Showing papers on "Rapeseed published in 2005"

Brassica cover cropping: I. Effects on weed and crop establishment

Abstract: The Brassicaceae contain glucosinolates, which hydrolyze to form compounds toxic to plants, fungi, nematodes, and certain insects. Lower weed density and biomass in crops grown following incorporation of brassica cover crops suggest that they may contribute to weed management in agricultural systems. Field experiments were conducted to determine whether incorporated brassica cover crops, including canola, rapeseed, and yellow mustard, reduce subsequent weed and crop establishment; a companion paper describes separate but related field experiments that examined the influence of brassica cover crops on plant growth. Emergence rate and total emergence of sixteen weed and crop bioassay species were measured following brassica cover crops, fallow, or incorporated residues of other short-season cover crops including oat, crimson clover, and buckwheat. The bioassay species, representing a range of seed sizes, were chosen to determine whether larger seed size confers protection from residue-mediated effe...

Oil content in a European x Chinese rapeseed population: QTL with additive and epistatic effects and their genotype-environment interactions

Abstract: Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops both in Europe and in China. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the European and the Chinese gene pools of winter oilseed rape contain different alleles for high seed oil content. A linkage map of rapeseed comprising 125 SSR markers and covering 1196-cM genome length was constructed from an F 1 derived doubled haploid (DH) population from a cross between the German cultivar Sollux and the Chinese cultivar Gaoyou, both selected for high oil content. In total, 282 DH lines were evaluated in replicated field experiments in four environments, two each in Germany and in China. QTL were mapped and their additive and epistatic effects as well as interactions with environments were estimated by a mixed model approach implemented in the mapping software QTLMapper. Eight QTL with additive effects and nine pairs of loci with additive × additive epistasis were detected, which together accounted for 80% of the phenotypic variation. The alleles increasing oil content were dispersed between the parents, which explained the transgressive segregation observed: seven DH lines surpassed the better parent by more than 3% oil content. Five of the eight QTL with additive effects showed significant genotype × environment interactions, and 10 additional QTL with genotype × environment interactions, but no significant additive main effect were observed. Epistatic interactions mainly occurred between QTL which also showed additive effects or additive × environment interactions. In conclusion, a marker assisted selection to recombine positive alleles from European and Chinese material is a powerful approach to further increase the oil content of rapeseed, but epistatic effects and genotype × environment interactions have to be considered.

Resveratrol glucoside (Piceid) synthesis in seeds of transgenic oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L .)

Abstract: Resveratrol is a phytoalexin produced in various plants like wine, peanut or pine in response to fungal infection or UV irradiation, but it is absent in members of the Brassicaceae. Moreover, resveratrol and its glucoside (piceid) are considered to have beneficial effects on human health, known to reduce heart disease, arteriosclerosis and cancer mortality. Therefore, the introduction of the gene encoding stilbene synthase for resveratrol production in rapeseed is a tempting approach to improve the quality of rapeseed products. The stilbene synthase gene isolated from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) was cloned under control of the seed-specific napin promotor and introduced into rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) by Agrobacterium-mediated co-transformation together with a ds-RNA-interference construct deduced from the sequence of the key enzyme for sinapate ester biosynthesis, UDP-glucose:sinapate glucosyltransferase (BnSGT1), assuming that the suppression of the sinapate ester biosynthesis may increase the resveratrol production in seeds through the increased availability of the precursor 4-coumarate. Resveratrol glucoside (piceid) was produced at levels up to 361 μg/g in the seeds of the primary transformants. This value exceeded by far piceid amounts reported from B. napus expressing VST1 in the wild type sinapine background. There was no significant difference in other important agronomic traits, like oil, protein, fatty acid and glucosinolate content in comparison to the control plants. In the third seed generation, up to 616 μg/g piceid was found in the seeds of a homozygous T3-plant with a single transgene copy integrated. The sinapate ester content in this homozygous T3-plant was reduced from 7.43 to 2.40 mg/g. These results demonstrate how the creation of a novel metabolic sink could divert the synthesis towards the production of piceid rather than sinapate ester, thereby increasing the value of oilseed products.

Intersubgenomic heterosis in seed yield potential observed in a new type of Brassica napus introgressed with partial Brassica rapa genome

Abstract: This paper reports the observation on the intersubgenomic heterosis for seed yield among hybrids between natural Brassica napus (AnAnCnCn) and a new type of B. napus with introgressions of genomic components of Brassica rapa (ArAr). This B. napus was selected from the progeny of B. napus × B. rapa and (B. napus × B. rapa) × B. rapa based on extensive phenotypic and cytological observation. Among the 129 studied partial intersubgenomic hybrids, which were obtained by randomly crossing 13 lines of the new type of B. napus in F3 or BC1F3 to 27 cultivars of B. napus from different regions as tester lines, about 90% of combinations exceeded the yield of their respective tester lines, whereas about 75% and 25% of combinations surpassed two elite Chinese cultivars, respectively. This strong heterosis was further confirmed by reevaluating 2 out of the 129 combinations in a successive year and by surveying hybrids between 20 lines of the new type of B. napus in BC1F5 and its parental B. napus in two locations. Some DNA segments from B. rapa were identified with significant effects on seed yield and yield components of the new type of B. napus in BC1F5 and intersubgenomic hybrids in positive or negative direction. It seems that the genomic components introgressed from B. rapa contributed to improvement of seed yield of rapeseed.

Novel reference gene, High-mobility-group protein I/Y, used in qualitative and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction detection of transgenic rapeseed cultivars.

Abstract: With the development of transgenic crops, regulations to label the genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their derived products have been issued in many countries. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods are thought to be reliable and useful techniques for qualitative and quantitative detection of GMOs. These methods are generally needed to amplify the transgene and compare the amplified results with that of a corresponding reference gene to get the reliable results. Specific primers were developed for the rapeseed (Brassica napus), high-mobility-group protein I/Y(HMG-I/Y) single-copy gene and PCR cycling conditions suitable for the use of this sequence as an endogenous reference gene in both qualitative and quantitative PCR assays. Both methods were assayed with 15 different rapeseed varieties, and identical amplified products were obtained with all of them. No amplification was observed when templates were the DNA samples from the other species of Brassica genus or other species, such as broccoli, stem mustard, cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, sprouts, Arabidopsis thaliana, carrot, tobacco, soybean, mung bean, tomato, pepper, eggplant, plum, wheat, maize, barley, rice, lupine, and sunflower. This system was specific for rapeseed. Limits of detection and quantitation in qualitative and quantitative PCR systems were about 13 pg DNA (about 10 haploid genomes) and about 1.3 pg DNA (about 1 haploid genome), respectively. To further test the feasibility of this HMG-I/Y gene as an endogenous reference gene, samples containing transgenic rapeseed GT73 with the inserted glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX) gene were quantitated. These demonstrated that the endogenous PCR detection systems were applicable to the qualitative and quantitative detection of transgenic rapeseed.

Effect of Timing of Sulfur Fertilizer Application on Growth and Yield of Rapeseed

Abstract: There is usually a positive yield response when sulfur (S) is applied to rapeseed (Brassica rapa L) plants grown on S-deficient soils Recommendations include application of some of or the entire amount of S at planting, but the plant requirement as well as availability of S to rapeseed during its various phenological stages is not well documented In a field trial, 40 kg S ha−1 was applied as gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) at planting (T1), during vegetative (T2, 30 days after sowing), flowering (T3, 50 days after sowing), and pod-filling (T4, 65 days after sowing) stages, and in split doses (T5) Biomass accumulation, leaf-area index, and leaf photosynthetic rate were studied at various growth stages Seed S (sulfate and organic S) and yield parameters were studied at harvest Sulfur (40 kg S ha− 1) applied in three split doses during different growth stages caused maximum increase in these parameters, followed by T2 and T1 However, no significant discernable difference was observed for the application

Toward increasing erucic acid content in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) through the combination with genes for high oleic acid

Abstract: Erucic acid (22∶1) is a valuable renewable resource that has several applications in the oleochemical industry. High 22∶1 rapeseed (HEAR) contains around 50% 22∶1. For its technical use it is desirable to increase the 22∶1 content and to decrease the eicosenoic acid (20∶1), PUFA (18∶2+18∶3), and saturated FA (16∶0+18∶0) contents. In the present experiment, HEAR was crossed to high oleic acid rapeseed (ca. 85% 18∶1) with the hypothesis that a combination of the involved genes should lead to a reduced 18∶1 desaturation and to an increased availability of oleoyl-CoA, which should result in enhanced 22∶1 synthesis. A NIR spectroscopic calibration for 22∶1 was developed for single seeds, and the calibration was used to select, in a nondestructive manner, F2 seeds high in 22∶1. Selected F2 seeds were sown in the field and F3 seeds were harvested. The results of the FA analysis showed recombinant genotypes with increased total monounsaturated FA (22∶1+20∶1+18∶1) of up to 89% and decreased PUFA (<8%) and saturated FA content (<3.5%). There was no significant difference in 22∶1 content, but a 3 to 5% increase in 20∶1 content was observed in comparison to the HEAR parental cv. Maplus. Results were confirmed following cultivation of selected plant material a second year in the field. The present study revealed that there are other biochemical limitations than the pool of available oleoyl-CoA that restrict FA elongation to 22∶1 in rapeseed. The generated high 22∶1 plant material with an increased 18∶1 content may be useful in further studies to identify these limitations.

Compositions and Methods for Enzymatic Decolorization of Chlorophyll

Abstract: The invention provides compositions and methods for the enzymatic treatment (“bleaching” or “de-colorizing”) of chlorophyll-comprising compositions, e.g., algae preparations, chlorophyll-containing or chlorophyll­-contaminated feeds, foods or oils, for example, vegetable oils, including oils processed from oilseeds, such as canola (rapeseed) oil or soybean oil, or oil fruits, such as palm oil. In one aspect, the invention provides methods using a chlorophyllase enzyme for the enzymatic hydrolysis of chlorophyll in an algae, an animal (e.g., a fish) or plant preparation, a food or an oil. In one aspect, the chlorophyllase is immobilized onto a silica. The invention also provides compositions of manufacture and detergents.

Brassica napus plants infected by Leptosphaeria maculans after the third to fifth leaf growth stage in south-eastern Australia do not develop blackleg stem canker

Abstract: Blackleg (Phoma stem canker) caused by Leptosphaeria maculans is the most damaging disease of Brassica napus (canola, rapeseed, colza) worldwide and is controlled by sowing blackleg resistant cultivars and crop management strategies that reduce exposure to inoculum and fungicide application. In experiments in south-eastern Australia, canola cultivars inoculated after the three to five leaf growth stage did not develop stem canker. Although mature canola plants are known to be less susceptible to blackleg than seedlings, this highlights for the first time the specific importance of protecting seedlings up to the three to five leaf growth stage in Australia. This would typically correspond to a period of four to six weeks after emergence. Canola plants are likely to be significantly less vulnerable to infection after this growth stage. However, this timing may vary due to the influence of environmental conditions.

Physiological Differences Between Yellow-Seeded and Black-Seeded Rapeseeds （Brassica napus L.）with Different Testa Characteristics During Artificial Ageing

Abstract: Yellow-seeded rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a new kind of breeding resources with yellow color, increased oil and protein content and less unwanted crude fiber content due to the thinner and transparent testa compared with traditional black or brown-seeded rapeseed. To analyze the longevity of the yellow-seeded rapeseed during storage, the physiological differences between the yellow and black-seeded near-isogenic lines were studied by artificial ageing method. The testa rate, anthocyanin content and melanin content of yellow-seeded rapeseeds decreased by 20.1, 25.2, and 80.4% respectively than black-seeded rapeseed. During artificial ageing, the yellow-seeded rapeseed showed significantly different effect of ageing compared with the black-seeded, as demonstrated by faster deterioration with lower germination percentage, seed vigour index, reducing sugar and soluble protein contents than the black-seeded, as well as a drastic increase in electrical conductivity, malnodialdehyde (MDA) content and a rapid decrease in activities of antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT)and superoxide dismutase (SOD). The results suggested that the transparent testa of the yellow-seeded rapeseed lost some abilities to protect the embryo against adverse environmental conditions and thus led to a poor storability.

Vegetable oil diesel fuel

Abstract: Vegetable oil diesel fuel consisting of: a) 60% to 90% by weight of soya oil, rapeseed oil, jatropha oil or sunflower oil or mixtures thereof, b) 10% to 40% by weight of a fatty acid alkyl ester mixture based on coconut oil and/or palm kernel oil, and optionally c) 0.01% to 1% by weight of antioxidants from the class of the sterically hindered phenols.

Transgenic rapeseed: environmental release and its biosafety relevance in China

Abstract: Research into, and the environmental release of, transgenic rapeseed in China are overviewed and the environmental risks are assessed, focusing on competitive survival ability, gene dispersal and biodiversity impact of transgenic rapeseed. It is concluded that transgenic rapeseed has a higher probability of gene dispersal when compared with other major crops. Brassica napus may transfer genes through pollen and seeds to vegetables and wild species of B. rapa and B. juncea, for which China is the biodiversity centre and also the country of highest consumption. It is considered that the risk of gene dispersal is present, but can be reduced to an acceptable limit. Commercialization of transgenic rapeseed should not be stopped, but should be built on a safe and sound basis by building a reasonable management system. Awarenes of biosafety considerations for transgenic rapeseed should be strengthened, and a technical platform of genetically modified organism (GMO) detection and monitoring should be properly established. Countermeasures against environmental risks are also discussed.

Biodiesel from yellow mustard oil

Abstract: The Palouse of northern Idaho and eastern Washington have developed rapeseed, yellow mustard and canola, which are particularly well adapted alternative crops This paper explores yellow mustard as a cost effective feedstock for biodiesel Fuel characterization parameters are being evaluated; and the data that has been collected indicates that yellow mustard oil is consistent with canola and rapeseed concerning its use as a fuel The on-road vehicle used for testing was a 1999 Cummins-powered Dodge diesel pickup truck There have not been any operational problems detected and oil analysis results from engine oil samples are normal The truck averaged 1523 mpg while pulling a trailer

Ecological Risk Assessment of Transgenic Rapeseed in China

Abstract: In view of the current status of research and environmental release of transgenic rapeseed worldwide, the environmental risk was assessed focusing on competitive survival ability, gene dispersal and biodiversity impact of transgenic rapeseed in China. Complicated in ecological conditions, China is the centre of evolutionary origin and biodiversity of many crucifer species. Transgene may transfer from Brassica napus to vegetable and wild species of B.rapa and B.juncea. In China genetic transformation techniques of rapeseed(B. napus) has well been established and genetic transformation experiments are frequent with a variety of genes transferred and without severe management. A large quantity of transgenic rapeseed is imported to China each year. It is concluded that transgenic rapeseed poses higher risk of gene dispersal than other crops do in China. It is appealed that biosafety consciousness of transgenic rapeseed should be strengthened, and a technical platform of GMO detection and monitoring should be properly established.

A review on the development potential of bioenergy rapeseed

Abstract: This paper related to the development of biodiesel,biofuel processing techniques and the dominant bioengergy crops resources.Rapeseed might be the predominant bioengergy crop as well as the edible oil crop.Some suggestion on promotion of bioengery rapeseed in China was discussed.

STABILITY OF RAPESEED (Brassica napus L. ) VARIETIES UNDER RAINFALL CONDITIONS IN NORTHEREN OF IRAQ

Abstract: Four rapeseed varieties, Paktol, Kebel, Forte and Karat were tested in five environments represented limited and semi-limited dryland area in northern of Iraq, Mosul province (Rashidia during 1999-2000 and 2000-2001, singar during 2000-2001 and Bashiqa site during 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 seasons) in order to determine stability of these varieties for plant height, heading,yield and its components.Significant varietal and environments differences were observed for the traits investigated except no. of seed per pod and 1000 seed weight.GXE interaction effect was highly significant for all traits except 1000 seed weight. Paktol were better adapted to favorite environments for plant height, no. of days to heading and no. of pods per plant and better adapted to a wide of environments and stable for seed yield. INTRODUCTION Oil rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)is now the second largest oilseed crop in the word providing 13% of the world supply. The world s’ commerce is largely supplied by two species, Brassica napus and B. rapa L. Both species contain both spring and winter form that are distinguished by vernalization requirement (Raymer, 2002). Seeds of these species commonly contain 40% or more oil and produce meals with 35-40% protein. Limited water supply is a major problem for crop production in Mediterranean environments (Blum and Pnuel, 1990). The efficiency with which a crop uses water may reflect crop performance and it provides a means for comparing environments (Perry, 1987) . Different genotypes perform differently in different environments and their growth habit is one of the principle descriptors of this variation (Kretchmer et al., 1979). To improve the stability of varieties , adaptive traits that affect yield response across environments must be identified as the basis of an effective breeding program. Donald (1968) suggested the importance of having a model (ideotype) as a goal for breeding programs. Fall – seeded rapeseed was studied in five field experiments at Milan in northwest Tennessee during 1986-87 , yields ranged from 2150 kg / ha for ‘Viking’ to 3140 kg / ha for ‘Gorezanski’ (Fribourg et al.,1990). Research has demonstrated that the diversity of form, usage and adaptability among Brassica species has generated wide interest in crucifers as potential new crops (Williams, 1990) . Christmas (1996) reported that cultivar performance varied by site indicating that some cultivars may be more tolerant to adverse weather than others.’Touchdown’ appears to be the best performer under adverse conditions while ‘Liborius’ was the poorest performer. In order to project a mean yield for Virginia farmers, Starner et al. (2002) used five best performing entries from 1998-1999 ,1999-2000 and 2000-2001 trials.The result indicated that seed yield means varied from 1951 kg/ha for ARC91023-63L-5 to 3179 kg/ha for UGA96200E with an overall average of 2364 kg/ha . _______________________________________________________________ ________ Received 22/2/2005 Accepted 11 /5/ 2005 The aim of this study was to determine stability of introduced rapeseed varieties for yield and its components and its performance under limited and semi-limited rainfall conditions in northern of Iraq. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four rapeseed varieties, Paktol, Kebel, Forte and Karat were sowing in five environments represented limited and semi-limited dryland area in northern of Iraq , Mosul province (Rashidia during 1999-2000 and 2000-2001, singar during 2000-2001 and Bashiqa site during 2000-2001 and 2001-2002 winter growing seasons of a varied rainfall precipitation) using Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The experimental plot comprised 5 rows, each 5 m long and spaced 40 cm apart. The sowing rate was 2 kg /donum.. The precipitated amount of rain and temperature during the three seasons for studied sites showed in table 1 .It is noticed that the amounts of rain during growth season 1999 is very low and under general average, therefore the crop received eight irrigations during growth season in Rashidia. Table (1): Rainfall and temperature at Rashidia , Singar and Bashiqa over the period 1999-2002 .

Edible oil with favorable omega unsaturated fatty acid spectrum for human nutrition comprises a mixture of olive oil and rapeseed oil

Abstract: An edible oil mixture comprising olive oil and another oil is such that the other oil is rapeseed oil.

Preliminary Report on Inheritance and Breeding of a New Triquetrum-pod Rapeseed Material in Brassica Napus L.

Abstract: In the experiment of the multi-pod rapeseed, some triquetrum-pod plants were found. Their pods are triquetrous, the cross sections of their pods are triangular and three-chamber and the pod walls are trilobate. With these plants as materials, a series of trails such as single plant self-crossing by bagging, crossing with some multi-pod rapeseed, crossing with some kinds of B.campestris L.,crossing between plant lines of the triquetrum-pod materials, open-pollination and isolated microspore culture etc. were conducted in order to study their genetic traits. Moreover, the pod specificity and the agronomic character were investigated and described for the triquetrum-pod rapeseed.The result showed that the average seeds per pod of the tyiquetrum-pod plants was 18.21, more than that of the ordinary plants 15.30. Presently, we have selected the plant line in which the triquetrum-pod plant ratio was 100.00% and the average triquetrum-pod ratio was 32.85%,and the single plant that the triquetrum-pod ratio was highest 94.12%, respectively. The multi-grain trait of the triquetrum-pod rapeseed has a great potentiality in the high production breeding of rapeseed. It is significant not only in the genetic theory but also in the breeding practice in Brassica napus.

Analysis of Glucosinolate Components and Profiles in Brassica napus

Abstract: The contents of glucosinolates components of 499 rapeseed accessions collected widely in China were analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) The results showed that progoitrin and gluconapin were the main components in high and middle glucosinolate rapeseed, with the percentage of 8116% and 7392% 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin and gluconasturtin were the main components in low glucosinolate rapeseed, with the contents of 736 μmol·g-1 and 438 μmol·g-1, and the percentage reached as high as 5152% Coefficient Variability and the effect of individual glucosinolate on total glucosinolate content were analyzed Progoitrin and gluconapin were the dominant and stable components in double high rapeseed, while their content and percentage were highly reduced in double low rapeseed 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin concentration was from 798 μmol·g-1 to 604 μmol·g-1, and it was the dominant component in low glucosinolate rapeseed Gluconasturtin in low glucosinolate rapeseed was much higher than that in double high rapeseed The possible ways for further reduction of total glucosinolates in rapeseed breeding was discussed

Livestock feed composition containing phellinus linteus powder and loess as main component having effects of increasing growth rate of animals as well as immunity against disease when fed to animals

Abstract: PURPOSE: A livestock feed composition containing Phellinus linteus powder, loess, cereals, a protein source, fat and oil and one or more additives is provided It increases activity and growth rate of animals as well as immunity against disease when fed to animals CONSTITUTION: The livestock feed composition contains 10 to 15% by weight of Phellinus linteus powder, 3 to 5% by weight of loess, 30 to 50% by weight of cereals, 10 to 30% by weight of a protein source, 1 to 5% by weight of fat and oil and one or more additives selected from yeast, enzyme, vitamin mixtures and synthetic amino acid The cereals contain corn, hard wheat, soft wheat, barley, sorghum, oat, rye, potato starch and a mixture thereof, the protein source contains soybean meal, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal, sesame meal, perilla meal and alfalfa, the fat and oil contains beef tallow, poultry fat, fish oil, vegetable oil, coconut oil, palm oil, mixed oil of animal and vegetable and a mixture thereof

The effect of rapeseed oil on the ruminal degradability and intestinal protein digestibility of rapeseed meal, soyabean and lupin seed

Abstract: Three rumen and proximal duodenum cannulated Jersey heifers were used in a 2×3×3 Latin square design experiment to determine the effect of rapeseed oil supplementation on ruminal and intestinal protein digestibility of rapeseed meal, soyabean meal and lupin seed. Rapeseed oil at 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 g/day was infused into the rumen cannula. The ruminal degradation of protein was estimated by using rumen nylon bags (in sacco method), the intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein, by the mobile nylon bag method. A high level of rapeseed oil (400 and 500 g) significantly decreased effective degradability and increased intestinal digestibility of rapeseed meal and lupin seeds. Lower levels of oil (100, 200, 300 g) did not significantly affect protein degradation in the rumen or intestinal digestibility.