Showing papers on "Rapeseed published in 1994"

Influence of nitrogen and sulphur on the glucosinolate profile of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Abstract: Clear influence of N and S applications on the profile of individual glucosinolates in the seeds of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L) was found in field experiments. The major effect of N was on the relative abundance of the four alkenyl glucosinolates. Increasing the N rate increased the relative proportion of 2-hydroxybut-3-enyl at the expense of pent-4-enyl, and to a lesser extent, 2-hydroxypent-4-enyl, in the double-low (low erucic acid and low glucosinolates) variety Cobra, but at the expense of but-3-enyl in the single-low (low erucic acid) variety Bienvenu. The results strongly suggest that a high N supply favours the hydroxylation step from but-3-enyl to 2-hydroxybut-3-enyl. In contrast, the major effect of S appeared to be on the relative abundance of the alkenyl and indole groups as a whole. Sulphur deficiency decreased the concentrations of the alkenyl glucosinolates more than those of the indole glucosinolates, whereas S application to a S-deficient crop resulted in a larger response in the alkenyl group than in the indole group. The more sensitive response of alkenyl glucosinolates to the plant S status is probably due to the requirement of methionine in their biosynthesis, as compared with the indole glucosinolates which are derived from tryptophan. Implications for changes in the glucosinolate profile in rapeseed are discussed.

Spontaneous hybridization between a male-sterile oilseed rape and two weeds

Abstract: Spontaneous interspecific hybrids were produced under natural conditions (pollination by wind and bees) between a male-sterile cybrid Brassica napus (AACC, 2n = 38) and two weeds Brassica adpressa (AdAd, 2n = 14) and Raphanus raphanistrum (RrRr, 2n = 18). After characterization by chromosome counts and isozyme analyses, we observed 512 and 3 734 inter-specific seeds per m(2) for the B. napus-B. adpressa and B. napus-R. raphanistrum trials respectively. Most of the hybrids studied had the expected triploid structure (ACX). In order to quantify the frequency of allosyndesis between the genomes involved in the hybrids, their meiotic behavior was compared to a haploid of B. napus (AC). For the B. napus-B. adpressa hybrids, we concluded that probably no allosyndesis occurred between the two parental genomes, and that genetic factors regulating homoeologous chromosome pairing were carried by the B. adpressa genome. For the B. napus-R. raphanistrum hybrids, high chromosome pairing and the presence of multivalents (in 9.16% of the pollen mother cells) indicate that recombination is possible between chromosomes of different genomes. Pollen fertility of the hybrids ranged from 0 to 30%. Blackleg inoculation tests were performed on the three parental species and on the interspecific hybrids. BC1 production with the weeds and with rapeseed was attempted. Results are discussed in regard to the risk assessment of transgenic rapeseed cultivation, F1 hybrid rapeseed variety production, and rapeseed improvement.

Effects of frying oil composition on potato chip stability

Abstract: Potato chips were fried in six canola (low-erucic acid rape-seed) oils under pilot-plant process settings that represented commercial conditions. Oil samples included an unmodified canola oil and oils with fatty acid compositions modified by mutation breeding or hydrogenation. Chips were fried for a 2-d, 18-h cycle for each oil. Chips and oil were sampled periodically for sensory, gas-chromatographic volatiles and chemical analyses. Unmodified canola oil produced chips with lower flavor stability and oxidative stability than the other oils. The hydrogenated oil imparted a typical hydrogenation flavor to the chips that slightly affected overall quality. the modified canola oil (IMC 129) with the highest oleic acid level (78%) had the lowest content of total polar compounds and the lowest total volatile compounds at most of the storage times; however, the sensory quality of the potato chip was only fair. The potato chip with the best flavor stability was fried in a modified/blended oil (IMC 01-4.5/129) with 68% oleic acid, 20% linoleic acid and 3% linolenic acid.

Diagnosing boron deficiency in rapeseed and mustard by plant analysis and soil testing

Abstract: Boron (B) deficiency is a widespread nutritional disorder in crop plants, including rapeseed and mustard. However, plant analysis and soil testing diagnostic criteria for B are inadequately reported in the literature. Therefore, greenhouse and incubation studies were carried out using a B‐deficient alkaline calcareous soil (hot water extractable B, 0.11 mg/kg) of Pakistan to determine the internal and soil test B requirement of rapeseed and mustard. Boron fertilization substantially enhanced the growth of both species; the maximum increase in grain yield was 43% for rapeseed and 36% for mustard over the yield of respective control plants. Fertilizer requirement for near‐maximum (95%) grain yield was 0.7 mg B/kg for rapeseed and 0.9 mg B/kg for mustard. Critical plant tissue B concentration in rapeseed was 32 mg/kg in whole shoots and 38 mg/kg in most recently matured leaves. However, internal B requirement of mustard was relatively greater: i.e. 41 mg/kg in whole shoots and 49 mg/kg in leaves. Th...

Stereospecific analyses of seed triacylglycerols from high-erucic acid brassicaceae: Detection of erucic acid at thesn-2 position inBrassica oleracea L. Genotypes

Abstract: Stereospecific analyses of triacylglycerols from selected high-erucic acid breeding lines or cultivars ofBrassica napus L. andB. oleracea L. have been performed. Initial lipase screening revealed that while allB. napus lines contained little or no erucic acid at thesn-2 position, several of theB. oleracea lines had significant proportions of erucic acid at this position. Detailed stereospecific analyses were performed on the triacylglycerols from these lines by using a Grignard-based deacylation, conversion of thesn-1,sn-2 andsn-3 monoacylglycerols to their di-dinitrophenyl urethane (DNPU) derivatives, resolution of the di-DNPU-monoacylglycerols (MAGs) by high-performance liquid chromatography on a chiral column, transmethylation of eachsn-di-DNPU MAG fraction and analysis of the resulting fatty acid methyl esters by gas chromatography. The findings unequivocally demonstrate for the first time that, within the Brassicaceae, there existsB. oleracea germplasm containing seed oils with substantial erucic acid (30–35 mol%) at thesn-2 position. This has important implications for biotechnology and breeding efforts designed to increase the levels of erucic acid in rapeseed beyond 66 mol% to supply strategic industrial feedstocks. In the first instance, the germplasm will be of direct use in retrieving a gene encoding aBrassica lyso-phosphatidic acid acyltransferase with an affinity for erucoyl-CoA. In a breeding program, the germplasm offers promise for the introduction of this trait intoB. napus by interspecific hybridization and embryo rescue.

Functional Properties of Chinese Rapeseed Protein Isolates

Abstract: A membrane-based protein isolation process developed in our laboratory produced two protein isolates from CH3OH/NH3/H2O-hexane-extracted Chinese rapeseed meal. Both contained ∼99% protein (NX6.25), and they were essentially free of glucosinolates or their breakdown products (<2,2 μmol/g). Their functional properties were evaluated and compared with a commercial soybean protein isolate. The precipitated isolate gave high values for all properties except nitrogen solubility index (NSI) while the soluble isolate showed excellent NSI and fat absorption but poor emulsification characteristics. They both had good foaming properties. The two Chinese rapeseed protein isolates complemented each other and were comparable to soybean protein isolate in most functions.

The production of Chinese rapeseed protein isolates by membrane processing

Abstract: A membrane-based process was developed for the production of Chinese rapeseed protein isolates, which consisted of alkaline extraction of protein at pH 12.0 from CH2OH/NH3/H2O-hexane-extracted Chinese rapeseed meal, isoelectric precipitation at pH 6.5, ultrafiltration followed by diafiltration to concentrate the remaining soluble protein, and freeze-drying. No chemical treatment was required for the removal of phytates from the protein. Three products were obtained with high protein recovery: precipitated and soluble protein isolates, each containing 90 to 100% protein, suitable for animal feed. The two protein isolates were low in phytates, light in color and bland in taste. Chinese rapeseed protein was easier and more economical to treat than canola protein due to the shift of pH for isoelectric precipitation and the elimination of the need for further phytate reduction.

Orychophragmus violaceus, a Potential Edible-oil Crop

Abstract: Orychophragmus violaceus, a member of the Cruciferae family, has been found to have a high oil quality with high contents of palmitic (14.3 %) and oleic (20.3 %) acids, and lower contents of linolenic (4.8 %) and erucic (0.9 %) acids. Plants of O. violaceus exhibit a high number of branches, pods per plant, and seeds per pod, which contributes to the high yield potential of this plant. Individual selection was made in the original population of O. violaceus, and a few early, disease-tolerant and high-yielding lines were obtained. Intergeneric hybridization was performed between B. napus and O. violaceus and several hybrid plants (F1) were obtained. After treatment with colchicine, amphidiploid plants developed. O. violaceus shows great potential for becoming an edible oil crop or being used as genetic material in a rapeseed breeding programme.

Effect of increasing the dietary level of rapeseed meal on intake by growing beef steers.

Abstract: Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of rapeseed meal on intake by cattle. In the first experiment, the effect of increasing rapeseed meal level on intake, growth, and performance of growing beef steers was evaluated. In the second experiment, the effect of extrusion (glucosinolate reduction) on supplement intake by steers was evaluated. In the third experiment, the effect of increasing dietary rapeseed meal level on supplement intake was evaluated. In the first experiment, rapeseed meal replaced soybean meal at 0, 33, 67, or 100% of the supplemental protein. Dry matter intake, crude protein intake, and serum thyroxine levels were decreased linearly (P .10) supplement intake. Rapeseed meal resulted in lower supplement intakes at .5 and 4 h than the soybean meal and soybean meal+rapeseed oil supplements (P = .003).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Some Effects of Soil Salinity on Growth, Development and Yield of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Abstract: The effects of increasing soil-salt levels on emergence, shoot and root growth and yield composition of rapeseed were investigated. A range of electrical conductivity (EC) values in the soil solution from 2.3 dS m-1 to 10.3 dS m-1 was obtained by adding NaCl to the substrate. The emergence was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased at EC values higher than 6 dS m-1 Above this value, a delay in the appearance of leaves and of the first visible internode was observed. The further increase of salinity level extended the period for siliqua formation and grain filling, and plant height, pod number and grain number per plant were lowered. However, the cultivar used showed the ability of counterbalancing for this lower grain number by increasing the seed weight, thus there were no variations on seed yield. The seed oil and protein content were also not affected by the changes in salinity. Root growth was adversely affected when salinity levels exceeded 6 dS m-1. Beyond this value, short tuber-like roots became remarkably frequent. This may be an adaptation mechanism of this species to saline stress; a similar reaction in rapeseed is known in adaptation to drought stress.

Stickstoffaufnahme und Stickstoffrückstände von Hauptfrucht-und Ausfallrapsbeständen

Abstract: Nitrogen Uptake and Nitrogen Residuals of Winter Oil-Seed Rape and Fallout Rape The objective of the investigation was a study of the relationship between seed dry-matter production and vegetative dry-matter production in oil-seed rape crops and their dependence on the production conditions. In addition to the relationship between the N-uptake during the vegetation period and the N-residue after harvest was of major interest. Furthermore the potential for N-uptake in fallout rape was measured. Over two vegetation periods factorial field experiments with winter oil-seed rape, cv. Lirabon, different drilling techniques and different nitrogen fertilization levels were tested. Measured traits were: the dry-matter accumulation including root mass and fall-off leaf-material mass, the N-uptake of both the oil-seed crops and the fallout rape stands, and, simultaneously, the soil NO3-N content. Finally the harvest indices and the N-harvest indices were calculated. Combined with a N-uptake of up to 330 kg N/ha, oil-seed rape crops produced up to 200 dt dry matter/ ha. At seed yield levels of 33dt/ha (d.m.), harvest indices varied from 0.14—0.23 and N-harvest indices varied from 0.30–0.50. As a result of the residue of vegetative plant material at harvest, leaf losses before harvest and the soil NO3-N-contents at harvest up to 275 kg N/ha remained in the field. After the harvest of oil-seed rape, the soil NO3-N-contents were quickly reduced by emerging and growing fallout rape stands. However, following soil-preparation measures in the autumn, a continuous rise in the soil NO3-N-content was observed.

DNA-based marker maps of Brassica

Abstract: Brassica crops have great economic importance worldwide as vegetables and oil seed crops. Vegetable brassicas have an annual value of over $ 1 billion in the US. The production of these crops is likely to increase in the future considering their rise in popularity as sources of chemoprotecting agents (Fahey et al. 1997) and fiber. As oilseed crops, 15% (Carr and McDonald, 1991) of the edible oil produced in the world comes from rapeseed. The development of canola has resulted in the improvement of Brassica oil seed quality, increasing production mostly in Canada and Europe. Therefore, the development of basic genetic information in brassicas and its application to breeding is justified due to the increasing importance of these crops.

Effect of the thermal processing on the protein value of double-low rapeseed products. 1. Effect of toasting temperature on protein value of rapeseed oil meal for pigs

Abstract: The effect of toasting process in the industrial conditions at 90,95, 100 (Plant 1) and 120°C (Plant 2) on protein value of a double-low rapeseed meal (RSM) for pigs was studied in two experiments. In Experiment 1, the ileal digestibility of RSM was evaluated, and in Experiment 2, the N balance and growth performance trial was carried out. It was found that raising of toasting temperature from 90 to 95 and 100°C in Plant 1 decreased the total and available lysine contents (5.20, 4.85, 4.33 and 4.28, 3.84, 3.00 g/16 g N , respectively). The apparent ileal digestibility of protein and, in particular, lysine was also reduced (63.7, 65.5, 57.6 and 66.6, 66.8,49.6, respectively). Feed intake, body gain, feed utilization and N utilization by pigs were decreased (P^O.01) as toasting temperature increased from 90 to 100°C. The nutritional value of RSM was not reduced when it was toasted at 120°C in Plant 2 and was comparable to the nutritional value of RSM toasted at 90°C in Plant 1. It was concluded that protein value of RSM for pigs obtained from Polish oil factories using solvent extraction, is highly dependent on the toasting temperature. But other parameters of rape seed processing such as moisture and duration of heating may also affect the nutritional value of RSM for pigs.

Chemical composition in varieties of rapeseed and turnip rapeseed, including several samples of hull and dehulled seed

Abstract: Varieties of spring rapeseed (n = 10), winter rapeseed (n = 12), spring turnip rapeseed (n = 11) and winter turnip rapeseed (n = 3) were analysed for contents of dietary fibre (DF) constituents, crude fat, crude protein and ash. Most of the varieties were of the double-low type but four single-low winter rapeseed varieties and seven yellow-seeded (triple-low) varieties were also investigated. Principal component analysis (PCA) made it possible to divide the varieties into different groups. One group, including winter rapeseed varieties and the winter turnip rapeseed variety Kova, generally had high crude fat contents (432-492 g kg−1 whole seed, DM), low crude protein (181-221 g kg−1) and ash contents (32-38 g kg−1). Another group, consisting of the yellow-seeded spring turnip rapeseed varieties, had a lower mean content of DF (150 g kg−1), due to low content of Klason lignin, than the other categories of varieties (mean contents: 176-183 g kg1-). Spring rapeseed varieties generally exhibited lower values of neutral polysaccharide residues than the other varieties studied. It was shown—using PCA—that the individual neutral polysaccharide residues primarily varied in unison. In addition, the presence of fucose-containing xyloglucan, pectin and galacto-glucomannan in the seeds was indicated. DF content in manually prepared hulls and dehulled seeds was determined for 10 varieties. The content of dietary fibre polysaccharide residues (DFPR) in the dehulled seeds of spring rape was low (range: 59-71 g kg−1) compared with the other varieties analysed (76–87 g kg−1). The content of Klason lignin in yellow hulls was considerably lower (48–63 g kg−1) than in dark hulls (224–330 g kg−1). Yellow hulls instead had a higher DFPR content (491-497 g kg−1) than dark hulls (341–401 g kg−1).

Stand und Perspektiven der Züchtung von Raps (Brassica napus L.) mit hohem Erucasäure-Gehalt im Öl für industrielle Nutzungszwecke†

Abstract: Rapeseed oil with proportions of erucic acid (C22:1) substantially higher than the level found in traditional cultivars (ca. 50% C22:1) are sought by breeders and chemists for use in wellknown industrial processes and products. In a first step available rapesed and Brassica germplasm was screened for high erucic acid content. Following conventional breeding procedures (e.g. pedigree selection) promising rapeseed genotypes were crossed and the progeny were selected due to genetic variation of oil content and quality (.)

Seeding depth and packing wheel pressure effects on oilseed rape emergence

Abstract: Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L), including industrial (rapeseed) and canola quality cultivars, offers potential for doublecropping in the southeastern USA Early attempts at commercialization of this crop in the Southeast have frequently encountered difficulties in establishing stands This 3-yr project (1986-1989) was undertaken to evaluate the effects of seeding depth and planter configuration (ie, packing wheel pressure) on emergence of oilseed rape The two field sites used for this study contained Lakeland sand (thermic, coated Typic Quartzipsamment) and Tifton loamy sand (fine, loamy, siliceous Plinthic Paleudult) soil types, respectively Treatment factors were planter configuration, seeding depth, and cultivar []

Self-incompatibility as a pollination control mechanism for spring oilseed rape, Brassica napus L.

Abstract: Self-incompatibility was shown to be an effective method of pollination control in spring rapeseed (B. napus L. ssp. oleifera (Metzg.)) by comparing the yield of a Westar-Topas syn-1 produced by crossing two SI lines with the yield of the corresponding syn-1 produced by hand pollination. Although the trial showed high-parent heterosis in the syn-1s, there was insufficient replication to determine the level of heterosis.

Oil derived from Brassica napus

Abstract: A variety of Brassica napus, designated AG019, and varieties essentially derived therefrom, having oil which combines oxidative stability sufficient for industrial applications with a desirable dietary fatty acid profile. Plants, seeds, tissue cultures, and plants regenerated from tissue cultures. Oil having an oleic acid content of from about 71.4% to about 77.4%, a linolenic acid content of no more than about 3%, an oleic:linolenic acid ratio value of at least about 34.0, and an (oleic+linoleic)/linolenic acid ratio value of at least about 41.2. The oil has substantially improved oxidative stability, relatively to normal rapeseed oil, when both are identically treated with antioxidant.

Crambe meal : evaluation, improvement and comparison with rapeseed meal

Abstract: Crambe abyssinica has gradually been introduced in agriculture as a new oil-bearing crop. Its oil contains 55 to 60% erucic acid (C22:1, Δ13), desirable as lubricants, plastic additives or as a raw material for chemical synthesis. The defatted meal has high protein content which provides potential as an animal feed. However, crambe seeds contain glucosinolates as a negative factor in nutrition. The aim of this study was to obtain a clear view of the possibilities and constraints of crambe by-products as feedstuff. The investigation showed the decorticated and defatted crmabe meal contains nearly 50 % protein with an amino acid profile similar to rape. Crambe meal has low contents of cell wall constituents and high energy digestibility in both rats and pigs. The seed pericarp is fibrous and therefore poorly digested in cows. The level of glucosinolates in crambe seed is higher than in traditional rapeseeds, with an epi- progoitrin domination. Several approaches were investigated to remove crambe glucosinolates, which revealed possibilities and inclusion levels in animal feeding. Furthermore, two studies were carried out on rapeseed meal concerning detoxification treatments and their effect on the nutritive value. The final chapter discussed crambe meal's perspectives and future research areas.

Estimation of the mixing ratio of a foreign oil in an adulterated sesame oil. II: Rice bran oil or rapeseed oil

Abstract: A method for determining the mixing ratio of rice bran oil or rapeseed oil in an adulterated sesame oil was developed using ten sesame oils, six rice bran oils and fourteen rapeseed oils, Adulterant oil content in sesame oil could be estimated as rice bran oil based on that of two unsaponifiable components with relation retention times (RRT) of 1.19 and 1.55, and as rapeseed oil based on the percentages of linolenic acid (18: 3) and an unsaponifiable component (brassicasterol) with RRT of 0.69. Fatty acid pattern similarity (cos θ) for sesame oil adulterated with rice bran oil or rapeseed oil and pure sesame oil was demonstrated. √(1-cos θ) 10 6 , was expressed as √2 sin θ/2 × 10 3 , a function propor2 tional to the mixing ratio of rice bran oil or rapeseed oil