Showing papers on "Rapeseed published in 2010"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the possibility of enhancing oil extraction yield, oxidative stability and nutraceuticals content by pretreating rapeseed with microwaves for two different times (2 min and 4 min) and then extracting with a press.
203 citations
TL;DR: Bnwri1 has potential applications in food and oil industries and in rapeseed breeding and sequence polymorphism is highly related to oil content (p < 0.001).
174 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a cradle-to-farm gate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to compare environmental impacts and energy and water demand of rapeseed and sunflower in Chile, as potential oleaginous crops for first-generation biodiesel production.
157 citations
TL;DR: Seven different 2-year rotations, consisting of barley/clover, canola, green bean, millet/rapeseed, soybean, sweet corn, and potato, all followed by potato, were assessed for their effects on the development of soilborne potato diseases, tuber yield, and soil microbial communities.
Abstract: Seven different 2-year rotations, consisting of barley/clover, canola, green bean, millet/rapeseed, soybean, sweet corn, and potato, all followed by potato, were assessed over 10 years (1997-2006) in a long-term cropping system trial for their effects on the development of soilborne potato diseases, tuber yield, and soil microbial communities. These same rotations were also assessed with and without the addition of a fall cover crop of no-tilled winter rye (except for barley/clover, for which underseeded ryegrass was substituted for clover) over a 4-year period. Canola and rapeseed rotations consistently reduced the severity of Rhizoctonia canker, black scurf, and common scab (18 to 38% reduction), and canola rotations resulted in higher tuber yields than continuous potato or barley/clover (6.8 to 8.2% higher). Addition of the winter rye cover crop further reduced black scurf and common scab (average 12.5 and 7.2% reduction, respectively) across all rotations. The combined effect of a canola or rapeseed rotation and winter rye cover crop reduced disease severity by 35 to 41% for black scurf and 20 to 33% for common scab relative to continuous potato with no cover crop. Verticillium wilt became a prominent disease problem only after four full rotation cycles, with high disease levels in all plots; however, incidence was lowest in barley rotations. Barley/clover and rapeseed rotations resulted in the highest soil bacterial populations and microbial activity, and all rotations had distinct effects on soil microbial community characteristics. Addition of a cover crop also resulted in increases in bacterial populations and microbial activity and had significant effects on soil microbial characteristics, in addition to slightly improving tuber yield (4% increase). Thus, in addition to positive effects in reducing erosion and improving soil quality, effective crop rotations in conjunction with planting cover crops can provide improved control of soilborne diseases. However, this study also demonstrated limitations with 2-year rotations in general, because all rotations resulted in increasing levels of common scab and Verticillium wilt over time.
154 citations
TL;DR: A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with diode array detection (DAD) was used to determine the total phenolics, including sinapic acid derivatives in canola, with significant differences among varieties.
Abstract: A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with diode array detection (DAD) was used to determine the total phenolics, including sinapic acid derivatives in canola. Ten Western Canadian canola seeds, six other commodity canola seeds, their corresponding press cakes and meals were analyzed. Seeds of European 00 rapeseed and Brassica Juncea (Indian mustard) were included for comparison. Phenolic compounds were separated using a gradient elution system of water–methanol-ο-phosphoric acid solution with a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. In addition to sinapine (SP) and sinapic acid (SA), sinapoyl glucose (SG) is reported in the methanolic extracts. The detection and quantification limits of these compounds were 0.20–0.40 and 0.50–0.80 μg/ml, respectively with recovery values over 98.0%. The content of total phenolics, SP, SA and SG in canola extracts ranged from 9.16 to 16.13, 6.39 to 12.28, 0.11 to 0.59 and 1.36 to 7.50 mg/g, respectively with significant differences among varieties.
150 citations
TL;DR: A genetic map was constructed with 353 sequence-related amplified polymorphism and 34 simple sequence repeat markers in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and covers 1,868 cM of the rapeseed genome.
Abstract: A genetic map was constructed with 353 sequence-related amplified polymorphism and 34 simple sequence repeat markers in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.). The map consists of 19 linkage groups and covers 1,868 cM of the rapeseed genome. A recombinant doubled haploid (DH) population consisting of 150 lines segregating for oil content and other agronomic traits was produced using standard microspore culture techniques. The DH lines were phenotyped for days to flowering, oil content in the seed, and seed yield at three locations for 3 years, generating nine environments. Data from each of the environments were analyzed separately to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for these three phenotypic traits. For oil content, 27 QTL were identified on 14 linkage groups; individual QTL for oil content explained 4.20–30.20% of the total phenotypic variance. For seed yield, 18 QTL on 11 linkage groups were identified, and the phenotypic variance for seed yield, as explained by a single locus, ranged from 4.61 to 24.44%. Twenty-two QTL were also detected for days to flowering, and individual loci explained 4.41–48.28% of the total phenotypic variance.
88 citations
TL;DR: These parameters; fatty acid contents, glucosinolate profile and amino acids together with total tocopherols and phenolic contents, could be taken into consideration by oilseed rape breeders as selection criteria for developing genotypes with modified seed quality traits in Brassica napus L.
Abstract: Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) is now the third most important source of edible oil in the world after soybean and palm oil. In this study seeds of five different rapeseed cultivars namely; pactol, silvo, topas, serw 4 and serw 6 were evaluated for their fatty acid composition, glucosinolate profile, amino acids, total tocopherols and phenolic content. Among all cultivars significant variability in fatty acids were observed. The oleic acid (C18:1) ranged from 56.31% to 58.67%, linoleic acid (C18:2) from 10.52% to 13.74%, α-linolenic acid (C18:3) from 8.83% to 10.32% and erucic acid (22:1) from 0.15% to 0.91%. The glucosinolate profile of rapeseed was also separated and identified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Small variations in the glucosinolate profile were observed among all tested cultivars; however, progoitrin and gluconapin were the major glucosinolate found. Additionally, silvo cultivar showed the highest total glucosinolate c ontents (5.97 μmol/g dw). Generally, the contents of aspartic, glutamic, arginine and leucine were high, while the contents of tyrosine and isoleucine were low among all cultivars. For total tocopherols, the results indicated that both serw 6 and pactol cultivars had the highest total tocopherol contents (138.3 and 102.8 mg/100 g oil, respectively). Total phenolic contents varied from 28.0 to 35.4 mg/g dw. The highest total phenolic content was found in topas while the lowest value was detected in serw 6. These parameters; fatty acid contents, glucosinolate profile and amino acids together with total tocopherols and phenolic contents, could be taken into consideration by oilseed rape breeders as selection criteria for developing genotypes with modified seed quality traits in Brassica napus L.
75 citations
TL;DR: In a greenhouse experiment, rapeseed (Brassica napus) was grown in an alkaline sandy loam soil treated with different levels of selenate-Se and selenite-Se ranging from 0 to 4 milli-kg−1 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: High levels of selenium can cause adverse effects in plants as well as animals. In a greenhouse experiment, rapeseed (Brassica napus) was grown in an alkaline sandy loam soil treated with different levels of selenate-Se and selenite-Se ranging from 0 to 4 mg kg−1. Total dry matter yield of selenium-treated rapeseed plants decreased significantly as compared to control plants. Plants were stressed at a very early stage of vegetative growth and produced fewer rosettes and flowers. Plant height and leaf production were negatively affected by selenate-Se. Dry matter of leaves was significantly higher in selenite- than in selenate-treated plants. Selenate-treated plants accumulated 75–160 times more Se in shoots and 2–18 times more in roots as compared to selenite-treated plants at the rosette formation stage, with this difference narrowing at peak flowering stage. Rapeseed leaves were subjected to biochemical analysis at rosette and peak flowering stages. Accumulation of selenium in leaves resulted in a significant increase in lipid peroxidation, chlorophyll, vitamin C and free amino acids, and a decrease in phenols, total soluble sugars and starch concentration.
75 citations
TL;DR: The results of this study convincingly prove the usefulness of applying press mud and poultry manure in enhancing volatilization and retarding the transfer of Se from soil to plant in seleniferous soils.
70 citations
TL;DR: Based on the oil content differences between the reciprocal crosses in the same offspring generation (F1 and F2) in rapeseed, it could be concluded that there were significant cytoplasmic effects on oil content.
Abstract: High oil content is one of the most important characteristics of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) breeding. In order to understand the genetic basis of seed oil content, a series of reciprocal crosses between rapeseed parents with high oil content (53110, 61616 and 6F313), medium-oil content (Zhongshuang 9) and low oil content (51070 and 93275) were conducted. It was found that the oil content of F1 hybrid seeds in rapeseed was mainly controlled by the maternal genotype. The maternal effect value of oil content was estimated to be 0.86. The pollen parent had a xenia effect on oil content, estimated to be 0.14 which changed the mean value by 1.86 percent. The inheritance of oil content was studied in a set of 8 × 8 diallel crosses of different varieties. The results indicated that the inheritance of oil content could be explained by an additive-dominant-epistasis model. Although the dominant and additive effects played major roles and accounted for more than 70% of the total variance, there was also a small epistatic effect. The broad and narrow sense heritability of oil content was 83.88 and 36.94%, respectively. Based on the oil content differences between the reciprocal crosses in the same offspring generation (F1 and F2) in rapeseed, it could be concluded that there were significant cytoplasmic effects on oil content. In this study, two lines with significantly cytoplasmic effects, either positive or negative, were selected.
66 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the DPPH free-radical-scavenging potential of minor components of canola seeds, meals and cakes was investigated for chlorophyll, phytic acid and condensed tannin content.
TL;DR: The present results highlight the practical importance of adequate N fertilization and true N source in seed yield in winter rapeseed and suggest that ammonium sulfate at 150 kg N ha -1 will be about adequate to meet crop N requirements.
Abstract: Winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) has potential to become an alternate oilseed crop both for edible oil production and energy agriculture (biofuel production) for Turkey. This study was conducted to determine the effect of year, N sources and doses on the yield and quality traits of winter rapeseed in a cereal system in calcareous soils over two seasons, 2000-2001 and 2001-2002, in Central Anatolia. Three N sources, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and urea, were applied as hand broadcast on the soil surface at five doses (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha -1 ). The traits investigated were plant height, number of branches and pods per plant, number of seed per pod, thousand seed weight, seed yield, oil and protein content. There were significantly effects on seed yield, oil and protein content, and other yield components due to N sources and rates. In general, ammonium sulfate and urea gave higher seed yield than ammonium nitrate. Mean values of both seasons indicated that 100 and 150 kg N ha -1 rate increased significantly yield and quality traits with regard to other N treatments. The present results highlight the practical importance of adequate N fertilization and true N source in seed yield in winter rapeseed and suggest that ammonium sulfate at 150 kg N ha -1 will be about adequate to meet crop N requirements.
TL;DR: 14 different gsl present in the young leaves of 82 different varieties of Brassica rapa, including the following crops, are identified and quantified, indicating that only functional Brgsl-Alk alleles are present in B. rapa.
Abstract: The breakdown products of glucosinolates (gsl) are biologically active secondary metabolites involved in plant defense and human nutrition. We identified and quantified 14 different gsl present in the young leaves of 82 different varieties of Brassica rapa, including the following crops: Chinese cabbage, broccoleto, Pak choi and other leafy vegetables, turnip, sarson and rapeseed. We did not find crop specific gsl, but their quantity varied extensively among varieties and crops, except that the Chinese cabbage accessions tended to have similar gsl profile and amount. Gluconapin, glucobrassicanapin (aliphatic), neoglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin (indolic), and gluconaturtiin (aromatic) are the predominant gsl in most of the varieties surveyed. We also found two gsl not commonly found in B. rapa, 2-methyl-2-propenyl and n-butyl. Their identities were confirmed by HPLC-MS. Most of the Chinese cabbages contain lower amount of aliphatic than indolic gsl, whereas broccoleto, turnip and rapeseed all have much higher aliphatic gsl content than indolic gsl content. The predominant aliphatic gsl in most of the varieties contain 4-carbon side-chains. The lack of significant correlation observed between the conversion of 3- to 4-carbon side-chain gsl and the conversion of 4- to 5-carbon side-chain gsl suggests that these two elongation cycles are probably under the control of two independent genes in B. rapa. The absence of glucoraphanin in all accessions indicates that only functional Brgsl-Alk alleles are present in B. rapa.
TL;DR: In this article, an emergy assessment of oleaginous crops in Brazil was made to determine which crop is the most sustainable in terms of renewable energy and renewable energy efficiency.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Honey bee foraging activity on the flowers of two spring rapeseed varieties ‘SW Savann’ and ‘Ural’ was evaluated to investigate the interaction between plants and their pollinators under weather conditions unusual for Lithuania.
Abstract: Honey bee foraging activity on the flowers of two spring rapeseed varieties ‘SW Savann’ and ‘Ural’ was evaluated. High air temperature throughout the study period allowed us to investigate the interaction between plants and their pollinators under weather conditions unusual for Lithuania. Analysis of flowering intensity and honey bee density in the two rape varieties showed that ‘Ural’ produced on average 4.6% more flowers than ‘SW Savann’, however, honey bee density in ‘Ural’ plots was about 4% lower than that in ‘SW Savann’ plots. A decrease in flowering intensity was followed by a decrease in honey bee density in both rape varieties. A strong increase in ambient temperature had a negative impact on the foraging of honey bees on flowering plants. The lowest honey bee density in the investigated rape plots was recorded in the afternoon, when air temperature reached +43°C. High ambient temperature affected oilseed rape flowering and pollinator density on flowers and this could have had a negative effect on seed yield of oilseed rape.
TL;DR: In this article, differences in P uptake and utilization between two rapeseed cultivars were evaluated in solution culture by studying the changes in root morphology and parameters of P uptake kinetics in response to low-P stress.
Abstract: Application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer is important in crop production because of the low bioavailability of phosphorus to plants in both acidic and calcareous soils. Although rapeseed (Brassica napus) is generally sensitive to P deficiency, different cultivars differ widely in this respect. Differences in P uptake and utilization between two rapeseed cultivars, one P-efficient (‘97081’) and one P-inefficient (‘97009’), were evaluated in solution culture by studying the changes in root morphology and parameters of P uptake kinetics in response to low-P stress. The P-efficient cultivar had lower Km and Cmin values and higher Vmax and developed longer and denser lateral root hair with greater number of root tips and branches under low-P stress, which resulted in a better developed root system and more efficient uptake of P. That, in turn, led to higher concentration and accumulation of P in the plants, culminating in higher biomass production. However, P utilization efficiency (biomass production per unit...
TL;DR: It may be concluded that the inclusion of bees in crops is fully justified as a production tool.
Abstract: Recent introduction of hybrid varieties raises the question if bees (Apis mellifera L.) contribute as pollinator agents
in developing the full yield potential of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). In order to evaluate the yield achieved by
B. napus cv. Artus pollinated by A. mellifera testing was carried out in the district of Freire, La Araucania Region,
Chile. This consisted in isolating or excluding rapeseed plants from pollinators with exclusion cages. Treatments
applied were total exclusion (T1), partial exclusion (T2) and free pollination (T0) with a density of 6.5 hives ha-1,
in order to determine the following yield components traits: grains per silique, siliques per plant, 1000 grain weight
and yield. The experimental design used was randomized complete blocks with three treatments and three replicates.
Results obtained show that the parameter least affected by bee intervention was the grains per silique variable. In
contrast, siliques per plant and 1000 grain weight parameters presented significant differences, contributing to a
yield greater than 5 t ha-1; which represented a figure 50.34% higher than in the treatment without bees. It may be
concluded that the inclusion of bees in crops is fully justified as a production tool.
TL;DR: The results show that quality of vegetable oils is as well a question of environment as of variety when it comes to the share of polyunsaturated FAs between the different species.
Abstract: The fatty acid (FA) composition of oil crops is of some importance under technological as well as under nutritional aspects. The influence of temperature on this parameter in rapeseed, soybeans and sunflowers was investigated under practical agricultural conditions, whereby varietal variations were taken into account. The analysed plant material originated from variety testing trials located in different climatic zones of Austria. As a measure of the climatic conditions of a location, the mean temperature of the last 30 days before harvest was calculated. Despite the low temperature differences between the various locations, moderate but significant negative correlations between temperature and the share of linolenic (18: 3), respectively, linoleic (18: 2) acid on the whole quantity of FAs in rapeseed (R 2 = 0.18-0.42), soybeans (R 2 = 0.11-0.13) and sunflowers (R 2 = 0.15) were found. Furthermore, there was a good negative correlation in the case of sunflower seeds between temperature and oil level (R 2 = 0.45). The environmental influence on the share of polyunsaturated FAs differed between the different species. The results show that quality of vegetable oils is as well a question of environment as of variety.
TL;DR: Results suggest that radishes stimulated a bacterial decomposition pathway, while rapeseed and rye stimulated a proportionally greater fungal-based food web, though distinct from the effect of rye and rapeseed.
TL;DR: A plant-specific carbon isotope fractionation occurs during the biosynthesis of the fatty acids and particularly during desaturation of C(18) acids in rape and flax and might be useful in tracing dietary lipids differing in their origin.
Abstract: Rapeseed (Brassica napus) oils differing in cultivar, sites of growth, and harvest year were characterized by fatty acid concentrations and carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen stable isotope analyses of bulk oils (δ13Cbulk, δ2Hbulk, δ18Obulk values) and individual fatty acids (δ13CFA). The δ13Cbulk, δ2Hbulk, and δ18Obulk values were determined by continuous flow combustion and high-temperature conversion elemental analyzer−isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA/IRMS, TC-EA/IRMS). The δ13CFA values were determined using gas chromatography−-combustion−isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS). For comparison, other C3 vegetable oils rich in linolenic acid (flax and false flax oils) and rich in linoleic acid (poppy, sunflower, and safflower oils) were submitted to the same chemical and isotopic analyses. The bulk and molecular δ13C values were typical for C3 plants. The δ13C value of palmitic acid (δ13C16:0) and n-3 α-linolenic acid (δ13C18:3n-3) differed (p < 0.001) between rape, flax, and poppy oils. Also within s...
TL;DR: Rich phenotypic variation with plenty of novel valuable traits was observed in the population of substantial new type B. napus and the origin of the novel variations and the value of the population are discussed.
Abstract: Intersubgenomic heterosis in rapeseed has been revealed in previous studies by using traditional Brassica napus (AnAnCnCn) to cross partial new type B. napus with Ar/Cc introgression from the genomes of B. rapa and B. carinata, respectively. To further enlarge the genetic basis of B. napus and to facilitate a sustained heterosis breeding in rapeseed, it is crucial to create a population for substantial new type B. napus diversified at both A/C genomes. In this experiment, hundreds of artificial hexaploid plants (ArArBcBcCcCc) involving hundreds of B. carinata/B. rapa combinations were first crossed with elite lines of partial new type B. napus. The pentaploid plants (AABCC) were open-pollinated in isolated conditions, and their offspring were successively self-pollinated and intensively selected for two generations. Thereafter, a population of substantial new type B. napus mainly with a genomic composition of ArArCcCc harbouring genetic diversity from 25 original cultivars of B. rapa and 72 accessions of B. carinata was constructed. The population was cytologically verified to have the correct chromosome constitution of AACC and differed genetically from traditional B. napus, in terms of the genome components of Ar/Cc and Bc as well as the novel genetic variations induced by the interspecific hybridisation process. Synchronously, rich phenotypic variation with plenty of novel valuable traits was observed in the population. The origin of the novel variations and the value of the population are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of solvent polarity and temperature of the extraction process on the antioxidant capacity (AC) and total phenolics content (TPC) in meal rapeseed extracts was evaluated.
Abstract: Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the quantitative effects of two independent variables: solvent polarity and temperature of the extraction process on the antioxidant capacity (AC) and total phenolics content (TPC) in meal rapeseed extracts. The mean AC and TPC results for meal ranged between 1181-9974 μmol TE/100 g and 73.8-814 mg sinapic acid/100 g of meal. The experimental results of AC and TPC were close to the predicted values calculated from the polynomial response surface models equations (R 2 = 0.9758 and 0.9603, respectively). The effect of solvent polarity on AC and TPC in the examined extracts was about 3.6 and 2.6 times greater, respectively, than the effect of processing temperature. The predicted optimum solvent polarity of e = 78.3 and 63.8, and temperature of 89.4 and 74.2°C resulted in an AC of 10 014 μmol TE/100 g and TPC of 863 mg SAE/100 g meal, respectively. The phenolic profile of rapeseed meal was determined by an HPLC method. The main phenolics in rapeseed meal were sinapine and sinapic acid. Refined rapeseed oils were fortified with an extract - rich in polyphenols - obtained from rapeseed meal. The supplemented rapeseed oil had higher AC and TPC than the refined oil without addition of meal extracts. However, AC and TPC in the enriched oils decreased during storage. The TPC in the studied meal extracts and rapeseed oils correlated significantly (p<0.0000001) positively with their AC (R 2 = 0.9387). Practical applications: Many bioactive compounds extracted from rapeseed meal provide health benefits and have antioxidative properties. Therefore, it seems worth to consider the application of antioxidants extracted from the rapeseed meal for the production of rapeseed oils with potent AC. Moreover, antioxidants extracted from the rapeseed meal were added to refined rapeseed oil in order to enhance its AC. AC was then tested by FRAP assay. FRAP method is based on the reduction of the ferric tripyridyltriazine (Fe 3+ -TPTZ) complex to the ferrous tripyridyltriazine (Fe 2+ -TPTZ), and it is simple, fast, low cost, and robust method. FRAP method does not require specialized equipment and can be performed using automated, semi-automatic, or manual methods. Therefore the proposed FRAP method can be employed by the fat industry laboratories to asses the AC of rapeseed oils and meal.
TL;DR: In this paper, a whole-cell biocatalyst was used for the synthesis of rapeseed oil to produce biodiesel fuel using lipase-producing filamentous fungi immobilized on biomass support particles (BSPs).
Abstract: We demonstrated ethanolysis of rapeseed oil to produce biodiesel fuel using lipase-producing filamentous fungi immobilized on biomass support particles (BSPs) as a whole-cell biocatalyst. We prepared two types of whole-cell biocatalyst: wild-type Rhizopus oryzae producing triacylglycerol lipase (w-ROL) and recombinant Aspergillus oryzae expressing Fusarium heterosporum lipase (r-FHL). Both w-ROL and r-FHL successfully catalyzed the ethanolysis of rapeseed oil, and the fatty acid ethyl ester yield was as high as 79% (w-ROL) or 94% (r-FHL). In the case of r-FHL, the residual monoglycerides (MGs) and diglycerides (DGs) were no more than 0.73 and 0.18%, respectively. In addition, r-FHL could be recycled for the ethanolysis of rapeseed oil, retaining over 85% fatty acid ethyl ester yield by the fifth cycle. r-FHL was revealed to be a promising catalyst for biodiesel production using rapeseed oil and ethanol.
TL;DR: In this paper, the ability of Zn tolerance and accumulation of eight oil crops were evaluated under 200-800 mg Zn kg−1 sand substrates (DW) conditions, and the results showed that all crops, except sunflower, could grow quite well under 400−800 mg kg− 1 Zn stress.
Abstract: Although zinc (Zn) is an essential element for normal plant growth, it is phytotoxic at high concentrations. To identify oil crops that can be cultivated in Zn-contaminated soil for biodiesel production, the ability of Zn tolerance and accumulation of eight oil crops were evaluated under 200–800 mg Zn kg−1 sand substrates (DW) conditions. Results showed that all crops, except sunflower, could grow quite well under 400–800 mg kg−1 Zn stress. Among them, hemp, flax, and rapeseed showed small inhibitions in plant growth and photosynthetic activities, indicating these crops had a strong tolerance to high Zn concentrations and could be cultivated in Zn-contaminated soils. Peanut and soybean exhibited higher Zn concentrations in shoots, higher bio-concentration factor, and higher total Zn uptake, as well as higher biomass. These crops, therefore, are good candidates for the implementation of the new strategy of cultivating biodiesel crops for phytoremediation of Zn-contaminated soils.
TL;DR: The history of rapeseed introduction in Japan and future concerns are reviewed, including environmental biosafety concerns related to the impact of feral rapeseed on heirloom brassicaceous crops.
Abstract: Feral rapeseed in Japan consists of Brassica rapa, B. juncea and B. napus, mostly produced by escape from crops. Brassica rapa and B. juncea were introduced from abroad long ago as leaf and root vegetables and as an oil crop and breeders have developed various cultivars. Brassica napus was introduced in the late 1800s, mainly as an oil crop. Rapeseed production in Japan is low, and most demand is met by imports from Canada (94.4% of the 2009 trade volume). Recently, spontaneous B. napus, including genetically modified (GM) herbicide-resistant individuals, has been detected along Japanese roads, probably originating from seeds lost during transportation of imports. As GM oilseed production increases abroad, the probability of escape of GM oilseed rape in Japan will increase, raising environmental biosafety concerns related to the impact of feral rapeseed on heirloom brassicaceous crops. In this paper, we review the history of rapeseed introduction in Japan and future concerns.
TL;DR: It is noted that the combination of biotechnological developments and methods of classical breeding is optimal for the further improvement of the composition of rapeseed oil.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the problems of and achievements in rapeseed (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera) breeding directed at the change of the fatty acid composition in seed oil using the approaches of traditional selection and genetic engineering. It is noted that the combination of biotechnological developments and methods of classical breeding is optimal for the further improvement of the composition of rapeseed oil.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the quantitative effects of three independent variables: rapeseed moisture content, concentration of the added enzymes and conditioning temperature, on the antioxidant capacity and total phenolic, tocopherol, and phospholipid contents in the enzyme-treated rapeseed oils.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the GSLs in the seeds of single-low cultivars, in the roots of both types at harvest, and in the leaves and roots of volunteer seedlings are the candidate cause of the generally observed phenomenon of inhibited growth of the crop following rapeseed.
Abstract: In crop rotations that include rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), the growth of the crops following rapeseed is sometimes inhibited. The aim of this study was to assess the role of glucosinolates (GSLs) in the inhibitory effect. Three cultivars with zero erucic acid content (Asakano-natane, Kizakino-natane, Nanashikibu: single-low cultivars) and one cultivar with zero erucic acid and low GSL contents (Kirariboshi: double-low cultivar) were grown. The GSL contents differed greatly depending on plant part, stage of development, and cultivar. Progoitrin and gluconapin were detected mainly in the seeds of the single-low cultivars. Their contents either did not change or increased slightly during the reproductive stage. The double-low cultivar Kirariboshi contained almost none of either progoitrin or gluconapin in any part during the reproductive stage. Glucobrassicanapin, glucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin were detected, mainly in the roots, of all four cultivars, and tended either to decrease or to remain steady as plants matured. Dense stands of rapeseed seedlings that had germinated from seeds dropped at harvest grew together with the subsequent crop. The GSL contents in the leaves and roots of these seedlings were high. These results suggest that the GSLs in the seeds of single-low cultivars, in the roots of both types at harvest, and in the leaves and roots of volunteer seedlings are the candidate cause of the generally observed phenomenon of inhibited growth of the crop following rapeseed.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Diallel analysis suggested that the utilization of heterosis could be effective for the genetic improvement of oil content and agronomic traits in rapeseed in specific environments and should be given more attention as the main traits of selection.
Abstract: Development of high oil content varieties is one of the most important aims of current rapeseed breeding programs. A set of 36 diallel F1 hybrids, their parents and four additional cultivars were evaluated in the breeding nurseries during 2008 and 2009. Plant height (PH), number of lateral branches per pod (NBP), main stem length, number of grains per pod, days to start of flowering (DSF), 1000 grain weight (GW), harvest index (HI), and oil content (OC) were measured. Diallel analysis was carried out considering the additivedominance genetic model to estimate variance and covariance components. The additive genetic variance component was significant for NBP and DSF, the dominanace genetic variance for PH and the additive by year interaction for PH and OC. GW However, dominance by year interaction was significant for all characters under investigation and played a major role in the inheritance of these traits. This implies that the utilization of heterosis could be effective for the genetic improvement of oil content and agronomic traits in rapeseed in specific environments. Positive dominance effects of oil content were seen in Okapi × Orient and SLM046 × Opera crosses followed by SLM046 × Colvert and Fornax × Okapi combinations. Fornax, Talaye and Modena proved good general combiners and could be used for the improvement of oil content and agronomic characters. NBP, NGP and HI had significant effects on the oil content. These characters should be given more attention as the main traits of selection for the purpose of improving oil content in rapeseed.