Showing papers on "Rapeseed published in 1997"

Increased fitness of transgenic insecticidal rapeseed under insect selection pressure

Abstract: Rapeseed Brassica napus L. transgenic for a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgene was developed and was shown to be insecticidal towards certain caterpillars including the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella L. and the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea Boddie. To simulate an escape of the transgenics from cultivation, a field experiment was performed in which transgenic and nontransgenic rapeseed plants were planted in natural vegetation and cultivated plots and subjected to various selection pressures in the form of herbivory from insects. Only two plants, both transgenic, survived the winter to reproduce in the natural-vegetation plots which were dominated by grasses such as crabgrass. However, in plots that were initially cultivated then allowed to naturalize, medium to high levels of defoliation decreased survivorship of nontransgenic plants relative to Bt-transgenic plants and increased differential reproduction in favour of Bt plants. Thus, where suitable habitat is readily available, there is a likelihood of enhanced ecological risk associated with the release of certain transgene/crop combinations such as insecticidal rapeseed. This is the first report of a field study demonstrating the effect of a fitness-increasing transgene in plants.

Counteracting the negative effects of rapeseed and rapeseed press cake in pig diets

Abstract: Rapeseed and rapeseed press cake were tested in four long-term experiments with a total of ninety-eight pigs. Rapeseed contained 20 and rapeseed press cake 19 mmol glucosinolates/kg DM. The proportion of the tested rapeseed products in feed amounted to 0 (control), 50, 100 and 150 g/kg diet. Moist-heat-treated rapeseed and rapeseed press cake with an extremely low glucosinolate content were also given at 150 g/kg diet. Each dietary rapeseed product level was given with 125 or 250 microgram supplementary I/kg diet. Reduced feed intake and growth retardation were found in groups receiving 150 g rapeseed products/kg diet; in the case of rapeseed the impairments were significant. Rapeseed products > or = 100g/kg diet increased the thyroid weight and decreased the serum thyroxine (T4) concentration. Higher I dosage brought the serum T4 concentration to the level of the control group and retarded thyroid enlargement. Intake of rapeseed products lowered the I content of the thyroid; however, there was no significant difference between groups given 0.9 mmol glucosinolates/kg diet and those receiving three times as much. Degrading glucosinolates by moisture and heat prevented feed intake depression and growth retardation. In the case of treated rapeseed the decreased serum T4 concentration and increased thyroid weight persisted, indicating formation of some antithyroid compounds due to myrosinase (EC 3.2.3.1) activation. A maximal glucosinolate content of 2 mmol/kg diet and additional I application are a prerequisite for using rapeseed products in pig feeding.

Intergeneric hybridization between Sinapis alba and Brassica napus

Abstract: Researchers have conclusively shown that Sinapis alba (commonly known as yellow mustard) has many agronomic traits which would be beneficial if transferred to rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.). S. alba is resistant or tolerant to all major insect pests of Brassica crops in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States of America. It is also tolerant of high temperatures and drought stress, is shatter resistant and capable of high seed yield without the need for insecticides and herbicides. However, S. alba is considerably lower in oil content and lacks the high oil quality and seed meal quality of rapeseed (i.e. canola). This paper describes a combination of ovary culture and embryo rescue techniques used to develop fertile hybrid plants from the intergeneric cross between S. alba and B. napus . The hybrids were intermediate between both parents for presence of trichomes, leaf shape and color, seed size, pod shape, and seed oil content; showing expression of traits from both parental species. Hybrid plant tissue and seed contained all types of glucosinolate that exists in either B. napus or S. alba, at the same or higher level to the parental species. These hybrid crosses offer the potential for combining the desirable oil and glucosinolate qualities of B. napus with insect and disease resistance characters of S. alba.

Sulphur nutrition: An important factor for the quality of wheat and rapeseed

Abstract: The incidence of sulphur (S) deficiency has increased in many crops in the U.K. and other European countries in the last 10 years. Apart from the effects on yield, the S nutrition of a crop often has a strong influence on the quality of the produce. We have shown that S fertilisation significantly improved breadmaking quality of field-grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the U.K. with the loaf volumes of the same variety grown at different sites correlating better with the concentrations of grain S than grain N. Sulphur also increased gel protein content of flour, but decreased its elastic strength. In contrast, application of S fertilisers to oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) can lead to increased glucosinolate concentrations in the seed which exceed the limit for the meal to be used in animal feeds. Results from 29 field experiments showed that the glucosinolate concentration of rapeseed was usually higher when grown at the S-sufficient than the S-deficient sites. However, the addition of S fertiliser increased the glucosinolate concentration much more under S-deficient than under S-sufficient conditions. Furthermore, there was a strong interaction between N and S on seed glucosinolates. Increasing N decreased the glucosinolate concentration when S was deficient, but increased the glucosinolate concentration when S was applied. The need to maintain a balanced N and S supply for both yield and quality is stressed.

Inhibition of Aphanomyces euteiches f.sp. pisi by volatiles produced by hydrolysis of Brassica napus seed meal.

Abstract: Seed meal from Brassica napus (rapeseed) produced volatile fungitoxic compounds potentially of value in the control of Aphanomyces root rot of pea. Hyphal growth, germination of encysted zoospores, and oospore survival and inoculum potential, were determined in the presence of volatiles produced from B. napus seed meal. Volatile compounds from B. napus meal completely suppressed mycelial growth and germination of encysted zoospores on agar. In growth chamber bioassays, pea (Pisum sativum) seed inoculated with zoospore suspensions and incubated 24 h in the presence of volatiles from rapeseed meal had 50% lower root rot disease severity than in the absence of meal. Volatile compounds passing through soil also significantly decreased survival and inoculum potential of oospores. Gas chromatographic analysis of rapeseed tissues and the volatile compounds evolved from tissues showed that substrate glucosinolates were hydrolyzed enzymatically to produce mainly isothiocyanates. Non-autoclaved rapeseed meal produced significantly higher levels of volatile compounds than did autoclaved meal. Also, volatile compounds produced from autoclaved meal were dominated by nitriles, whereas isothiocyanates were more common volatile products from non-autoclaved meal. Our results indicate that B. napus allelochemicals responsible for toxic effects toward A. euteiches f. sp. pisi are enzymatic hydrolysis products of glucosinolates.

Toxicity of Rapeseed Meal and Methyl Isothiocyanate to Larvae of the Black Vine Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Abstract: Soil amendments of Brassica spp. tissues display toxic effects to a number of soil organisms, including insects. However, application rates necessary to obtain effective insect suppression have not been determined. We tested the toxicity of soil amended with rapeseed, Brassica napus L., seed meal or methyl isothiocyanate to black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (F.), larvae. Control treatments included untreated soil and soil treated with detoxified rapeseed meal. Larvae were exposed to treated soil for 24 h; those remaining motionless 30 min after their extraction from soil were recorded as dead. Mortality data were analyzed assuming the probit model. We estimated LC 50 s to be 19 g of rapeseed meal or 6 mg of methyl isothiocyanate per kilogram of soil. Total conversion of rapeseed meal glucosinolates (123 μ mol/g) could produce up to 44.3 μmol/g of isotiocyanates; however, the actual production was 15% of the expected value. Lethal concentrations of rapeseed meal necessary for effective control in a nursery or field application may be too high for practical use because of low glucosinolate content in commercially grown rapeseed and canola cultivars. Consequently, Brassica spp. tissues containing higher concentrations of isothiocyanate-generating glucosinolates would have greater insecticidal potential.

Developments in the breeding of low fibre rapeseed/canola

Abstract: Evaluation of the nutritive profiles of the meals derived from yellow-seeded Brassica napus, B.rapa, B.juncea carinata and Sinapis alba genotypes (27 samples) and conventional brown-seeded canola (7 samples) was undertaken. On average, in comparison to brown-seeded, yellow seeded types contained more sucrose (8.7 vs 7.5%) and protein (44.5 vs 42.7%) but similar amouns of oligosaccharides (2.3 vs 2.5%), ash (6.9 vs 7.0%), a nonstarch polysaccaharides (20.4 vs 19.7%). Total dietary fibre averaged 28% for yellow-seeded samples and 33% for brown-seeded samples and was negatively correlated (r = -0.71) with protein content. The negative relationship between protein and dietary fibre contents was also evident for the sample of conventional canola grown under different environment conditions. An in vitro digestible protein measurement was used to establish optimal conditions for the processing of canola seed. Digestible protein content of three oil free seed samples increased substantially with increased temperature of moist heat treatment up to 108±1°C. Heat treatment below 105°C was not effective in promoting protein digestibility. Application of higher temperatures ( > 110°C) resulted in a significant decline in protein digestibility. The optimal moist heat treatment conditions were chosen for processing of the seed samples selected for further evaluation in vivo. The samples included the yellow-seeded B. napus, B.juncea and B. rapa and the brown-seed B. napus canola. Availability of energy and amino acids and the overall feeding quality as determined in a 2-week growth trial with 4-day-old broiler chickens were assessed. Two commercial meals from yellow-seeded B. rapa and brown-seeded B. napus canola served as control samples. Availability of amino acids averaged 84.1 % with only minor differences among the samples. True metabolizable energy (AME N ) content was highest in the yellow-seeded B. napus sample. There were no differences in weight gain of broiler chickens fed the commercial or laboratory prepared B. rapa and yellowand brown-seeded B. napus meals. Chickens fed B.juncea meal showed significantly lower feed intake and body weight gain which appeared to be attributed to a relatively high content of aliphatic glucosinolates in particular meal (i.e., 21.7 /miol/g DM). Birds fed the yellow-seeded B. napus canola showed the highest feed efficiency value which averaged 1.51 and differed significantly from that of 1.59 and 1.61 for the commercial yellow-seeded B. rapa and the laboratory * Part of this paper was presented at the Symposium: Dietary fibre chemical composition and biological action, 24-25 April 1997, Radzikow (Poland)

Heterosis and combining ability in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Abstract: A nine-parent diallel study conducted on the yield components and oil content in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) revealed that mean squares due to general and specific combining ability were significant, suggesting the importance of both additive and dominance components. Parents GSL, 8809, HPN-1, GSL 1501 and HNS 8803 were good combiners for seed yield and some of its components, and oil content. Estimates of heterosis over better parent (BP) for various traits indicated significant magnitude for seed yield (−14.8 to 82.8%), primary branches (−26.0 to 193.6%) and siliquae per plant (−21.9 to 162.6%). Unidirectional dominance was observed for most of the traits studied. The cross GSB 7027 XHNS 8803 gave highest positive heterosis for seed yield per plant.

The effect of micronization of full-fat canola seed on digestion in the rumen and total tract of dairy cows

Abstract: The effect of micronization of full-fat canola seed on dry matter disappearance (DMD) and total nitrogen disappearance (TND) in the rumen and intestine were investigated. Full-fat canola seed was l...

Synthesis of low linolenic acid rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) through protoplast fusion

Abstract: Brassica napus somatic hybrids with low linolenic acid (18:3) content in their seed oil have been produced using fusion partners screened for low 18:3. One somatic hybrid contained only 3.5% 18:3, a level significantly below the mid-parental mean. The low level of 18:3 proved stable in the R1 generation. Oil content of the lowest 18:3 selection increased from the mid-parental mean (29.3%) in the R0 generation to 36% in a R1 field bulk. The R1 field population also showed some resistance to shattering.

Mutants of Brassica Napus with Altered Seed Lipid Fatty Acid Composition

Abstract: Mutagenesis is an efficient approach to modify seed oil composition in rapeseed. A series of mutant lines with variation in polyenoic fatty acid composition of the seed oil was isolated after ethylmethane sulfonate treatment of low erucic acid Brassica napus seeds. Selection was carried out for altered fatty acid composition in the seed oil. C18 fatty acid composition of the mutant lines ranged from 33% to 80% for oleic acid (C18:1), 7% to 40% for linoleic acid (C18:2) and 2% to 13% for linolenic acid (C18:3). Variation was also created for palmitic acid content (C16:0, 3% – 9%). This material can be used to get more information about the biochemistry and regulation of lipid metabolism. The mutant lines are also most valuable for rapeseed breeding programms derected on the development of cultivars with specific seed oil qualities. In this paper we characterize a collection of mutations for their effects on different lipids and for their expression in different tissues. The results are discussed in relation to general field performance and productivity.

Effect of rapeseed feedstuffs with different glucosinolate content and iodine administration on gestating and lactating sow.

Abstract: In two experiments with a total of 60 sows during late pregnancy and at 28 days of lactation, diets containing rapeseed were compared with rapeseed free diets (control). In Experiment 1 dietary content of solvent extracted rapeseed meal was 250 g/kg (10 mmol glucosinolates/kg diet), in Experiment 2 diets containing 100 g/kg rapeseed were tested (2 mmol glucosinolates/kg diet). During late pregnancy all sows received 150 micrograms supplementary iodine/kg diet. In lactation, different subgroups received different rates of iodine administration (Exp. 1:0, 100 or 1000 micrograms/kg diet; Exp. 2: 0, 150 or 300 micrograms/kg diet). Rapeseed feeds had no significant effect on feed intake, body weight of sows and rearing parameters in both experiments. There was a tendency (8%) toward lower litter weight at weaning in Exp. 1. Sow diets without supplementary iodine but containing glucosinolates (via rapeseed meal, rapeseed) caused significant reduction in thyroxine serum concentration of piglets, whereas this hormone did not change in sow serum. Thiocyanate was significantly increased in the serum of mothers. The minor increase of thiocyanate concentration of milk and piglets' serum points to negligible transfer of rapeseed glucosinolate degradation products to offspring. However, the milk iodine concentration was significantly decreased due to glucosinolates, and this seems to be the reason for impaired iodine and thyroid hormone status of piglets from sows given rapeseed feeds.

Soybean/rapeseed blended oil

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To produce soybean/rapeseed blended oil which suppresses the generation of return smell at the time of preservation and lessens smelling at the time of cooking using heat. SOLUTION: The soybean oil obtd. from soybean seeds contg. fats and oils of ≤4wt.% in linoleic acid content of a constituting fatty acid compsn. and the rapeseed oil obtainable from rapeseed seeds, such as canola seeds, more preferably the rapeseed oil having ≤5wt.% linoleic acid content of the constituting fatty acid compsn. or ≥70wt.% oleic acid content are blended at the soybean oil/the rapeseed oil ratio of 30/70 to 70/30 (by weight). COPYRIGHT: (C)1998,JPO

Performance of Doubled Haploid Populations Segregating for Linolenic Acid Levels in Spring Rapeseed

Abstract: Linolenic add (18:3) is a trienoic fatty acid known as the unstable component of canola oil contributing, upon oxidation, to undesirable odors and flavors of oil. The environmental sensitivity and complex inheritance of the trait make the breeding for lower 18:3 content difficult. A 2-yr, two-location study was carried out using a doubled haploid (DH) population of rapeseed lines (Brassica napus L. or Brassica rapa L.) varying for 18:3 content in order to characterize these lines agronomically and assess the magnitude of environmental variation of the 18:3 content. Correlation analyses between 18:3 and other fatty acids as well as various agronomic and quality traits were performed to determine possible correlated responses assodated with breeding for low 18:3 canola. Decreasing the 18:3 content was significantly associated with later flowering and maturity, higher oil, and lower protein content but not with yield, lodging, and plant height. Orthogonal contrasts comparing the low with intermediate and high 18:3 containing DH lines showed no yield disadvantage of the low 18:3 DH lines for one location in 1 yr. Environmental influence on the 18:3 content was larger between the years than between locations in 1 yr. Because of environmental sensitivity and correlation between low linolenic acid content and later maturity, it may be preferable to use molecular markers linked to the low 18:3 content alleles to select for low linolenic canola at the seedling stage.

Producing Genetic Diversity in Crop Plants: The Case of Canadian Rapeseed, 1954–1991

Abstract: The paper develops a theoretical framework to explain changes in crop genetic resources. For this purpose the genetic diversity of crop plants is treated as a social/natural co-construct of human beings in particular historical settings. To illustrate the potential of such an approach, the history of rapeseed (Brassica rapa L. and Brassica napus L.) breeding in Canada from 1954 to 1991 is examined. Pedigree and cluster analyses are used to evaluate the genetic diversity of rapeseed cultivars as well as its change through time. Relationships between the genetic diversity of crop plants and the ecological sustainability of agriculture are discussed.

Harvest index in rapeseed affected by a few physiological factors

Abstract: Harvest index in rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) can be affected by amylase activity, starch and soluble sugars in pericarp and ~(32)P transport intensity. Amylase promotes the transformation of starch to soluble sugars and the transport intensity of assimilates in pericarp to seeds, increases the harvest index in rapeseed.

Adaptation of Winter Type Germany Originated Rapeseed ( Brassica napus ssp. oleifera L.) Cultivars Under Ankara Conditions

Abstract: The aim of this research was to determine the adaptation ability of winter type German originated rapeseed cultivars under Ankara conditions. This study was carried out to determine the yield and yield components of eight rapeseed cultivars (Ceres, Cobra, Diadem, NPZ 71, NPZ 74, NPZ 82, NPZ 66, NPZ 62) under Ankara conditions in 1993-1994. In both years, the sowing was done as early as possible to enable plants to enter winter conditions in rosette stage. Plant height, numbers of axillary branches, numbers of pods on the main stern; pod length, number of seeds per pod was observed in the field as yield components. Seed yields, thousand seed weights and oil ratio were also determined after harvesting. According to the results of the average of two years, the highest seed yield (322.01 kg/da) was obtained from cv. NPZ 62 and the highest oil ratio (37.12 %) was determined in cv. NPZ 66. Yields and oil ratio of these rapeseed cultivars were found to be high even though agricultural applications such as irrigation, hoeing and fertilization were not applied. The results indicated that these cultivars could be grown easily under Ankara conditions. -

The economics of canola production by limited-resource farmers in South Carolina

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine the economic viability of canola production as an additional or alternative crop for limited-resource fanners in South Carolina, and to investigate the economics of its production as a competing rapeseed and oil crop. Canola offers farmers an additional or alternative crop to fall-planted crops such as winter wheat. Canola seed is in demand because of its value as an input in canola oil and meal production which is referred to as “crush.” Canola oil has a variety of uses. It is used in salads, as cooking oil, and as baking and frying fats. The oil can be found in processed foods such as potato and corn chips, salad dressings, mayonnaise, baked goods, and candies. This puts canola in a strong position to compete with other vegetable oils made out of soybean, cottonseed, corn and sunflower seed. It is cholesterol-free and has a saturated fat content of 6 percent. This is the lowest saturated fat content among major vegetable oils on the market. South Carolina...

Registration of KS3579 Winter Rapeseed Germplasm

Abstract: KS3579 winter rapeseed [Brassica napus L. subsp. oleifera (Metzg.) Sinsk. f. biennis] (Reg. no. GP-5, PI 594321) was developed by the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station and has improved winter survival compared with other rapeseed tested under Great Plains conditions. KS3579 was selected in the Fg generation from the cross WRER12/'Jet Neuf. This cross was made in 1988 by personnel of the Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station at Moscow, ID. An ¥3 bulk population was received by the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station at Hays, KS, in 1990. Single plant selections were advanced, open pollinated, in the vicinity of sister lines for three years at Hays and Manhattan, KS. WRER12 is one of four parents of the synthetic cultivar Cascade (1). Seed of WRER12 is low in erucic acid and in glucosinolates (<20 g kg\" erucic acid in the oil and <30 (xmol g\" glucosinolates in the oil-free meal) and was selected in the Fe generation from the cross 'Indore'/'SipalV/'Liraglu'. Jet Neuf is low in erucic acid and high in glucosinolate. It was used as a parent because of its tolerance to blackleg [caused by Leptosphaeria maculans (Desmaz.) Ces. & De Not.]. Seed of KS3579 has oil with low erucic acid (<20 g kg\") and meal with high glucosinolate (>200 nmol g~') content. During the growing season of 1993-1994, KS3579 averaged 88% winter survival, compared with 30% for 'Ceres' winter rapeseed. During 1994-1995, KS3579 averaged 90% winter survival, compared with 81% for Ceres, at the 8 locations where differential winterkill was observed (Parsons, Manhattan, Garden City, and Colby, KS; Carbondale and Belleville, IL; Lincoln, NE; and Ft. Collins, CO). At 1 location in 1994-1995 (Ft. Collins, CO.), KS3579 was the only line that survived with a harvestable stand (76% winter survival). At 9 locations where differential winterkill was observed in 1995-1996 (Parsons, Manhattan, Hutchinson, Garden City, and Colby, KS; Columbia, MO; Kibler, AR; Sidney, NE; and Archer, WY), KS3579 averaged 62% winter survival, compared with 33% for Ceres. In tests throughout the Great Plains when winter kill occurred, KS3579 was either the best surviving line or not significantly different from the best surviving line. Over three years of testing, KS3579 has had the highest survival percentage each year when averaged over all locations. In 1994 and 1995, KS3579 always survived with harvestable stands even though, in 3 of 15 locations, more than one-half of the test entries were lost to winterkill. The entire test, including KS3579, was lost to winterkill at 3 of 19 locations in 1996. In 1995, KS3579 averaged 107 cm tall (10 cm shorter than Ceres) and 6 d earlier to 50% bloom date than Ceres, had 333 g kg\" total oil (10 g kg\" less than Ceres), and yielded 1417 kg ha\" (85% of Ceres). KS3579 has not been evaluated for resistance to either white mold [caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary] or virulent blackleg. Breeder seed of KS3579 will be maintained and distributed by the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. Small amounts of seed will be provided upon written request. Recipients are asked to make appropriate recognition of the source of the germplasm if used in development of a parental line, cultivar, or hybrid.

Effects of boron, potassium, sulfur, magnesium application on rapeseed and mulberry yield and quality

Abstract: Field trials of boron (B), potassium (K), sulfur (S) and magnesium (Mg) application on rapeseed (Brassica napus) and mulberry (Morus nigra) in eastern Hubei province, PR China were used to study the effects of these nutrients on crop yield and quality. There was a positive interaction between K and B on rapeseed yield. It is important that when using K fertilizer on B deficient soil, B must be adequate for increasing efficiency of K fertilizer. Boron, K, S, Mg application increased mulberry yield and improved its quality by increased leaf amino acid content.

Potential of high erucic acid rapeseed (Brassica napus, var. Dwarf Essex) oil as a hydraulic fluid

Abstract: Rapeseed oil has been found to be a potentially useful substitute for petroleum-based hydraulic fluid. This article compares the hydraulic fluid properties of raw rapeseed oil with three commercially available hydraulic fluids: Mobil EAL 224H, PlantoHyd 40, and Hy-TransPlus. Experimental results showed that rapeseed oil has hydraulic fluid properties comparable to the three commercial hydraulic fluids. Some of the hydraulic fluid properties, like flash point, viscosity index, and mist spray flammability, were better for rapeseed oil.