Showing papers on "Rapeseed published in 2011"

Canola Proteins for Human Consumption: Extraction, Profile, and Functional Properties

Abstract: Canola protein isolate has been suggested as an alternative to other proteins for human food use due to a balanced amino acid profile and potential functional properties such as emulsifying, foaming, and gelling abilities. This is, therefore, a review of the studies on the utilization of canola protein in human food, comprising the extraction processes for protein isolates and fractions, the molecular character of the extracted proteins, as well as their food functional properties. A majority of studies were based on proteins extracted from the meal using alkaline solution, presumably due to its high nitrogen yield, followed by those utilizing salt extraction combined with ultrafiltration. Characteristics of canola and its predecessor rapeseed protein fractions such as nitrogen yield, molecular weight profile, isoelectric point, solubility, and thermal properties have been reported and were found to be largely related to the extraction methods. However, very little research has been carried out on the hydrophobicity and structure profiles of the protein extracts that are highly relevant to a proper understanding of food functional properties. Alkaline extracts were generally not very suitable as functional ingredients and contradictory results about many of the measured properties of canola proteins, especially their emulsification tendencies, have also been documented. Further research into improved extraction methods is recommended, as is a more systematic approach to the measurement of desired food functional properties for valid comparison between studies.

Enhanced Seed Oil Production in Canola by Conditional Expression of Brassica napus LEAFY COTYLEDON1 and LEC1-LIKE in Developing Seeds

Abstract: The seed oil content in oilseed crops is a major selection trait to breeders. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1) and LEC1-LIKE (L1L) are key regulators of fatty acid biosynthesis. Overexpression of AtLEC1 and its orthologs in canola (Brassica napus), BnLEC1 and BnL1L, causes an increased fatty acid level in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, which, however, also show severe developmental abnormalities. Here, we use truncated napin A promoters, which retain the seed-specific expression pattern but with a reduced expression level, to drive the expression of BnLEC1 and BnL1L in transgenic canola. Conditional expression of BnLEC1 and BnL1L increases the seed oil content by 2% to 20% and has no detrimental effects on major agronomic traits. In the transgenic canola, expression of a subset of genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and glycolysis is up-regulated in developing seeds. Moreover, the BnLEC1 transgene enhances the expression of several genes involved in Suc synthesis and transport in developing seeds and the silique wall. Consistently, the accumulation of Suc and Fru is increased in developing seeds of the transgenic rapeseed, suggesting the increased carbon flux to fatty acid biosynthesis. These results demonstrate that BnLEC1 and BnL1L are reliable targets for genetic improvement of rapeseed in seed oil production.

Proteins of Brassicaceae Oilseeds and their Potential as a Plant Protein Source

Abstract: Among the commercially cultivated Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) plants, Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, and Sinapis alba store significant amounts of oil and protein in the seed. At present, Brassica seed proteins are primarily used for livestock feeding based on the nutritional value. The point of curiosity is whether the present knowledge on the protein structure, biochemical characteristics, nutritive value, and the recovery processes are inadequate to develop Brassica proteins into a usable plant protein source or these proteins are of substandard for uses beyond animal nutrition applications. Cruciferin (11S) and napin (2S) are the predominant storage proteins of Brassicaceae seeds that contribute to different properties and functions. A gamut of information is available on the chemistry, nutritional value, as well as the functionality in foods, and associated non-protein components of canola/rapeseed storage proteins. The intention of this article is to critically review what is known about the predominant storage proteins of commercially produced Brassicaceae seeds relative to the above aspects and identify the knowledge gaps.

Patterns of molecular variation in a species-wide germplasm set of Brassica napus

Abstract: Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is the leading European oilseed crop serving as source for edible oil and renewable energy. The objectives of our study were to (i) examine the population structure of a large and diverse set of B. napus inbred lines, (ii) investigate patterns of genetic diversity within and among different germplasm types, (iii) compare the two genomes of B. napus with regard to genetic diversity, and (iv) assess the extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Our study was based on 509 B. napus inbred lines genotyped with 89 genome-specific SSR primer combinations. Both a principal coordinate analysis and software STRUCTURE revealed that winter types, spring types, and swedes were assigned to three major clusters. The genetic diversity of winter oilseed rape was lower than the diversity found in other germplasm types. Within winter oilseed rape types, a decay of genetic diversity with more recent release dates and reduced levels of erucic acid and glucosinolates was observed. The percentage of linked SSR loci pairs in significant (r2 > Q95 unlinked loci pairs) LD was 6.29% for the entire germplasm set. Furthermore, LD decayed rapidly with distance, which will allow a relatively high mapping resolution in genome-wide association studies using our germplasm set, but, on the other hand, will require a high number of markers.

Crop responses to temperature and precipitation according to long-term multi-location trials at high-latitude conditions

Abstract: Global warming has accelerated in recent decades and the years 1995–2006 were the warmest ever recorded. Also, in Finland, the last decade has been exceptionally warm. Hence, this study examines how current field crop cultivars, adapted to northern long-day conditions and short growing seasons, have responded to the elevated temperatures, especially with regard to determination of yield potential and quality. These comparisons were carried out with spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), winter rye (Secale cereale L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and rapeseed (turnip rape, Brassica rapa L. and oilseed rape, B. napus L.). Long-term data sets of MTT Official Variety Trials and the Finnish Meteorological Institute were used to study crop responses to precipitation and elevated temperatures at different growth phases. The MTT data sets were also grouped into experiments that could be considered typical of the temperature conditions in the period 1971–2000 seasons (termed ‘1985’ conditions) or typical of the period 2010–39 (termed ‘2025’). At elevated temperatures, yields generally declined in these relatively cool growing conditions of northern Europe, except for pea. Elevated temperatures tended to have negative effects both in the pre- and post-anthesis phases, but the response depended on species. The response was probably associated with reduced water availability, which limited yield determination, especially in early growth phases. For example, in spring cereals a decrease in early summer precipitation by 10 mm decreased yields by 45–75 kg/ha. As warmer conditions also typically hastened development and growth in such generally cool growing conditions of Finland, it is essential that breeding programmes produce cultivars that are less sensitive to elevated temperatures, which are likely to become more frequent in future.

Identification of resistant sources against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Brassica species with emphasis on B. oleracea

Abstract: Stem rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most devastating diseases of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) which causes huge loss in rapeseed production. Genetic sources with high level of resistance has not been found in rapeseed. In this study, 68 accessions in six Brassica species, including 47 accessions of B. oleracea, were evaluated for leaf and stem resistance to S. sclerotiorum. Large variation of resistance was found in Brassica, with maximum differences of 5- and 57-folds in leaf and stem resistance respectively. B. oleracea, especially its wild types such as B. rupestris, B. incana, B. insularis, and B. villosa showed high level of resistance. Our data suggest that wild types of B. oleracea possess tremendous potential for improving S. sclerotiorum resistance of rapeseed.

Rapeseed breeding for oil content, quality, and sustainability.

Abstract: The successful development of 00-oilseed rape—also named canola (erucic acid free in seed oil and low glucosinolate content in the residual seed)—has opened almost unlimited avenues into the food and feed markets. Oilseed rape is today the world's third leading oil crop and contributes both to the economies and health of people around the world. During the last decades, the demand for vegetable oils as food, non-food, and biofuel has grown significantly. This demand could be satisfied due to improved agronomic developments, better processing methods, and improvements in the varieties available. The yield however varies in different countries, reflecting different input levels and production efficiency. This highlights the room for crop improvement, and the yield will continue to be the primary focus of many rapeseed improvement programs. Besides yield and yield stability increasing seed oil content and further improvement of oil and meal qualities have become one of the most important breeding criteria. Modern varieties are based on a relatively small subset of the available genetic diversities. Rapeseed is thus likely to respond strongly to programs aimed at selectively enhancing genetic variation for key economic input and output traits. This review outlines the progress and future challenges for rapeseed breeding.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

Abstract: Biodiesel refers to all kinds of alternative fuels derived from vegetable oils or animal fats The prefix bio refers to renewable and biological nature, in contrast to the traditional diesel derived from petroleum; while the diesel fuel refers to its use on diesel engines Biodiesel is produced from the triglycerides conversion in the oils such as those obtained from palm oil, soybean, rapeseed, sunflower and castor oil, in methyl or ethyl esters by transesterification way In this process the three chains of fatty acids of each triglyceride molecule reacts with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to obtain ethyl or methyl esters The ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials Standard) describes the biodiesel as esters monoalkyl of fatty acids of long chain that are produced from vegetable oil, animal fat or waste cooking oils in a chemical reaction known as transesterification Biodiesel has the same properties of diesel used as fuel for cars, trucks, etc This may be mixed in any proportion with the diesel from the oil refined It is not necessary to make any modifications to the engines in order to use this fuel "The use of pure biodiesel can be designated as B100 or blended with fuel diesel, designated as BXX, where XX represents the percentage of biodiesel in the blend The most common ratio is B20 which represents a 20% biodiesel and 80% diesel”(Arbelaez & Rivera, 2007 pp 4) Colombia in South America, is taking advantage of the opportunities that biofuels will open to the agriculture With more than a million liters a day, Colombia is the second largest producer of ethanol in Latin America, after Brazil This has decongested the domestic market of sugar at more than 500 thousand tons The result is strong revenue for the 300,000 people who derive their livelihood from the production of panela (from sugar cane) In Colombia the biodiesel is produced from the palm oil and methanol, "being the last imported to meet the demand in the biodiesel production" In the past two years, the biodiesel production from Palm was between 300000 liters/day to 965000 liters per day, distributed in four plants located in the Atlantic coast and in the country center In the biodiesel production is technically possible to use methanol and ethanol alcohol (Cujia & Bula, 2010 pp 106) The palm oil is one of oilseeds trade more productive on the planet; it is removed between six and ten times more oil than the other as soy, rapeseed and sunflower Colombia has more than 300,000 hectares planted in Palm oil, generating permanent and stable employment for more than 90,000 people

Some characteristics and functional properties of rapeseed protein prepared by ultrasonication, ultrafiltration and isoelectric precipitation.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The presence of complex protein constituents and difficulties in extracting protein from rapeseed meal limit the application of rapeseed protein in food processing. However, double-low rapeseed (low erucic acid, low glucosinolate) protein is a type of complete protein that is of potential use in the food industry. In this study the characteristics and functional properties of rapeseed protein prepared by ultrasonic-assisted extraction, ultrafiltration and isoelectric precipitation were analysed and compared with those of soybean protein. RESULTS: The extraction efficiency with the ultrasonic-assisted method was significantly higher than that obtained with the traditional method. Ultrafiltration and isoelectric precipitation yielded three different proteins: ultrafiltered protein RPs and precipitated proteins RP5.8 and RP3.6. Chromatographic separation of RPs resulted in four fractions: RPsI, RPsII, RPsIII and RPsIV. The distribution of the isoelectric point of rapeseed protein was investigated by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The amino acid composition of RPs renders it suitable for human consumption. The hydrophobic/hydrophilic amino acid ratio of rapeseed protein was higher than that of soybean protein. The functional properties (oil adsorption ability, emulsifying capacity, foaming capacity and foam stability) of RPs, RP5.8 and RP3.6 were found to be better than those of soybean protein. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonication and ultrafiltration were significantly better than the traditional method of rapeseed protein extraction. The ultrafiltered rapeseed protein RPs had superior functional properties. The results of this study provide useful indicators for rapeseed protein as a potential replacement for other proteins. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry

Effect of salinity stress on plant fresh weight and nutrient composition of some Canola ( Brassica napus L.) cultivars

Abstract: Soil salinity is a major limitation to crop production in many areas of the world. A pot experiment was carried out with rapeseed cultivars in order to investigate the effects of salinity stress on plant development and nutrient composition. For the salinity studies, 150 mM NaCl concentration was applied to12 rapseed cultivars (Marinca, Kosa, Spok, Semu DNK207 NA, Tower, Liraspa, Star, Tobin, Helios, Semu 209/81, Regent and Lirawell) under the greenhouse conditions. All the cultivars were harvested after 45 days from planting. Green plants parts were weighted. Harvested rapeseed plants were separated into root, shoot and leaf parts for nutrient (K + , Na + , K + /Na + , Ca 2+ and Cl - ) analysis. As shown in this study, salinity stress affected negatively all the canola cultivars investigated. Generally, salinity reduced the green parts’ weight. K + , Ca 2+ and K + /Na + contents in plants decreased by salt stress, but Na + and Cl - content in the roots, shoots and leaves of all the cultivars significantly increased. In the salt treatment, the K + and Ca 2+ concentrations were the highest in the leaf samples as compared to root and shoot samples. Furthermore, the highest concentration of Na + and Cl - was observed in the leaf and shoot. Under salinity, Regent and Lirawell cultivars retained the highest K + and Ca 2+ content in leaves, with respect to the K + content. The effect of NaCl treatment on the canola cultivars’ growth was not considerable. Key words : Canola cultivars, green plant parts, nutrient content, salt stress.

Processing conditions affect nutrient digestibility of cold-pressed canola cake for grower pigs.

Abstract: Cold-pressed canola cake is a coproduct of biodiesel production that contains more residual oil than expeller-pressed and solvent-extracted canola meal. Cold-pressed canola cake might be an attractive feedstuff for swine due to local availability from small plants. However, the nutritional quality and content of anti-nutritional factors of cold-pressed canola cake are poorly defined and vary with processing conditions. This experiment evaluated cold-pressed canola cake processed using 4 different conditions: a nonheated and heated barrel at slow and fast screw speed in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Seven ileally cannulated barrows (26 kg of BW) were fed twice daily at 2.8 × maintenance diets containing either 44% of 1 of the 4 cold-pressed canola cake samples, expeller-pressed canola meal, canola seed, or an N-free diet in a 7 × 7 Latin square. The objectives were to measure the energy and AA digestibility and to calculate standardized ileal digestible (SID) AA and NE content. Each 9-d experimental period consisted of a 5-d diet adaptation, followed by 2-d feces and 2-d ileal digesta collections, and 7 observations per diet were obtained. Cold-pressed canola cake contained 41% CP, 16% ether extract, and 5 µmol of total glucosinolates/g (DM basis). Both apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and total tract energy digestibility of energy in cold-pressed canola cake was 36% greater (P < 0.05) in heated vs. nonheated conditions and 8% greater (P < 0.05) in fast vs. slow screw speed without interaction, indicating that heat enhanced energy digestibility. The AID of energy of cold-pressed canola cake was 13 and 118% greater (P < 0.01) than expeller-pressed canola meal and canola seed, respectively. Heat and speed interacted (P < 0.05) for SID of AA of test ingredients, but effects were not consistent among AA. The DE and calculated NE content of cold-pressed canola cake was 0.73 and 0.52 Mcal/kg greater (P=0.001; DM basis), respectively, than expeller-pressed canola meal and did not differ from canola seed. Cold-pressed canola cake averaged 4.17 Mcal of DE/kg, 2.84 Mcal of NE/kg, 0.87% SID Lys, 0.46% SID Met, and 0.79% SID Thr (DM basis). In conclusion, processing conditions greatly affected the digestible nutrient content of cold-pressed canola cake. Content of residual ether extract was an important determinant of the energy value of cold-press canola cake, whereas residual glucosinolates did not seem to hamper nutrient digestibility.

The Genetics of Brassica napus

Abstract: Brassica napus L. belongs to the Brassicaceae family of the Kingdom Plantae and is considered to be a newly formed species (5,000–10,000 mya) probably originating from independent and spontaneous inter-specific hybridizations between genotypes of turnip rape (Brassica rapa; AA, 2n = 20) and cabbage/Kale (Brassica oleracea; CC, 2n = 18). Genetically, B. napus is an allopolyploid (AACC, 2n = 38) exhibiting disomic inheritance. Within the species, two botanical varieties have been defined: B. napus L. var rapifera (DC) Metzger (2n = 4×= 38) and B. napus L. var oleifera Delile (2n = 4×= 38). The latter has taken much of the attention and has become the second most cultivated oilseed crop (rapeseed) worldwide, after soybean. The appearance of annual and biannual rapeseed lines with low erucic acid (<2% in the oil) and low glucosinolates (<30 mg/g in the meals) has granted rapeseed CanOLA (Canadian Oil Low Acid) status as an excellent source for edible vegetable oil. The lipid profile of CanOLA oil is extremely well balanced (low in saturated fats, high in monosaturated fats, and rich in omega-3 fatty acids) making it the oil of preference by nutritionists worldwide. In this context, the commercial interest for rapeseed CanOLA has launched an impressive amount of genetics and genomics research which has made possible to make genetic gains in agronomical and quality traits through modern plant breeding. In fact, rapeseed ranks among the top crops for which molecular tools have been developed. To date, over 30 molecular linkage maps have been published using a range of different molecular marker types, population structures, and parental lines exhibiting different flowering time behaviors. These maps have proved extremely useful in order to dissect the genetic nature of the traits underlying the genetic variation found in rapeseed. This chapter will focus on the genetics and genomics aspects of rapeseed breeding describing the current knowledge on the origin of B. napus, genetics/genomic tools for the species, and specific target traits affecting B. napus oil production and quality.

Response of spring canola cultivars to sodium chloride stress

Abstract: To study the effect of salt stress on quantitative and qualitative parameters of canola (Brassica napuse. L) cultivars, and determine the possible mechanisms of salt tolerance and the best salt tolerance indices, an experiment was conducted a hydroponic culture in Greenhouse of university of Tabriz and also To investigate the effect of salinity resulted from sodium chloride on rapeseed and selection of the most tolerant and susceptible genotypes, 12 canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars were evaluated under three salinity treatment (0, 150 and 300 mM NaCl) arranged in split plot design under hydroponic culture system. Salinity stress was significantly affected all the traits under study. Proline is the major amino acid associated with environmental stresses (salinity, extreme temperatures, UV radiation and heavy metals). When exposed to drought or a high salt content in the soil (both leading to water stress), many plants accumulate high amounts of proline, in some cases several times the sum of all the other amino acids. Free proline content in leaves increased significantly by increasing of NaCl concentration. Accumulation of K+ in shoot instead of proline might be a way in which the genotypes perform osmotic adjustment under salinity. Tolerance index was identified as a good criterion to select the tolerant genotypes under high salinity stress. According to this index, Heros and Comet were identified as salt-sensitive and Craker and Amica as salt-tolerant genotypes. Results indicated that, pod per plant is the more influencing trait on seed yield under both normal and salinity conditions. Cluster analysis were classified the genotypes into the three groups in which Heros and Comet were blong to the cluster with low mean with respect to all the traits. These results suggest an ample genetic variability between rapeseed genotypes which could be used in breeding programs. Furthermore, by identification of contrasting genotypes, molecular dissection of tolerance to salinity stress and identification of corresponding genes would be amenable.

Herbicidal Activity of Brassicaceae Seed Meal on Wild Oat (Avena fatua), Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus), and Prickly Lettuce (Lactuca serriola)

Abstract: The need for sustainable agricultural-production systems has generated demand for effective, nonsynthetic, alternative weed-control strategies. For some vegetable crops there are few herbicide options available, and there is little prospect of new herbicides being registered for vegetable crops. Brassicaceae seed meal, a residue product of the seed oil extraction process, can provide a resource for supplemental nutrients, disease control, and weed suppression. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different Brassicaceae seed meals and application rates on the emergence of wild oat, Italian ryegrass, prickly lettuce, and redroot pigweed, which are some of the major weeds in vegetable production systems. White mustard seed, Indian mustard seed, and rapeseed meals were used with (intact) or without a functional myrosinase enzyme (denatured). Intact white mustard seed meals applied at a rate of 2000 kg ha−1 significantly reduced weed seedling emergence and weed dry biomass compare...

MAM gene silencing leads to the induction of C3 and reduction of C4 and C5 side-chain aliphatic glucosinolates in Brassica napus

Abstract: Methylthioalkylmalate (MAM) synthases and their associated genes that have been extensively investigated in Arabidopsis control the side-chain elongation of methionine during the synthesis of aliphatic glucosinolates. A Brassica homolog of the Arabidopsis MAM genes was used in this study to analyze the role of MAM genes in B. napus through RNA interference (RNAi). The silencing of the MAM gene family in B. napus canola and B. napus rapeseed resulted in the reduction of aliphatic glucosinolates and total glucosinolate content. The results indicated that RNAi has potential for reducing glucosinolate content and improving meal quality in B. napus canola and rapeseed cultivars. Interestingly, MAM gene silencing in B. napus significantly induced the production of 2-propenyl glucosinolate, a 3-carbon side-chain glucosinolate commonly found in B. juncea mustard. Most transgenic plants displayed induction of 2-propenyl glucosinolate; however, the absolute content of this glucosinolate in transgenic B. napus canola was relatively low (less than 1.00 μmol g−1 seed). In the high glucosinolate content progenies derived from the crosses of B. napus rapeseed and transgenic B. napus canola, MAM gene silencing strongly induced the production of 2-propenyl glucosinolate to high levels (up to 4.45 μmol g−1 seed).

Effect of sowing time on grain yield, oil content, and fatty acids in rapeseed (Brassica napus subsp. oleifera)

Abstract: Sowing time is an important factor affecting crop yield and quality, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of sowing time on the growth, yield, and quality of rapeseed genotypes and to determine genotype × sowing time interactions for grain yield and its related traits. The study was carried out using 8 winter rapeseed genotypes (H604049, H604038, H604041, Viking, Elan, Titan, Lorenz, and Trabant) and 4 sowing times (10 October, 20 October, 30 October and 10 November) during the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 growing seasons. An NIRS system was used to determine oil, protein, glucosinolate and sinapic acid esters. Fatty acid analyses were done by the capillary gas chromatography method. Significant differences were found between sowing times for most of the traits measured. The lowest average seed yield (1027.40 kg ha-1) was obtained from the latest sowing time, whereas the highest average seed yield (2437.50 kg ha-1) was obtained from the earliest sowing time. The genotype H604038 produced the highest seed yield (1988.4 kg ha-1), and it was followed by Trabant (1980.8 kg ha-1) and Titan (1963.8 kg ha-1). The highest oil content, at 42.0%, was obtained from genotype Lorenz at the first sowing time and from genotype Trabant at the second sowing time. No interaction was found between genotype and sowing time for oil content, but significant interactions were found for seed yield and glucosinolates. Seed yield significantly decreased as sowing time was delayed. The effects of sowing time on fatty acid composition were also significant. As a result, it was found that sowing time is an important factor for seed yield and quality in rapeseed.

Competition of wild mustard (Sinapis arvense L.) densities with rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) under different levels of nitrogen fertilizer.

Abstract: A two year field experiment was carried out to evaluate the competitive effects of wild mustard densities growing with rapeseed (cultivar Talaye) under different nitrogen rates. Treatments were wild mustard densities (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 plant m -2 ) and nitrogen (N) rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha -1 ). The factorial set of treatments was arranged into a randomized complete block design with four replications. Rapeseed yield and the yield components decreased as wild mustard density increased. At 0 and 10 wild mustard plants m -2 , grain yield increased with increasing N fertilizer up to 150 kg ha -1 . At higher wild mustard densities, grain yield decreased above 100 kg N ha -1 . These results indicate that increases in nitrogen application only increased the competitiveness of the weed versus the crop.

Digestibility of amino acids in organically cultivated white-flowering faba bean and cake from cold-pressed rapeseed, linseed and hemp seed in growing pigs.

Abstract: The study aimed at determining the ileal apparent (IAD) and standardised ileal (SID) digestibility of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in organically cultivated white-flowering faba beans (Vicia faba), and cakes from hemp seed (Cannabis sativa), linseed (Linum usitatissimum) and rapeseed (Brassica napus). The experiment was designed as a four period cross-over trial with six castrated male Yorkshire pigs fitted with post valve T-caecum (PVTC) cannulas. The IAD and SID of CP for the feed ingredients ranged from 79.2-85.9% and were affected by dietary treatment, with significantly lower values in rapeseed cake. The IAD and SID of most AA in the feed ingredients were also significantly affected by dietary treatment, but without any consistent trend. However, the overall digestibilities were in general comparable with conventional protein feed ingredients. Thus, these alternative protein feed ingredients have the potential to be used to a greater extent when formulating organic pig diets.

DIFFERENCES IN SOME CONSTITUENTS, ENZYMES ACTIVITY AND ELECTROPHORETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF DIFFERENT RAPESEED (Brassica napus L.) CULTIVARS

Abstract: Rapeseed is one of the most important oilseed crops cultivated in many parts of the world and used as a source of edible oil for human consumption. The present work reports some phytochemical and nutritional potentials of different rapeseed cultivars with a view to exploit their benefits for human nutrition. Five rapeseed cultivars namely; pactol, silvo, topas, serw 4 and serw 6 were analyzed for their phytochemical constituents (such as glutathione, ascorbate, phenolic, flavonoid contents) and some antioxidant enzymes activity (i.e. GPX; guaiacol peroxidase, APX; ascorbate peroxidase, CAT; catalase, SOD; superoxide dismutase) together with their protein profile. Among all cultivars significant variations in glutathione, ascorbate, phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed. The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract was observed in topas cultivar. Minor variations were noticed in SDS-PAGE protein profile. The results of the study suggest the phytochemical and nutritional potentials of B. napus seeds for human and other animal uses due to their extensive consumption in the world.

Meal Nutrient Composition

Abstract: Publisher Summary Canadian canola meal is made from a blend of Brassica napus, B. rapa, and B. juncea seed by prepress solvent extraction. Most (>95%) of the seed produced in Canada is B. napus. Canola meal nutrient composition may be influenced by environmental conditions during the growing of the crop, by harvest conditions, and to a minor extent by cultivar and processing of the seed and meal. Canola meal has a good amino acid profile for animal feeding. Like many vegetable-protein sources, canola meal is limiting in lysine but it is noted for having high levels of methionine and cystine. Amino acid content varies with protein content and can be calculated by multiplying the crude protein content of the meal by the proportion of individual amino acids as a percentage of protein. The oil content of Canadian canola meal tends to be relatively high at 3.5% compared with 1–2% oil content in canola meals produced in most other countries. The carbohydrate matrix of canola meal is quite complex. The levels of starch, free sugars, and soluble non-starch polysaccharides in canola meal total approximately 15%, which should result in a significant contribution to digestible energy.

Residue Dynamics of Clopyralid and Picloram in Rape Plant Rapeseed and Field Soil

Abstract: A new method for simultaneous analysis of clopyralid and picloram residues in rape plant, rapeseed and field soil was developed and validated. The residual dynamics and final residues of clopyralid and picloram in rape plant, rapeseed and soil were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromtography-Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) and High Performance Liquid Chromtography-Mass Spectroscopy Detector (HPLC-MSD). The limit of quantification (LOQ) was established as 0.02 mg/kg for soil sample, 0.5 mg/kg for rape and rapeseed sample, respectively. It was shown that recoveries ranged from 71.3%–109.0% for clopyralid, and 84.0%–100.5% for picloram at fortified levels of 0.02–2 mg/kg. From residue trials at two geographical experimental plots in China and laboratory simulated pots, the results showed that the half-lives of clopyralid in rape and soil were 3.66–4.83 and 2.53–5.17 days, respectively, for picloram with half-lives of 5.17–10.73 and 3.45–7.11 days. For tirals applied according to the label recommended, at harvest time the final residues of clopyralid in rapeseed were below 1.82 mg/kg, while the picloram residues could not be detected in rapeseed (

Variability of yield determining components in winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and their correlation with seed yield

Abstract: Designing breeding programs for rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars with improved seed and oil yields require information about the genetic variability of traits effecting seed and oil production. This investigation was undertaken in order to examine phenotypic and genetic variability, broad-sense heritability, genetic gain under selection and interrelationships of some agronomic and seed quality traits of investigated genotypes. Genotypes, years and their interaction showed significant variation for all studied characters. Phenotypic variability coefficients were higher than genetic ones. Broad-sense heritability estimates ranged from 12.66% (for ripening period) up to 52.12% (for days to first pods filling). Expected genetic gain was lowest for days to maturity (0.45%) and highest for height to the first lateral branch (12.94%). The analysis of genetic correlations revealed that seed yield per plant is highly and positively associated with pods per plant, oil content, plant height and ripening period, although significant negative correlations were found between seed yield per plant and leaves per plant, days to maturity, protein content, days to first pods filling, days to flowering, height of the first lateral branch and 1000 seed weight. Genetic path-coefficient analysis indicated that pods per plant and oil content were the most important components of seed yield per plant. Their direct effects on seed yield per plant were p=0.472 and p=0.082, respectively. Protein content had highly significant negative direct effect on seed yield (p=-0.365), followed by 1000 seed weight (p=-0.017) and height to the first lateral branch (p=-0.081). These observations will support the selection of genotypes with desired traits for further rapeseed seed and oil yield improvement.