Showing papers on "Rapeseed published in 1991"

Canola and Rapeseed: Production, Chemistry, Nutrition and Processing Technology

Abstract: Part 1: Production and seed improvement. Rapeseed and canola: Global production and distribution. North American production of canola. Agronomy of canola in the United States. New developments in canola research. The role of biotechnology in canola/rapeseed research. Part 2: Chemistry, analysis, and nutritional effects. Canola fatty acids - an ideal mixture for health, nutrition, and food use. Stability of canola oil. Hydrogenation of canola oil. Glucoinsulates: Structure - properties - function. Phytates in canola/rapeseed. Phenolic acids and tannins in rapeseed and canola. Carbohydrates of canola and rapeseed. Application of near infrared to analysis of oil, protein, chlorophyll and glucoinsulates in canola/rapeseed. Part 3: Commercial processing and new developments. Commercial processing of canola and rapeseed: Crushing and oil extraction. Further processing of canola and rapeseed oil. Enzyme pretreatment to enhance oil extractability in canola. Removal of glucoinsulates and other antinutritional from canola and rapeseed by methonal rapeseed and production of high quality products.

Suppression of Root-knot Nematode Populations with Selected Rapeseed Cultivars as Green Manure.

Abstract: Meloidogyne chitwoodi races 1 and 2 and M. hapla reproduced on 12 cultivars of Brassica napus and two cultivars of B. campestris. The mean reproductive factors (Rf), Rf = Pf at 55 days ÷ 5,000, for the three nematodes were 8.3, 2.2, and 14.3, respectively. All three nematodes reproduced more efficiently (P < 0.05) on B. campestris than on B. napus. Amending M. chitwoodi-infested soil in plastic bags with chopped shoots of Jupiter rapeseed reduced the nematode population more (P < 0.05) than amendment with wheat shoots. Incorporating Jupiter shoots to soil heavily infested with M. chitwoodi in microplots reduced the nematode population more (P < 0.05) than fallow or corn shoot treatments. The greatest reduction in nematode population density was attained by cropping rapeseed for 2 months and incorporating it into the soil as a green manure.

Physiological role of glucosinolates in Brassica napus. Concentration and distribution pattern of glucosinolates among plant organs during a complete life cycle

Abstract: Concentrations and distribution of glucosinolates in various organs of rape (Brassica napus L) were examined during major stages of development. Fluctuations in the total content as well as in the individual levels of glucosinolates were investigated in double low Drakkar and high glucosinolate Chine 32 cultivars. The distribution pattern of aliphatic and aromatic glucosinolates between the various organs, as well as the variation in the concentrations of individual glucosinolates during plant development were quite similar between the two cultivars. Peculiar stages of accumulation during the vegetative growth period and the seed maturation period were identified. These stages were followed by periods of intense degradation during flowering, germination and early growth stages of seedlings. Fluctuations in the amount and structure of the glucosinolates in each of these periods suggest a storage function for these compounds which are required at specific stages of development. The involvement of some of these compounds in hormonal control of flowering is also discussed.

Production of improved rapeseed exhibiting a reduced saturated fatty acid content

Abstract: Improved rape plants, seeds capable of forming the same, and a novel improved edible endogenous vegetable oil derived from the rapeseeds are provided. Such plants have the ability to yield an endogenous vegetable oil having an unusually low saturated fatty acid content. More specifically, the rape plants upon self-pollination are capable of forming rapeseeds which yield an improved vegetable oil following crushing and extraction having a saturated fatty acid content of no more than 4 percent by weight (preferably no more than 3.5 percent by weight and most preferably less than 3 percent by weight) in the form of stearic and palmitic acids based upon the total fatty acid content. A relatively low concentration of erucic acid (as described) also is exhibited in the endogenous oil. It has been found that the novel rape plants of the present invention can be formed by mutagenesis followed by selection as described. The endogenous vegetable oil produced by the improved rape plants of the present invention is particularly well suited for use as a vegetable oil (e.g., for use in a salad dressing, cooking applications, etc.). Accordingly, the present invention makes possible a further significant reduction in the already relatively low concentration of saturated fatty acid commonly present in quality vegetable oils derived from rapeseeds. In a preferred embodiment the plants additionally possess herbicide tolerance which facilitates their survival when unwanted plants which lack the reduced saturated fatty acid content are eliminated through the use of a herbicide.

The effect of time and rate of N application on the yield and N uptake of wheat, barley, flax and four cultivars of rapeseed

Abstract: Field experiments were conducted for 3 yr on a Black Chernozemic soil at Melfort in northeastern Saskatchewan to determine the yield response and N uptake of seven crop/cultivars to autumn and spring applied N. The crop/cultivars were, rapeseed (Brassica napus L. 'Midas' and 'Target'; Brassica campestris L. 'Torch' and 'Echo'); wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Manitou'); barley (Hordeum vulgare L. 'Conquest') and flax (Linum usitatissimum L. 'Noralta') (main plots). Ammonium nitrate fertilizer treatments consisted of three rates of autumn broadcast N, 0, 34 and 67 kg N ha−1 (subplots), combined with N at 0, 11, 22, 45, 67 and 134 kg N ha−1 side-banded with seed in the spring (subsubplots). At the 67 kg N ha−1 rate, autumn application was inferior to spring application in increasing grain yield and N uptake for three of the seven crops (Torch and Echo rapeseed and Manitou wheat). Nitrogen fertilizer applied at 134 kg N ha−1 in spring produced grain yields that were not significantly higher than the split appli...

Evaluation of microspore-derived embryos as models for studying lipid biosynthesis in seed of rapessed ( Brassica napus L.)

Abstract: Microspore culture of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) has provided a powerful tool not only for breeding but also in developmental studies. In this study, microspore-derived embryos (MDE) of B. napus were evaluated as a model in seed for studying accumulations of triacylglyceride (TAG) fatty acids in both a low and high erucic acid rapeseed line; and accumulations of TAG and free fatty acids (FFA) in a high erucic acid rapessed line. The accumulation patterns confirmed that MDE had a similar TAG fatty acid profile to seed during the embryo development within each genotype. The oil accumulation in MDE after 36 days in culture (DIC) approached levels similar to those in zygotic seed 25 days after flowering (DAF). Significant differences were detected in contents of both total free fatty acids and specific free fatty acids between MDE and seed. During the developmental period, total free fatty acids changed from 16% to 2.1% in MDE, but from 10.5% to 0.1% in seed. MDE had much higher percentage of free linolenic and erucic acids than seed, particularly during the late developmental stages. The current study indicated that MDE can be used as a model to study TAG and TAG fatty acids in seed but caution must be taken to study free fatty acid metabolism.

Nutritional evaluation of triple low rapeseed products for growing pigs

Abstract: Ground full-fat rapeseed (FFRS) and the resulting extracted oil (RSO), meal (RSM) and recombined RSO and RSM (ORSM) from a triple-low cultivar containing low levels of erucic acid, glucosinolates and tannins were evaluated. RSO, FFRS and ORSM were included into a basal diet to give levels of added oil of 40, 80 and 120g/kg. RSM was also incorporated into the basal diet at the same rates as in ORSM. The 12 experimental diets together with the basal diet were given to 13 gilts in a metabolism trial conducted over four time periods. A 10-day acclimatization in holding pens preceded a 5-day total collection of faeces and urine in metabolism crates. Rapeseed products, diets, faeces and urine were analysed for gross energy (GE) and all, except urine, for oil content measured by two methods (petroleum ether and acid hydrolysis prior to ether extraction). Apparent digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) of rapeseed products were determined by single-level assay and by regression. Oil DE was also derived indirectly as a product of apparent oil digestibility (AOD) and oil GE. Apparent nitrogen digestibility was estimated for diets and rapeseed products. The response of dietary DE, ME and AOD to rates of test material inclusion was linear (P < 0·001) in all cases except for ORSM and RSM the DE and ME of which, in addition, showed evidence of curvilinearity. Age of pig had no significant effect on dietary AOD and energy values. Linear regression techniques were better than single level assays (particularly at low rates of inclusion) in determining energy values and gave DE values of 42·4, 190, 14·6 and 25·8 MJ/kg dry matter for RSO, FFRS, RSM and ORSM respectively. Oil DE and AOD were not influenced by method of evaluation. The results of this study indicated improved energy values for FFRS and RSM of a triple-low cultivar over published data for high-glucosinolate varieties but not over data for double-low varieties. In addition it appears that AOD is the main factor determining dietary utilization of FFRS and would need to be considered in order to optimize the nutritive value of FFRS in diets for growing pigs.

Genetic Variation of the Content of Sinapoyl Esters in Seeds of Rape, B. napus

Abstract: A broad spectrum of rapeseed (rape) lines as well as resynthesized (resyn) genotypes of B. napus were analyzed for their contents of sinapoyl esters. In the rape material the concentrations varied between 17.8 and 71.9 μmol/g defatted seed meal and exhibited a heritability of h 2 =0.6. The resyn genotypes showed an even smaller variation but had a similar heritability. Therefore, no additional, immediately usable, genotypes with low sinapoyl ester concentration could be created by a resynthesis

Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Rapeseed.

Abstract: To obtain the basic information on the oil quality improvement, seed oil, fatty acid composition and glyceride content were analyzed in 146 Brassica varieties. Seed oil content of the tested varieties were ranged from 25.6 to 47.4% with 40.1% of varietal mean. From the experiment, Mokpo 71, Mokpo 90 and Dankyo 12 were selected as high oil strains of which content was as high as 45%. Oil contents showed highest in Korean hybrid by origin and late varieties by maturity and large seed varieties by 1,000 seed weight. Palmitic, stearic and linolenic acid contents showed no significant differences, but oleic, linoleic, eicosenoic and erucic acid contents appeared differences by varietal orgin. Oleic and linoleic acid content of improved varieties increased 43.3%, 7% higher than that of unimproved varieties, respectively. Improved varieties have not contained erucic acid. Oil content showed high positive correlation with palmitic, stearic and oleic acid, while the negative correlation with eicosenoic and erucic acid. A high positive correlation was observed between oleic and linoleic acid. On the other hand, a significant negative correlation were showed between erucic acid and oleic, linoleic acid. Erucic acid was positively associated with eicosenoic acid. Triglyceride content of three rapeseed varieties were ranged from 82.6% to 84.9% and showed differences among the varieties.

The content of crude glucosides and glucosinolates in Japanese rapeseed varieties

Abstract: The best investigated group of rapeseed glucosides are the glucosinolates [4, 6, 8]. In previous studies there were also revealed other glucoside compounds in rapeseed [1]. Separating ethanol rapeseed extract (earlier purified by separation from water phase to butanol) on Sephadex LH-20 column 3 sugar maxima and 6 maxima in UV (235 nm) were found in the elution profile. As glucosides, including glucosinolates, are biologically active, it was decided to investigate their presence in Japanese rapeseed varieties of rapeseed.

Importance of Some Biochemical Parameters in the Quality and Yield of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Abstract: Samples of rapeseed from three Italian growing environments (Bologna, Perugia and Palermo) were analysed for glucose content and dry weight of 1000 seeds every three or four days starting from the end of flowering until complete ripening. In addition, the content of oil, soluble and total proteins, glucosinolates and myrosinase activity was determined in samples of mature seeds. The cultivars used were jet Neuf and Lingot (type 0) and Tandem, Jade and Santana (type 00). From the results it emerged that the point of intersection of the two branches of the linear regression plots for different glucose-consumption kinetics found during seed filling, in addition to being strongly affected by the climate of the test environment, is correlated with quantitative and qualitative production, independently of the genotype.

The nutritional value of rapeseed meal for piglets

Abstract: The level of glucosinolates in the seed of many double low varieties of rapeseed is still very close to 20 μM/g, which will be the limit for EEC subsidy from 1992. Besides the effects on the price, the high level of glucosinolates in rapeseed meal, and their possible products of decomposition, may limit their usefulness in feeding strategies and programmes for pigs. The possibility that the agronomical conditions under which the rapeseed it grown and harvested may influence the glucosinolate content of the seed, and hence alter its nutritional value to pigs, was investigated in the present experiment. Substantial variation in glucosinolate levels between batches of seeds of the same variety has been found in different years, depending upon the site and conditions under which the crop is grown.

The influence of selected technological processes on the improvement of rapeseed meal and flour feed quality part 2. effect of hydrothermal treatment and ethanol extraction on the nutritional value of rapeseed products

Abstract: In experiments with rats the effect of feeding flours (dehulled and defatted seeds) and concentrates (flour extracted with ethanol) prepared from non-heated and heated seeds of low-glucosinolate rapeseed var. Jantar was studied. Flours and concentrates were fed either as the main protein supplement in cereal-based diets or as the only protein sources in semi-synthetic diets; ethanolic extracts were either administered by stomach tube or fed with the diets. Heat treatment of seeds reduced ITC + VOT contents about 27 W and did not affect phenol contents; ethanol extraction removed both ITC + VOT and phenols. Feeding the flours from heated and non-heated seeds resulted in the increase of thyroid and liver weights as compared with rats from the control group fed on soybean diet. Heat treatment of seeds improved protein digestibility of flours and concentrates and did not modify negative effect of ethanol extract on protein digestibility. Biological value of protein of flours and concentrates was not affected by heat treatment of seeds. Feeding concentrates influenced positively animal growth performance, elimenated hypertrophic effect of the flour on thyroid and liver, increased biological value of protein as compared with flour. Administration of ethanolic extracts containing ITC + VOT and phenols to rats fed on soya-bean mael diet did not induce hypertrophy of thyroid and liver similar to that observed in rats fed on flours containing these antinutritional substances. Feeding trials conducted with the new low-glucosinolate rapeseed varieties (rapeseed 00) have shown that the actual improvement of animal performance not always correlates with the decrease of the glucosinolate content in the meals. The reasons of this apparent discrepancy are not clear and studies including well defined technological treatments and analytical methods are necessary to find out the importance of residual antinutritional substances for the feeding value of rapeseed 00. Since the majority of these substances are heat-sensitive and soluble in alcohol, a study was performed with rats to establish to what extent hydrothermal treatment of rapeseed 00 and ethanol extraction of the rapeseed flour affects feed intake, growth rate and N metabolism, thyroid and liver weight of animals as well as the digestibility and biological value of rapeseed protein. The investigations were carried out as the cooperative project of the Department of Animal Nutrition of the Research Centre of Animal Production, Dummerstorf-Rostock. Federal Republic of Germany, the Centre of Agrotechnology and Veterinary Sciences of the Polish Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Agriculture and Technology in Olsztyn and the Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jablonna. Poland.

The quantitation of glucosinolates in rapeseed

Abstract: University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong.