, and phytic acid (PA). Much work has been done to solve the fiber, glucosinolate, and phenolic problems, and these are discussed elsewhere in the book. Since PA can bind with minerals and proteins and is thought to reduce their bioavailability, studies have also been done to understand its reactions, nutritional effect, processing changes, and removal from rapeseed. This chapter provides an overview of such research.

New Developments in Canola Research

Abstract: The worldwide production of Brassica oilseed crops, which include rapeseed/canola, is expanding faster than that of any other annual oilseed crop. As of 1987, the Brassica oilseeds were the third most important world source of edible oil after soybean and palm. Today, Canada grows 7–8 million acres of canola, and canola is Canada’s main source of edible oil with 61% of the market. Recently, canola quality has led to the development of a significant export market for oil and meal in the United States. Other countries are now poised to make the conversion from rapeseed to canola quality. With the 1991 harvest, the European Economic Community (EEC) will only pay support prices for seed that is of canola quality. Sweden is already well along in its conversion, and Australia and Chile are expected to convert to canola varieties in the near future.

Phytopathological aspects of glucosinolates in oilseed rape

Abstract: (...) It is obvious that the reduction of the glucosinolate level has weakened, but not eliminated the resistance of rapeseed to certain fungal disease. Phytopathological problems with typical rapeseed pests seem not to be changed with the reduction of glucosinolate levels in rapeseeds damages by other animals, however, may be increased. A close relationship exists between glucosinolate concentrations in vegetative part and the sulphur supply. Thus it appears feasible to enhance the natural resistance of oilseed rape plants by sulphur fertilization against diseases and damages by certain animals

FIELD STUDIES OF MOISTURE AVAILABILITY EFFECTS ON GLUCOSINOLATE AND OIL CONCENTRATION IN THE SEED OF RAPE, (Brassica napus L.) AND TURNIP RAPE (Brassica rapa L. var. silvestris (Lam.) Briggs).

Abstract: Field studies of water availability during development and glucosinolate concentration in mature seed showed that glucosinolate concentration was closely correlated (R2 = 34 – 82%) with evapotranspiration between anthesis and maturity. Glucosinolate concentration increased with increasing moisture to a maximum and then declined again at high water levels. Oil concentration also increased with increasing moisture availability.Key words: Rapeseed, Brassica napus L., Cruciferae, glucosinolate, water availability

Agronomy of Canola in the United States

Abstract: Prior to 1985, there were less than 20,000 hectares of rapeseed and canola cultivation annually in the United States. In 1985, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted GRAS (generally recognized as safe) status to low erucic acid rapeseed (canola) oil (National Archives and Records 1985). As the fatty acid composition of canola oil has been increasingly recognized by nutritionists as beneficial in human diets, domestic consumption of imported canola oil has increased (Foreign Agricultural Service 1989). Only 12,000 metric tons of canola oil were imported into the United States in 1985 compared to an estimated 205,000 metric tons in 1989. During this same period, imports of Canadian canola meal and seed for domestic processing increased dramatically. It is expected that US production of canola will increase to meet domestic demands for both the premium quality oil and the high protein meal (Auld et al. 1989).

Carbohydrates of Canola and Rapeseed

Abstract: The carbohydrates constitute a relatively low proportion of seeds of rape and canola. They occur in different forms and at varying levels in the seeds. According to Siddiqui and Wood (1977), the relative composition of polysaccharide fraction of rapeseed includes 3.5% arabinogalactan, 6.9% arabinan, 15.5% amyloid, 24.1% cellulose, and 50.0% pectins. However, Blair and Reichert (1984) reported that small quantities of starch were also present in rapeseed cotyledons. Cellulose was the major constituent of the hulls and was accompanied by hemicellulose and lignin; proportionally large amounts of pentosans were also present (Bell 1984).

Removal of Glucosinolates and Other Antinutrients from Canola and Rapeseed by Methanol/Ammonia Processing

Abstract: Canola and rapeseed are oil-rich seeds, and their global production ranks third among other oilseed crops After oil extraction, a meal containing about 40% protein is obtained The quality of canola meal as represented by its amino acid composition is well balanced for human food use (Ohlson 1978) Through successful plant breeding, double-low varieties of rapeseed (canola) are now in production in Canada and some European countries These varieties contain less than 2% erucic acid in their oil, and less than 30 µmol of any one or combinations of two or more of four aliphatic glucosinolates per gram of their moisture-free, defatted meal (see below)

Regeneration of Plants from Protoplasts of Oilseed Brassica Crops

Abstract: Along with soybean, cotton, and sunflower, rapeseed is one of the most important commercial oilseeds in the world. It is grown in temperate zones where most other oil crops do not thrive. There are several species from the family Brassicaceae used as oil crops but the most important are Brassica napus (rape), B. campestris (turnip rape, yellow sarson) and B. juncea (leaf mustard, rai). In Europe most of the oilseed crop consists of winter rape. In India and Pakistan, leaf mustard and sarson dominate, while in China, winter and summer rape are the most important oilseed crops.

XRecent advances in canola oil hydrogenations

Abstract: Rapeseed oil has been the source of edible oils in many parts of the world In the last decade, Canadian plant breeders have developed new rapeseed cultivars which yield oil low in erucic acid and meal low in glucosinolates These cultivars were named “canola” by the Canadian rapeseed industry Literature on the hydrogenation characteristics of canola oil is limited; however, in recent years, several aspects of canola oil hydrogenations with commercial nickel catalysts have been reported including the formation ofrans-isomers, trisaturated glycerides and physical properties In addition, as the methods for determination of sulfur compounds in canola oil developed, the effect of some isothiocyanates on the hydrogenation rate was further investigated to determine the relative catalyst poisoning ability of serveral of these sulfur compounds However, during the last few years, most of the efforts were directed towards development of novel, selective and active catalysts for canola oil hydrogenations These studies cover a wide range of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts including sulfur poisoned nickel, gold supported on silica, arene-Cr(CO)3, RuCl2(CO)2(PPh3)2, palladium on carbon, palladium black and nickel and arene-Cr(CO)3 mixtures Effects of temperature, pressure, catalyst concentration and catalyst preparation procedure on the hydrogenation rate, selectivity, catalyst life and quality of the oil were examined and compared with that of commercial nickel catalysts A brief discussion about continous hydrogenations of canola oil with commerical fixed bed catalysts is also included

Ultrafiltration in Rapeseed Processing

Abstract: Rapeseed is one of the major world oilseed crops. It contains 18–24% protein, which results in a meal containing 32–40% protein after oil extraction. The meal protein has a well-balanced amino acid composition (Ohlson and Anjou 1979; Sarwar et al. 1984). It is thus a potential source of food protein. In the past, the high glucosinolate content of the meal has severely limited its use in animal feed. Even today, some of the meal is used as a fertilizer by the largest rapeseed-producing country, China. Meal from recently developed varieties that are low in glucosinolates are widely used in animal feed in Canada and Europe, but still with some limitations because of the presence of glucosinolates, phytate, phenolics, and hull. These limitations make it impossible to consider the meal as a source of protein for human consumption.

Effect of harvest date and pod position on glucosinolates in oilseed rape (Brassica napus).

Abstract: Pod samples from four varieties of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L) were taken twice weekly from 26 to 3 days before harvest from upper, middle and lower third portions of the main raceme Seeds were analysed for individual glucosinolate concentration by HPLC Total glucosinolate content increased suddenly during the sampling period The timing of the increase depended on variety but occurred before harvest would have been practical Proportions of individual glucosinolates in Rafal, the only “high” glucosinolate variety examined, did not change over the sampling period In the other varieties, the proportion of 2-hydroxy-but-3-enyl (progoitrin) increased and the proportion of 2-hydroxy-pent-4-enyl decreased as sampling progressed, so that the concentration of individual glucosinolates could not be predicted from total glucosinolate content The ‘low’ glucosinolate varieties contained a significantly smaller concentration of progoitrin and summed aromatic glucosinolates than Rafal Variations in glucosinolate content with pod position were smaller than those due to sampling date, but there was a greater concentration of glucosinolates in seeds from pods lower on the terminal raceme The results would indicate that care should be taken if seed samples from the plant are taken

Further Processing of Canola and Rapeseed Oils

Abstract: Because of the wide distribution of rapeseed/canola, the range of oil products made from these two oils varies considerably. It is well known that in northern Europe, North America, and parts of India, for example, crystalline fat products predominate, while in southern Europe, South America, and much of Asia, liquid oil products are customarily used. Therefore, significant differences in the extent of refining or processing of fats and oils may exist. Additional processing differences are introduced by the fact that fats and oil products made for commercial bakeries and frying establishments in many countries of the world have different requirements from products made for household use. For all these reasons, there is considerable diversity in the processing of rapeseed/canola oil, similar to the situation with other major vegetable oils.

The lipoxygenase activity of rapeseed.

Abstract: Zero-erucic rapeseed has both the lipoxygenase-I and lipoxygenase-II activities, both of which should be taken into account on storage of seeds. The lipoxygenase-II activity (the maximum at pH = 6.5–6.8) is lower but the optimum pH is close to that of ground seed (pH = 6.3). The extent of lipoxygenase-catalyzed oxidation increased in presence of natural rapeseed lipids. The content of conjugated double bonds of lipid hydroperoxides produced as primary reaction products was in close linear relation with the content of total oxidized products determined by HPLC. The content of conjugated double bonds in defatted rapeseed meal containing addition of linoleic acid, linolenic acid, or methyl linoleate, respectively, reached its maximum in 3–6 min. There was great variability among the lipoxygenase activities of different rapeseed samples.