Showing papers on "Rapeseed published in 2001"

Epidemiology and management of Leptosphaeria maculans (phoma stem canker) on oilseed rape in Australia, Canada and Europe

Abstract: Phoma stem canker (blackleg), caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, is an important disease on oilseed rape (canola, rapeseed, Brassica napus, Brassica juncea, Brassica rapa) causing seedling death, lodging or early senescence in Australia, Canada and Europe, but not in China. The two forms of L. maculans (A group and B group) that occur on oilseed rape are now considered to be separate species. The epidemiology and severity of phoma stem canker differs between continents due to differences in the pathogen population structure, oilseed rape species and cultivars grown, climate and agricultural practices. Epidemics are most severe in Australia, where only the A group occurs, and can be damaging in Canada and western Europe, where both A and B groups occur, although their proportions vary within regions and throughout the year. Epidemics are slight in China, where the A group has not been found. Dry climates (Australia, western Canada) lengthen the persistence of infected debris and may synchronize the release of airborne ascospores (after rain) with seedling emergence. L. maculans spreads from cotyledon and leaf infections down petioles to reach the stem, with infections on cotyledons and leaves early in the season producing the most damaging stem cankers at the stem base (crown). Development of both crown cankers and phoma stem lesions higher up stems is most rapid in regions with high temperatures from flowering to harvest, such as Australia and Canada. Breeding for resistance (genetic, disease escape or tolerance), stubble management, crop rotation and fungicide seed treatments are important strategies for control of phoma stem canker in all areas. Fungicide spray treatments are justified only in regions such as western Europe where high yields are obtained, and accurate forecasts of epidemic severity are needed to optimize their use.

Rapeseed oil for oleochemical usage

Abstract: Rapeseed is the third most important source of vegetableoil in the world, after soybean and palm oil. Recent pro-duction figures can be found in the chapter in this specialissue by F. D. Gunstone[1]. The past forty years haveseen significant growth in rapeseed production due to theintroduction of food rape (canola), an edible form of rape-seed low in erucic acid ( cis13-docosenoic acid ( 1), Fig.1)and glucosinolates [2]. The term “industrial rapeseed“ tra-ditionally referred to any rapeseed variety producing oilwith erucic acid content higher than about 45% (high-eru-cic rapeseed oil, HERO). When planted too closely, crosspollination can occur between industrial rapeseed andcanola, resulting in an oil with an intermediate erucic acidcontent that would be useless for either application [3].Due in part to this difficulty, harvested acreage of industri-al HERO rapeseed in the USA has declined from 19,400acres in 1987/88 to 2,400 in 1995/96. During the sameperiod, production of rapeseed oil in the USA droppedfrom 10×10

Canola pollination: an update

Abstract: This update highlights what is currently known about nectar and pollen production of hybrid and open-pollinated canola and rapeseed cultivars and varieties, the activities of foraging insects, specifically honey bees (Apis mellifera), on the flowers and pollinator requirements for seed production. Readers can also find further information in previous reviews92,93 and several excellent books27,49,97,98.

Improving Erucic Acid Content in Rapeseed through Biotechnology: What Can the Arabidopsis FAE1 and the Yeast SLC1-1 Genes Contribute?1,2

Abstract: The main goal of our research is to produce, by genetic manipulation, Brassica napus L. cultivars with higher amounts of 22:1 in their seed oil than in present Canadian high erucic acid rapeseed (HEAR) cultivars developed through traditional breeding, ideally with proportions of 22:1 approaching 80 mol% (828 g kg -1 ). To probe some rate-limiting steps in the accumulation of triacylglycerols containing very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), particularly erucic acid (22:1), we have taken a transgenic approach, studying the effect of expressing two target genes in HEAR B. napus cv. Hero. To study the role of the elongase complex, involved in elongation of C 18 fatty acid moieties to produce VLCFAs, we expressed the Arabidopsis thaliana L., fatty acid elongase 1 (FAE1) gene under the control of a seed-specific promoter (napin), in Hero. This resulted in increased proportions of 22:1 in the seed oil, rising from 430 g kg -1 in non-transformed controls to 480 to 530 g kg -1 22:1 in FAEI transgenic Hero lines. The FAE1 lines exhibited higher elongase activity in vitro compared to control lines. These data suggest that the level of active condensing enzyme in the native elongase complex is somewhat rate limiting for synthesis of erucic acid and other VLCFAs in HEAR. In small scale field trials, the VLCFA and 22:1 content of FAE1 transgenic lines were superior to field-grown control lines. We report that in field plot trials, the progeny of our best T 4 B. napus cv. Hero SLC1-1 transgenic lines clearly out-performed controls in terms of 22:1, oil content, and yield.

Thin-film test to investigate liquid oxypolymerization of nonvolatile analytes: Assessment of vegetable oils and biodegradable lubricants

Abstract: A thin-film oxidation test was developed to investigate liquid oxypolymerization of nonvolatile analytes. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) showed that the test delivered the required degree of oxidation with better than ±5% accuracy. The following oils were ranked according to their decreasing resistance to oxypolymer formation at 150°C: 90% oleic sunflower oil, triolein, meadowfoam oil, castor oil, canola oil, lesquerella oil, and soybean oil. Higher degrees of oxidation demonstrated the occurrence of oxidative gelation. Oxypolymerization tendencies of hydraulic fluids based on canola and rapeseed oils were comparable to those of canola oil without additives. The relative amount of C-C polyunsaturation present in the fatty acid chain was a major differentiating factor. However, oxidation inhibitors also reduced the rates of oxypolymerization, as demonstrated by sunflower oil-based hydraulic fluid. Canola and rapeseed lubricants needed better oxypolymerization control.

Enzymatic efficiency of plant and microbial phytase in cereal-rapeseed diets for growing pigs

Abstract: The experiment was carried out on 24 growing Polish Landrace pigs. The apparent digestibility of P from cereal grains (maize, barley, wheat, triticale, rye or mixture of barley with rye) and from diets containing cereals and 25% rapeseed meal (RSM) or 40% soyabean meal (SBM) was determined. The diets were unsupplemented or supplemented with microbial phytase (1000 FTU/kg). The digestibility of P was measured by an indirect method (with Cr 2 0 3 as an indicator) in 129 individual collections. The activity of intrinsic phytase in maize and oil meals was low (no more than 180 FTU/kg DM) and was considerably higher in other cereals (from 750 FTU in barley to 2077 FTU/kg DM in rye). The apparent digestibility of P in barley, wheat, triticale and rye did not differ between species (average 37.1%) and was about 17% percentage points higher (PO.01) than in maize. Although it was estimated that the effect of intrinsic and microbial phytase on digestibility of P was additive, plant phytase was 32 and 41% less effective than microbial phytase in diets with RSM and SBM, respectively. The intrinsic phytase content in cereal improved P digestibility in diets with RSM or SBM by 9.3-9.6% per 1000 FTU. Supplementation of diets with microbial phytase (1000 FTU) increased P digestibility by 13.7 and 16.3% in RSM and SBM diets, respectively. However, the increase in the content of digestible P by microbial phytase was similar (about 1 g/kg) in diets with both protein sources.

Lipid Composition of Some Rapeseed Cultivars from Mongolia

Abstract: In our continuous research directed towards the chemical characterization of seed oils, of seed oils from some rapeseed (canola) cultivars (canola Tobin, canola Impulse, rape Cubansky, rape Chinese Cultivars I, II., rape Yakshi and rape Khanna) introduced in different parts of the Mongolia were analyzed for their fatty acid composition and tocopherols, sterols content. The oil content in the seeds was 31.4-42.4%. The seed oils from both canola cultivars are mainly composed of oleic (60-12%), linoleic (to 22%) acids and some linolenic acid (8.4-11.9%). The rapeseed Cubansky was found to have a small amount of erucic acid (0.6%) in addition to oleic and linoleic acids as predominant acids. The rapeseed cultivar Yakschi contained an equal amount of eicosenoic (3.1%) and erucic (3.7%) acids. The rapeseed Chinese cultivars I, II and Khanna were found to be high in 20: 1n-9 (10.8 and 7.5%) and 22: 1n-9 (25.6 and 13.5%). Major tocopherol was γ-tocopherol (328.9-641.8 ppm) accompanied by a low level of α- and δ-tocopherol. Canola Impulse seed oil contained 33.8 mg/kg of β-tocopherol in addition to other isomers. Seed oil sterols are mainly composed of β-sitosterol, campesterol and brassicasterol.

Predicting heterosis from genetic distances for RFLP markers in resynthesized oilseed rape

Abstract: A prerequisite for any successful hybrid breeding program is the existence of genetically diverse gene pools As a long time perspective for hybrid oilseed rape breeding the utilization of artificially resynthesized rapeseed could be of interest Hybrid performance and heterosis in a series of testcrosses between resynthesized lines and the spring rapeseed cultivar 'Korall' in male sterile form were investigated under field conditions for two years at two locations in Sweden and Denmark Genetic distances of these resynthesized lines to 'Korall' were estimated based on 47 probe/enzyme combinations resulting in 354 different bands An average midparent heterosis of 41% for seed yield was estimated Genetic distance was significantly correlated with leaf dry matter of four week old plants, but there was no significant correlation between seed yield and genetic distance

Efeitos de culturas de inverno e rotações sobre a soja cultivada em sistema plantio direto

Abstract: Trials were conducted in field conditions in Passo Fundo (1984/89) and in Coxilha (1996/97), RS, and in Guarapuava (1984/90 e 1990/94), PR, Brazil, to study the effects of winter crop residues on soybean grown in succession, under no-till system. Winter crops were white oats knife rolled for mulching purposes, white oats, barley, rapeseed, flax, and wheat for grain yield. In these cropping systems, soybean was grown in the summer in monoculture and in rotation with com and pearl millet. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used. Soybean grown after flax and rape showed lower yields and lower plant heights than soybean after barley and wheat. Yields of soybean grown in monoculture were in intermediate position, between yields of soybean grown in crop rotation and soybean grown after rape or flax. Soybean grown after barley and wheat may be included in the different systems studied without yield losses. Volunteer white oat seeds may reduce soybean yield and plant height.

Incorporating maize chitinase into rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Abstract: In an experiment with the hypocotyls of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) as explants in in vitro culture,a transformation of introducing maize chitinase gene into the double-low rapeseed cultivar D 2 by Agrobacterium tumefaciens was established. Some Kan-resistant green shoots were obtained.It was shown that pre-culture was essential for the transformation of the hypocotyls of rapeseed,the hypersensitive responses of the cultured hypocotyls in transformation could be alleviated by some measures,and delayed selection was advantageous to increasing transformation frequency.PCR test of the resistant plants indicated that some of the Kan-resistant plantlets showed strong positive reaction in repeated tests,suggesting that the foreign gene had been integrated into the genome of rapeseed.

Response of rapeseed and mustard to nitrogen and sulphur nutrition – A review

Abstract: Rapeseed and mustard are important rabi oilseed crops of India. They remove fairly large quantities of nutrients from the soil, thereby, deplete the soil rapidly unless the soil is not adequately manured. One of the main reasons for low yield of rapeseed and mustard is inadequate/poor supply of nutrients. The crops being rich in protein and oil, require relatively higher N and S. The research findings on various aspects of the use of N and S on these crops are reviewed.

Effect of seeding date on yield characteristics of different rapeseed(Brassica nayus) genotypes

Abstract: the characters of yield and yield components of three rapeseed( Brassica napus) genotypes and the eclogical relationship between yield and photo, temperature were studied.The feasible way of improving rapeseed yield ofmultiple cropping in middle reaches of the Changjiang River was also discussed .The results show that different photo, temperature condition during rapeseed growing period induced by different seeding date resulted in a great difference in yield and yield components.There existed a very significant correlation between numbers of pods per plant，PAI( pod area index)，main inflorescence yield and branch yield and accumulated temperature and dylight hours respectively， but no significant correlation for 1000-seed weight and SNPA(seed numbers per unit pod area).Seeding date mainly affected branch development and growth and branch yield formation ,resulting in a highly significant effect on yield.So the seeding date of rapeseed of multiple cropping was appropriately shifted to an earlier time，and if seeding after Octo- her 20，the plant density may increase to 375一450 thousand plant- hm- z to make up branches with main inflorescence and to improve rapeseed yield.

Effect of seeding date on yield characteristics of different rapeseed (Brassica napus) genotypes.

Abstract: In this paper, the characters of yield and yield components of three rapeseed(Brassica napus) genotypes and the ecological relationship between yield and photo-temperature were studied. The feasible way of improving rapeseed yield of multiple cropping in middle reaches of the Changjiang River was also discussed. The results show that different photo-temperature condition during rapeseed growing period induced by different seeding date resulted in a great difference in yield and yield components.There existed a very significant correlation between numbers of pods per plant, PAI(pod area index), main inflorescence yield and branch yield and accumulated temperature and dylight hours respectively, but no significant correlation for 1000-seed weight and SNPA(seed numbers per unit pod area). Seeding date mainly affected branch development and growth and branch yield formation,resulting in a highly significant effect on yield. So the seeding date of rapeseed of multiple cropping was appropriately shifted to an earlier time, and if seeding after October 20, the plant density may increase to 375～450 thousand plant·hm -2 to make up branches with main inflorescence and to improve rapeseed yield.

Proximate Composition and Glucosinolate Content of Various Indian Varieties of Mustard/Rapeseed ( Brassica Sp.)

Abstract: Proximate composition and glusinolate content of 12 varieties of Indian mustard/rapeseed (Raya RH 781, Raya RH 2859,Raya RC 781, Torla Shyamgarh, Toria Songram, Toria Kranti, Torio TH 109, B 054, B Bold, B carinato and B. napus) revealed thot the oil content varied in the range of 32.89 to 38.96%, highest being in Toria Knanti. Crude protein of oil free moterial wos in the range of 35.46 to 46.23% highest being in Torio Shyamgorh. Glucosinolate content on the other hand varied from 1.60 to 4.92% on DM basis of the oilseeds, highest being in Torio Sangram among the varieties of musturd/rapeseed. There was no significant relationship between oil and glucosinolate content of different varieties of brassica oilseed.