Showing papers on "Rapeseed published in 2003"

Brassica carinata as an alternative oil crop for the production of biodiesel in Italy: agronomic evaluation, fuel production by transesterification and characterization

Abstract: In this study, the non-food use of Brassica carinata oil for biodiesel production was investigated. B. carinata, a native plant of the Ethiopian highlands widely used as food by the Ethiopians, has recently become object of increasing interest. This is due to its better agronomic performances in areas such as Spain, California and Italy that are characterized by unfavorable environmental conditions for the cultivation of Brassica napus (by far the most common rapeseed cultivated in continental Europe). The agronomic performance and the energetic balance described here confirmed that B. carinata adapted better and was more productive both in adverse conditions (clay- and sandy-type soils and in semi-arid temperate climate) and under low cropping system when compared with B. napus. The biodiesel, produced by transesterification of the oil extracted from the B. carinata seeds, displayed physical–chemical properties suitable for the use as diesel car fuel. A comparison of the performance of B. carinata oil-derived biodiesel with a commercial biodiesel and petroleum diesel fuel was conducted as regards engine performance, regulated and unregulated exhaust emissions. These results make B. carinata a promising oil feedstock for cultivation in coastal areas of central-southern Italy, where it is more difficult to achieve the productivity potentials of B. napus, and could offer the possibility of exploiting the Mediterranean marginal areas for energetic purposes.

Hybridization between transgenic Brassica napus L. and its wild relatives: Brassica rapa L., Raphanus raphanistrum L., Sinapis arvensis L., and Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz

Abstract: The frequency of gene flow from Brassica napus L. (canola) to four wild relatives, Brassica rapa L., Raphanus raphanistrum L., Sinapis arvensis L. and Erucastrum gallicum (Willd.) O.E. Schulz, was assessed in greenhouse and/or field experiments, and actual rates measured in commercial fields in Canada. Various marker systems were used to detect hybrid individuals: herbicide resistance traits (HR), green fluorescent protein marker (GFP), species-specific amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and ploidy level. Hybridization between B. rapa and B. napus occurred in two field experiments (frequency approximately 7%) and in wild populations in commercial fields (approximately 13.6%). The higher frequency in commercial fields was most likely due to greater distance between B. rapa plants. All F1 hybrids were morphologically similar to B. rapa, had B. napus- and B. rapa-specific AFLP markers and were triploid (AAC, 2n = 29 chromosomes). They had reduced pollen viability (about 55%) and segregated for both self-incompatible and self-compatible individuals (the latter being a B. napus trait). In contrast, gene flow between R. raphanistrum and B. napus was very rare. A single R. raphanistrum × B. napus F1 hybrid was detected in 32,821 seedlings from the HR B. napus field experiment. The hybrid was morphologically similar to R. raphanistrum except for the presence of valves, a B. napus trait, in the distorted seed pods. It had a genomic structure consistent with the fusion of an unreduced gamete of R. raphanistrum and a reduced gamete of B. napus (RrRrAC, 2n = 37), both B. napus- and R. raphanistrum-specific AFLP markers, and had <1% pollen viability. No hybrids were detected in the greenhouse experiments (1,534 seedlings), the GFP field experiment (4,059 seedlings) or in commercial fields in Quebec and Alberta (22,114 seedlings). No S. arvensis or E. gallicum × B. napus hybrids were detected (42,828 and 21,841 seedlings, respectively) from commercial fields in Saskatchewan. These findings suggest that the probability of gene flow from transgenic B. napus to R. raphanistrum, S. arvensis or E. gallicum is very low (<2–5 × 10–5). However, transgenes can disperse in the environment via wild B. rapa in eastern Canada and possibly via commercial B. rapa volunteers in western Canada.

Yield Adjustment by Canola Grown at Different Plant Populations under Semiarid Conditions

Abstract: Establishing a good canola (rapeseed; Brassica napus L.) stand is difficult in the semiarid prairie region of Canada where low temperature, water stress, and soil crusting could result in poor seed bed conditions. A field study was conducted from 1999 to 2001 at Swift Current, SK, Canada, to determine the effect of a range of uniform (5 to 80 plants m -2 ) and nonuniform (seedlings from 1-m lengths from two adjoining rows were removed and retained alternatively; 10 to 40 plants m -2 ) plant populations on yield and yield components of canola. Canola adjusted seed yield across a wide range of plant populations, although it did not compensate completely for the decreasing populations. Environmental conditions played a significant role in the expression of plasticity of canola. For example, in 2000, with slightly above-normal growing season precipitation, canola maintained similar yield levels across a wide range of populations (20 to 80 plants m -2 ), while in 2001, with well below normal precipitation, seed yield declined as populations dropped below 40 plants m -2 . Reducing plant population by half from 80 to 40 plants m -2 did not reduce seed yield when the reduced plant population was uniformly distributed, but reduced yield when the population was nonuniformly distributed. The primary response of canola to lower plant population was increased pods per plant through increased branching and increased pod retention at each node. The number of pods formed on primary and secondary branches increased as population decreased. Seeds per pod and seed weight were stable across populations.

Processing of rapeseed oil: effects on sinapic acid derivative content and oxidative stability

Abstract: Rapeseed oil is usually expelled from the seed at high temperatures. Refining removes most of the non-triacylglycerol components, including many sinapic acid derivatives typical for rapeseed. The effect of these phenolic constituents on the oxidative stability of the oil was studied using rapeseed and turnip rapeseed oil samples resulting from different expelling conditions and refinement steps. The polar fraction was isolated, analyzed and tested for antioxidative activity in various lipid oxidation models. The amount of phenols was greatest in the post-expelled crude rapeseed oil, decreasing with an increasing degree of refining. The polar phenol content correlated with oxidative stability. The most active antioxidant component of the polar fraction was identified as vinylsyringol, a decarboxylation product of sinapic acid. This is the first report of vinylsyringol in rapeseed oil. It was abundant in the post-expelled crude oils and apparently responsible for their high phenol content and oxidative stability. Some vinylsyringol was present in the superdegummed oil but not in the fully refined oils.

Hybridization between Brassica napus and B. rapa on a national scale in the United Kingdom.

Abstract: Measures blocking hybridization would prevent or reduce biotic or environmental change caused by gene flow from genetically modified (GM) crops to wild relatives. The efficacy of any such measure depends on hybrid numbers within the legislative region over the life-span of the GM cultivar. We present a national assessment of hybridization between rapeseed (Brassica napus) and B. rapa from a combination of sources, including population surveys, remote sensing, pollen dispersal profiles, herbarium data, local Floras, and other floristic databases. Across the United Kingdom, we estimate that 32,000 hybrids form annually in waterside B. rapa populations, whereas the less abundant weedy populations contain 17,000 hybrids. These findings set targets for strategies to eliminate hybridization and represent the first step toward quantitative risk assessment on a national scale.

Molecular characterization of novel resynthesized rapeseed (Brassica napus) lines and analysis of their genetic diversity in comparison with spring rapeseed cultivars

Abstract: Resynthesized (RS) rapeseed generated from interspecific hybridization between suitable forms of Brassica rapa L. (syn. campestris; genome AA, 2n = 20) and B. oleracea L. (CC, 2n = 18) represents a potentially important resource to expand genetic diversity in the narrow gene pool of oilseed rape (B. napus L., AACC, 2n = 38). In this study 165 RS rapeseed lines originating from crosses between an Indian Yellow Sarson (B. rapa ssp. trilocularis) and five different cauliflower (B. oleracea convar. botrytis) cultivars were studied using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and their genetic diversity was compared in relationship to an assortment of 40 diverse spring oilseed and fodder rape varieties. Using three AFLP primer combinations, a total of 467 polymorphic bands were scored. Cluster analysis allowed differentiation among the different RS lines, which, as expected, were genetically highly divergent from the cultivars. The genetic diversity of the material is discussed in relation to its morphological variability with a view to the implementation of RS lines in oilseed rape breeding.

Evaluation of canola oils as alternative lipid resources in diets for juvenile red seabream, Pagrus auratus

Abstract: This study examined three potential oil resources, crude and refined canola oil and refined soybean oil as replacements for added dietary fish oil in diets for juvenile red seabream. These oil resources were evaluated for their potential to replace added fish oil (40 g kg−1) in fishmeal based (600 g kg−1) diets, with 100 g kg−1 of total lipids. Each of the three plant oils was used to replace 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% of the added dietary fish oil. Each of the three plant oils showed potential as a replacement for dietary fish oil, although a significant reduction in growth and feed utilisation was observed with the complete (100%) replacement of added fish oil by crude canola oil. No other significant effects of oil type or inclusion level on growth were apparent. A negative control (no added fish oil or plant oil, 60 g kg−1 of total lipid) yielded poorer growth than all treatments except the diet containing 40 g kg−1 of added crude canola oil (100% replacement). This observation confirmed that the added oils were utilized by the fish. A positive control diet containing 80 g kg−1 of added fish oil (140 g kg−1 total dietary lipid) sustained the best growth in the study, confirming that the 13 experimental diets were energy limiting as planned. Notably, few effects of the alternative oils were seen on the proximate composition of the fish. However, the influence of the alternative oils on the tissue fatty acid composition was considerable, irrespective of plant oil type or processing grade. Particularly notable was the overall increase in the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the tissues of the fish fed the plant oil diets, with these trends becoming more apparent with the greater levels of fish oil replacement. Minimal reductions in the levels of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acid were observed from any of the plant oil treatments. Sensory assessment, by an Australian taste panel, of the fish fed the fish oil reference, or the 100% replacement by refined canola or refined soybean diets showed a preference in order of canola oil > soybean oil > fish oil fed fish. Clearly, both canola and soybean oils have considerable potential as replacements of fish oils in diets for this species.

Quantitative analysis of the main phenolics in rapeseed meal and oils processed differently using enzymatic hydrolysis and HPLC

Abstract: Rapeseed meal is the dry residue of the rapeseed de-oiling process. It contains more phenolic compounds than any other oilseed meal. In analysis, rapeseed phenolic esters, mainly sinapine, are usually hydrolyzed to free phenolic acids, because sinapine is not available as a commercial standard. In this study, the efficiencies of different enzymes and enzyme preparations in hydrolyzing sinapine to sinapic acid were explored. The main phenolics in rapeseed meal were sinapine and sinapic acid. In rapeseed oil, the main phenolics were vinylsyringol, sinapine and sinapic acid. In hydrolyzing rapeseed meal, ferulic acid esterase and Ultraflo L were as effective in hydrolyzing sinapine as sodium hydroxide. Over 90% of sinapic acid derivatives were hydrolyzed to yield sinapic acid. Compared to base hydrolysis, enzyme treatment was not only as efficient but also less destructive to the liberated phenolics. Thus, enzymatic hydrolysis is a recommended procedure for optimal analysis of rapeseed phenolics. In rapeseed oils, hydrolysis was best applied in crude post-expelled rapeseed oils with high phenolic content.

Development of rapeseed with high erucic acid content by asymmetric somatic hybridization between Brassica napus and Crambe abyssinica

Abstract: PEG-induced asymmetric somatic hybridization between Brassica napus and Crambe abyssinica was carried out. C. abyssinica is an annual cruciferous oil crop with a high content of erucic acid in the seed oil valuable for technical purposes. UV-irradiated mesophyll protoplasts of C. abyssinica cv 'Carmen' and cv 'Galactica' were fused with hypocotyl protoplasts of different genotypes of B. napus cv 'Maplus' and breeding line '11502'. Shoot regeneration frequency varied between 6.1% and 20.8% among the different doses of UV-irradiation, ranging from 0.05 J/cm2 to 0.30 J/cm2. In total, 124 shoots were regenerated, of which 20 asymmetric somatic hybrids were obtained and verified by nuclear DNA content and AFLP analysis. AFLP data showed that some of the characteristic bands from C. abyssinica were present in the hybrids. Cytological analysis of these hybrids showed that 9 out of 20 asymmetric hybrids had 38 chromosomes, the others contained 40–78 chromosomes, having additional chromosomes between 2 and 40 beyond the 38 expected for B. napus. The investigation into the fertility of asymmetric somatic hybrids indicated that the fertility increased with increasing UV-doses ranging from 0.05 J/cm2 to 0.15 J/cm2. All of the hybrids were cultured to full maturity, and could be fertilized and set seeds after self-pollination or backcrosses with B. napus. An analysis of fatty acid composition in the seeds was conducted and found to contain significantly greater amounts of erucic acid than B. napus. This study indicates that UV-irradiation could be used as a tool to produce asymmetric somatic hybrids and to promote the fertility of the hybrids.

Effect of linseed and rapeseed or linseed and rapeseed oil on performance, slaughter yield and fatty acid deposition in edible parts of the carcass in broiler chickens

Abstract: The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of linseed and rapeseed or respective oils on performance indices, nutrient digestibility, metabolizable energy of diets, digesta viscosity, and yield and chemical composition of edible and non-edible parts of the carcass of broiler chickens, with particular attention to n-3 PUFA. Two experiments were performed on 134 female broiler chickens, randomly allocated to 3 groups of 22 birds (Experiment 1) or 2 groups of 24 birds (Experiment 2) and 10 birds to a zero group. The chickens were kept in individual cages. Five wheat-based and xylanase-supplemented diets containing about 80 g crude fat per kg were prepared. The source of added fat was in control diet lard (61 g/kg), in experimental diets half of the lard was substituted by: linseed oil (LO) or full-fat linseed (L), rapeseed oil (RO) or full-fat rapeseed (R). Chickens were given the control or experimental diets from days 8 to 42 of life, then they were slaughtered, the carcasses were divided into edible and non-edible parts, and their chemical composition determined. Feeding diet with rapeseed did not significantly affect BWG or FCR, while linseed caused an increase in feed intake and subsequent deterioration in FCR, which in groups C, LO, and L equalled 1.82, 1.73 and 2.0, respectively. The viscosity of jejunal digesta in group L reached 4.5 mPas.s in comparison with about 1.5 in all of the remaining groups. Organic matter retention and AMEN value of diet L was lower than in diets C and LO (P≤0.05), while apparent protein and fat digestibility, organic matter retention, and the AMEN value of diet R was lower than RO (P≤0.01). Protein retention and meat yield was lower in group L than in both of the other groups (P≤0.05). The deposition * Supported in part by the State Committee for Scientific Research, Grant No. 5 P06E 031 15 1 Corresponding author: e-mail s.smulikowska@ifzz.pan.pl 272 FULL FAT SEEDS AND OILS FOR CHICKENS 273 NGUYEN C.V. ET AL. of n-3 PUFA in the carcass was in groups R and RO 2 times greater, in groups L and LO 8 times greater than in the control group. The ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFA, which approximated 10 in edible parts of broilers from the control group, decreased to about 4.7 in groups R and RO, and to about 1.3 in groups L and LO. This shift may be considered favourable for consumers of broiler meat, as an increase of n-3 fatty acid intake is connected with health benefits in humans.

Genetic and genotype × environment interaction effects analysis for erucic acid content in rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.)

Abstract: Genetic main effects and genotype × environment (GE) interaction effects for erucic acid content (EAC) in rapeseed(Brassica napus L.) were analyzed for two year data by using the genetic models and corresponding statistical approaches for quantitative traits of diploid plant seeds. Eight parents were included in adiallel mating design in two environments. It was found that the embryo, cytoplasmic and maternal main effects and their GE interaction effects could simultaneously affect the performance of EAC, especially for the cytoplasmic and maternal effects. Since the amount of genetic main effects from the expression of genes in different genetic systems accounted for about 64.1%of the total genetic effects, EAC of rapeseed was mainly controlled by genetic main effects. The total narrow-sense heritability for EAC was 83.6% with the general heritability being 51.9% and the interaction heritability being 31.7%. It was suggested by the predicted genetic effects, that Tower and Youcai 601 were better than other parents for reducing EAC in rapeseed quality breeding.

Transgenic Herbicide Tolerant Canola—The Canadian Experience

Abstract: Canola is a Canadian development, having been derived through conventional plant breeding of rapeseed (Brassica napus L. and B. rapa L.). The acceptance of canola in the marketplace has been assisted by the proliferation of new cultivars registered under the mandate of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA). New cultivars, whether conventional or transgenic, are evaluated and approved for registration by a national committee known as the Western Canada Canola/Rapeseed Recommending Committee (WCC/RRC). Regulatory approval for transgenics is granted by the CFIA and Health Canada, who oversee the confined and unconfined release of these products into the environment. Transgenic canola cultivars, Roundup Ready {glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] tolerant}, and Liberty Link {glufosinate [2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butanoic acid] tolerant} were first registered in Canada in 1995, while Navigator [bromoxynil (3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) tolerant] cultivars appeared later. Herbicide tolerant (HT) transgenics have enjoyed increased market share since their development, and now occupy ≈55% of the canola acreage in western Canada. The popularity of these cultivars appears to arise more from agronomic rather than economic advantages. Tolerance tests have failed to show any significant effect of the herbicides on the cultivars.

Fundamental Studies on Development of Environment Friendly Vegetable Oil Filled Transformer.

Abstract: In order to develop the environment-friendly transformer, the rapeseed ester oil which is vegetable oil was selected as the new insulating oil and various characteristics of rapeseed ester oil were investigated experimentally.These results showed that the basic characteristics of rapeseed ester oil surpasses as compared with mineral oil.

Host Suitability of Rapeseed for Heterodera schachtii.

Abstract: Because rapeseed, especially canola, has the potential to be grown in rotation with sugarbeet in the north-central region of the United States, this study was initiated to assess its susceptibility to infection by Heterodera schachtii and to develop a screening method for Brassica germplasm. Existing methodology was adapted for growing Brassica juncea, B. napus, B. rapa, Brassica hybrids, and sugarbeet, Beta vulgaris, in H. schachtii-infested soil to count the females that developed on the roots. Cysts on sugarbeet contained a mean of 130 eggs compared with 240 for B. napus, lowest for the Brassica. Viability of eggs produced was assessed in soil planted with Brassica and sugarbeet and infested with with 0, 100, 1,000, 3,000, and 5,000 eggs to count resulting females and cysts. Number of females (y) was related linearly to infestation rate (x) by the regression equations y = 2.82 + 0.07(x) for the Brassica lines (R² = 0.79; P < 0.001) and y = 0.43 + 0.04(x) for sugarbeet (R² = 0.69; P < 0.007). These data indicated the potential for H. schachtii population increase if the two crops are used in rotation. All of the 111 germplasm lines tested were susceptible. The methodology developed during this research would benefit attempts to develop rapeseed cultivars resistant to H. schachtii.

Lubricating oil and its use

Abstract: The invention relates to a lubricating oil, which is used in the food industry as the oil for, slicers and dividers, as lubricating oil for moulds and pans, or as a pan washing oil. The lubricating oil contains at least - turnip rapeseed oil or rapeseed oil as a main component, - auxiliary lubricant, which is selected from the following agents: - pharmaceutical grade white oil, - methyl ester (RME), ethyl ester (REE) or propyl ester (RPE) of turnip rapeseed oil or rapeseed oil, - emulsifier, which is selected from the following agents: - lecithin - acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids, - sucrose esters of fatty acids, - antioxidant, which is added synthetic tocopherol.

Utility of Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Cultivarsand New Breeding Lines for Low-input Cropping Systems

Abstract: A total of 36 Brassica napus genotypes including modern cultivars (open pollinated varieties, hybrids), advanced breeding lines, and basic materials (semi-synthetic lines) were tested in factorial (varieties, nitrogen levels), multilocation field trials (eight environments, Germany, 1997– 1999). Average seed yield under varying nitrogen regimes was 2.08 t ha–1 (N0) to 3.68 t ha–1 (N160). But the cultivars and lines showed substantial differences in yield potential and utility for low-input cropping systems: Modern hybrids like ‘Artus’ and ‘Life’ proved superior under all conditions, reaching seed yields of more than 4.0 t ha–1. The basic breeding lines had comparatively high yield at low-input conditions, and elevated harvest- and nitrogen-harvestindices. Based on these results, the development of hybrid cultivars by exploiting the existing distinct genetic pools of rapeseed is considered a promising route to enhance nitrogen efficiency and utility for low-input farming systems.

Food oil product and the use of the same

Abstract: The food oil product is based on turnip rapeseed oil or rapeseed oil. The oil contains tocopherol antioxidant and α-lipoic acid as regenerator for the antioxidant.

Characterization of Nutritional Quality of Canola Greens

Abstract: Lack of adequate processing facilities has been a major hindrance in the adoption of canola (Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L.) as an alternative oilseed crop in the southern United States. Therefore, development of alternative uses could be instrumental in facilitating adoption of canola by American farmers. We evaluated chemical composition of greens from four canola cultivars ('Dixie∑ , 'Falcon∑ , 'HN120-91∑ , and 'Jetton∑ ) grown during 1995-96 and 1996-97 at Petersburg, Va., to determine their potential as a food and feed source. The results indicated potential yield of s 11 t·ha -1 of fresh greens and s 1 t·ha -1 of dry matter. The canola greens contained 3.4% oil and 30.6% protein on a dry weight basis. Canola greens contained 0.52%, 4.14%, 0.35%, 1.59%, and 0.20% (dry weight basis) of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and sodium, respectively. Canola greens also contained 0.94, 2.02, 5.47, 14.65, 28.61, 0.74, and 31.92 (mg/100 g dry weight basis) of sulfur, boron, zinc, manganese, iron, copper, and aluminum, respectively. The oil in canola greens contained 18.79%, 81.14%, 15.36%, and 65.78% saturated, unsaturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. Based on these values, canola greens compared favorably with mustard and turnip greens. The demand for canola oil, which is considered healthy for human nutrition due to its low concentration of saturated (5% to 8%) and moderate concentration of polyun- saturated fatty acids (FA), is increasing in the United States at a tremendous rate. Canola is a genetically altered form of rapeseed with low erucic acid, a 22-carbon chain fatty acid, and low glucosinolate concentration. Canola (CANada-Oil-Low-Acid) is an international registered trademark owned by the Canola Council of Canada. Canola and rapeseed (Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L.) are members of the mustard family and are closely related to turnip (Brassica rapa L.), cabbage (Brassica oleracea L., var. capitata), cauli- flower (Brassica oleracea L., var. botrytis), broccoli (Brassica oleracea L., var. italica), and mustard (Brassica juncea L.). Even though canola evaluations in Virginia have been on- going since 1985, a concerted effort has been under way at two land grant universities in Virginia since 1993, with support from the Na- tional Canola Research Program of the U.S. -1 of N, P, and K. No insecticides were used prior to har- vest of these plots for greens. The total foliage was harvested, s 5 cm above the ground level, before appearance of yellow petals, from a 2-m length of the middle row of each plot . Fresh weights were recorded and converted to fresh yield in t·ha -1 . The foliage was dried at 70 °C for 72 h before recording of dry weights. The moisture concentration and dry matter yield

Breeding of Wanyou 14, a recessive epistatically genic male sterile hybrid rapeseed (Brassica napus) with double low

Abstract: Wanyou 14, a recessive epistatic GMS hybrid in Brassica napus, collected high yield, stable yield, high quality (high oil content and double low) and disease resistance together. It showed yield of 2 661kg/hm2 which outyielded the control Qinyou No.2 by 7.2% and Zhongyou 821 by 22.9% in Regional Test of Anhui pro vince during 1994-1996, and yield of 2 149kg/hm2 which outyielded the control Zhongyou 821 by 12.6% in National Regional Test (downstream region of Yangzi River) during 1997-1999. Wanyou 14 had higher disease resistance than Qinyou No.2 and Zhongyou 821. The cultivar possessed good quality with low erucic acid content of 0.36%, low glucosinolate content of 31.2μmol/g meal and high oil content of 44.3%.

Seed yield of successive synthetic generations in summer turnip rape

Abstract: One Canadian turnip rapeseed cultivar and four canola-quality strains were used as parents to create 10 two-parent synthetics to assess the performance of successive synthetic generations and determine whether the planting of the Syn0 generation is an alternative to either the Syn1 generation or a single parental planting in summer turnip rape. Parents, as a group, yielded significantly less than Syn0s, Syn1s and Syn2s. The relative order of cultivar groups was consistent over environments (i.e., Syn1 ≥ Syn2 ≥ Syn0 ≥ parents). Key words: Turnip rape (summer), synthetic, Brassica rapa, Brassica campestris

Effect of 17-DMC on phytohormone level and growth of rapeseed plants (Brassica napus)

Abstract: The effect of 17-dimethylmorpholinium chloride (17-DMC), a quaternary ammonium salt, on stem growth and productivity of spring rape (Brassica napus L, cv Star), and on phytohormone content in stem tissues was studied We found that the effects of 17-DMC on stem growth (inhibition of linear growth, development of anatomical structure and mechanical properties) were manifested as the changes in stem hormonal balance, particularly, in a decrease in the contents of GA, zeatin, and IAA and an increase in the ABA content Seed weight increased due to the retarding effect of 17-DMC on stem growth and the promotion of silique and seed development