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Showing papers on "Rapeseed published in 2021"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A high‐quality genome assembly of a typical semi‐winter rapeseed cultivar, 'Zhongshuang11' (hereafter 'ZS11'), is reported, using a combination of single‐molecule sequencing and chromosome conformation capture (Hi‐C) techniques.
Abstract: Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a recent allotetraploid crop, which is well known for its high oil production. Here, we report a high-quality genome assembly of a typical semi-winter rapeseed cultivar, 'Zhongshuang11' (hereafter 'ZS11'), using a combination of single-molecule sequencing and chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) techniques. Most of the high-confidence sequences (93.1%) were anchored to the individual chromosomes with a total of 19 centromeres identified, matching the exact chromosome count of B. napus. The repeat sequences in the A and C subgenomes in B. napus expanded significantly from 500 000 years ago, especially over the last 100 000 years. These young and recently amplified LTR-RTs showed dispersed chromosomal distribution but significantly preferentially clustered into centromeric regions. We exhaustively annotated the nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) gene repertoire, yielding a total of 597 NLR genes in B. napus genome and 17.4% of which are paired (head-to-head arrangement). Based on the resequencing data of 991 B. napus accessions, we have identified 18 759 245 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and detected a large number of genomic regions under selective sweep among the three major ecotype groups (winter, semi-winter and spring) in B. napus. We found 49 NLR genes and five NLR gene pairs colocated in selective sweep regions with different ecotypes, suggesting a rapid diversification of NLR genes during the domestication of B. napus. The high quality of our B. napus 'ZS11' genome assembly could serve as an important resource for the study of rapeseed genomics and reveal the genetic variations associated with important agronomic traits.

42 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the functional properties of the fractionated rapeseed materials were characterized for its relevance in food applications and the similarities of the rheological properties between rapeseed protein concentrates and soy materials, as well as presence of native proteins in RPI might suggest their potential for diverse in food industry applications.
Abstract: Rapeseed protein concentrate (RPC) and isolate (RPI) were fractionated from rapeseed meal and their techno-functional properties were characterized. RPC prepared by aqueous ethanolic washing process yielded less refined and insoluble fractions with largely denatured protein. Hydrated insoluble RPC particles held 6.7 g water without swelling. RPI fractionated from aqueous extraction and ultrafiltration still contained certain phenolic compounds but protein nativity was preserved including a high protein solubility of 78%. RPC dispersion with 40 w/w % showed the highest apparent complex modulus G* among all rapeseed materials. In contrast, the G* for RPI dispersion increased upon heating, suggesting a thermal induced denaturation and gelation capacity of the proteins. Thus, a largely denatured RPC free of phenolic compounds or a native but phenolic containing RPI were obtained by the applied processing conditions, which differ in their techno-functional properties and thus have different promising application potential in food applications. Industrial relevance The growing demand for plant as opposed to animal protein has sparked the interest of exploring currently underutilized plant protein sources in food industry. Rapeseed by-products obtained after oil extraction are promising but the presence of anti-nutritional components in rapeseed meal presents a barrier for its usage in food products. Aqueous ethanolic washing or aqueous extraction combined with membrane filtration were applied to remove the antinutritional factors from rapeseed meal to yield rapeseed protein concentrates and even more refined isolates. In this work, the functional properties of the fractionated rapeseed materials were characterized for its relevance in food applications. The similarities of the rheological properties between rapeseed protein concentrates and soy materials, as well as presence of native proteins in RPI might suggest their potential for diverse in food industry applications.

36 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
03 Sep 2021-Agronomy
TL;DR: Progress in rapeseed exploitation for food, remedy, energy source, and industrial applications are analyzed to show variability in diverse findings, to provide insights and progressive descriptions of rapeseed usage to other scholars.
Abstract: Brassica napus L. is a vegetable oil crop, commonly known as rapeseed (or canola). It is widely used as a source of oil and protein for food and industrial applications, but also as a remedy, and in a field of attraction or as an ornament due to its diverse flower colors. Every part of rapeseed is useful, even the waste, which could be used to feed animals, or recycled. In this review, the use of rapeseed in these applications is presented, starting with the preparation of oil and protein from the seeds, before their release in the market, to the utilization of natural unprocessed rapeseed. Progress in rapeseed exploitation for food, remedy, energy source, and industrial applications are analyzed to show variability in diverse findings, to provide insights and progressive descriptions of rapeseed usage to other scholars. Moreover, advancements in breeding for rapeseed improvement were described. In the future, strategies could be developed or improved to avoid or decrease crop losses, but also to increase interest in propagating the valuable traits of rapeseed.

32 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
Li-Na Ding1, Teng Li1, Xiao-Juan Guo1, Ming Li1, Xiao-Yan Liu1, Jun Cao1, Xiao-Li Tan1 
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a theoretical basis and useful reference for analyzing the mechanism of the interaction between B. napus and S. sclerotiorum, searching for gene loci associated with the resistance response, and for achieving disease-resistance genetic manipulation and molecular design breeding in rapeseed.
Abstract: Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) of rapeseed (Brassica napus), caused by the soil-borne fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the main diseases seriously affecting the yield and oil quality of infected rapeseed crops. The complexity of the inheritance of resistance and of the interaction mechanisms between rapeseed and S. sclerotiorum limits resistance gene identification and molecular breeding. In this review, the latest progress of research into resistance to SSR in B. napus is summarized from the following three directions: the pathogenesis mechanisms of S. sclerotiorum, the resistance mechanisms of B. napus toward S. sclerotiorum, and rapeseed breeding for resistance to SSR. This review aims to provide a theoretical basis and useful reference for analyzing the mechanism of the interaction between B. napus and S. sclerotiorum, searching for gene loci associated with the resistance response, and for achieving disease-resistance genetic manipulation and molecular design breeding in rapeseed.

29 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the integration of lipidomics and metabolomics approaches, based on UPLC-QTOF-MS technology coupled with chemometrics, was established to authenticate camellia oil adulterated with rapeseed oil, peanut oil, and soybean oil.

24 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Wang Weijun1, Bo Yang1, Wenlin Li1, Qi Zhou1, Liu Changsheng1, Chang Zheng1 
TL;DR: In this article, the authors obtained the optimal technical parameters of steam explosion for rapeseed and investigated the effects of pretreatment on the bioactive components and characteristics of three diverse samples of Brassica seed (Brassica napus, B. juncea and B. rapa) and their products.
Abstract: The objectives of this study were to obtain the optimal technical parameters of steam explosion for rapeseed and investigate the effects of pretreatment on the bioactive components and characteristics of three diverse samples of Brassica seed (Brassica napus, B. juncea and B. rapa) and their products. Under the optimal conditions, Brassica napus formed the largest amount of canolol, namely, 1210.10 mg/kg; B. rapa formed the smallest amount, namely, 82.70 mg/kg; and the canolol content was 2110.00 mg/kg in Brassica napus oil. Meanwhile, compared to the traditional cold-pressed rapeseed oil, the total tocopherol and phytosterol contents in Brassica napus, B. rapa and B. juncea oil increased by 5.3%, 4.8%, and 7.4% and 2.1%, 3.2%, and 5.1%, respectively. Steam explosion pretreatment also significantly affected the total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacities of the three types of rapeseeds and their processed products (P

23 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article evaluated the single and combined toxicological effects of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and As(V) on rapeseed (Brassia campestris L).

22 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
09 Mar 2021-Agronomy
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of wood vinegar and its compounds on the growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus L) were investigated in the field with the hybrid variety of Huayouza 9 for two years, and the results showed that the seed yield, the leaf area index and the number of pods per plant per plant were increased by an average of 9.58%, 23.45%, and 23.80% in two years as compared to the CK.
Abstract: Wood vinegar is formed by the condensation of smoke produced during the production of biochar. It mainly contains acetic acid, butyric acid, catechol, and phenol. Wood vinegar has a compound effect of promoting crop growth similar to plant growth regulators and is environmentally friendly. Moreover, it can enhance the biological and abiotic resistance of crops. In this study, foliar spraying was carried out systematically in the field with the hybrid variety of Huayouza 9 for two years to study the effects of wood vinegar and its compounds on the growth of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). We applied four treatments with tap water as a control (CK), namely wood vinegar diluted 400-fold (M), M mixed with gibberellin (T1), M mixed with sodium D-gluconate (T2), and M mixed with melatonin (T3). They were sprayed in the seedling stage and overwintering stage, respectively. The results showed that the seed yield, the leaf area index, and the number of pods per plant of rapeseed treated with M increased by an average of 9.58%, 23.45%, and 23.80% in two years as compared to the CK, respectively. Compared with M, the seed yield of rapeseed treated with T1, T2, and T3 increased by an average of 7.88%, 6.90%, and 1.32% in two years, respectively. The treatments also improved the quality of rapeseed. In particular, the glucosinolate content of rapeseed treated with T2 and T3 decreased by an average of 12.83% and 6.72% in two years compared to the CK, respectively. The four treatments selected in the current study improved the resistance of rapeseed at the low temperature of 2–6 °C by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase and proline and soluble protein contents, as compared to the CK. Besides, all treatments containing M reduced the incidence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Peronospora parasitica (downy mildew) in rapeseed. More specifically, the T3 treatment significantly decreased the infection rate of these two diseases mentioned above by an average of 17.33% and 12.14% in two years compared to the CK, respectively. Therefore, the study and application of wood vinegar due to its compound effects on crop growth and yield is of great importance to sustainable agriculture, crop ecology, and environmental protection.

21 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a field study comprising of two different tillage depths, top-soil tillage (Top-T) and sub-surface-tillage (Sub-T), was conducted in the paddy field (PF) and dryland (DL) in the rapeseed season, and subsequent rice and soybean season.

19 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the physicochemical properties of five vegetable oils, including sunflower, rapeseed, maize, palm, and coconut oils, were analyzed before and after heating in terms of viscosity, acid value, peroxide value, density, and fatty acids profile.

DOI
01 Mar 2021
TL;DR: Correlation analysis indicated a positive and strong association between STI, grain yield and oil yield in both conditions and a highly significant correlation was observed between RWC and RWD.
Abstract: Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses that causes great damage to crops and orchards in the world, especially in Iran, which is considered as an arid and semi-arid country. Due to water limitation and low rainfall, 50% of the area under cultivation of crops is dedicated to rainfed agriculture. Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is one of the most important oilseeds in temperate regions and has a relatively wide range of climatic adaptations. Rapeseed oil has high nutritional quality because it contains unsaturated fatty acids and no cholesterol. Due to the high consumption and import of edible oil in Iran and most of the agricultural lands of Iran are cultivated in the dry season, the production of drought-tolerant cultivars of rapeseed is important. In order to evaluate some agro-physiological traits for identification of drought tolerance in rapeseed, fourteen different rapeseeds genotypes differing in yield performances were evaluated using an RCBD design with three replications under two different environments (irrigated and rain-fed). Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Proline amino acid Concentration (PC), Cell Membrane Stability (CMS), Relative Water Content (RWC), Excised Leaf Water Retention (ELWR), Relative Water Loss (RWL), Relative Water Deficit (RWD) and SPAD were determined in order to find out whether these physiological traits could be used as the indicators of drought tolerance. The result of combine analysis of variance exhibited highly significant difference among years, genotypes and significant differences between genotypes × years interaction for most of the traits. Correlation analysis indicated a positive and strong association between STI, grain yield and oil yield in both conditions. Also, a highly significant correlation was observed between RWC and RWD.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study demonstrates the quantitative involvement of BnaSVP copies in the regulation of flowering time and provides valuable resources for rapeseed breeding.
Abstract: Manipulation of flowering time to develop cultivars with desired maturity dates is fundamental in plant breeding. It is desirable to generate polyploid rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) germplasm with varying flowering time controlled by a few genes. In the present study, BnaSVP, a rapeseed homolog of the Arabidopsis SVP (Short Vegetative Phase) gene, was characterized and a set of mutants was developed using a CRISPR/Cas9-based gene-editing tool. A single construct targeting multiple sites was successfully applied to precisely mutate four copies of BnaSVP. The induced mutations in these copies were stably transmitted to subsequent generations. Homozygous mutants with loss-of-function alleles and free transgenic elements were generated across the four BnaSVP homologs. All mutant T1 lines tested in two environments (summer and winter growing seasons) showed early-flowering phenotypes. The decrease in flowering time was correlated with the number of mutated BnaSVP alleles. The quadruple mutants showed the shortest flowering time, with a mean decrease of 40.6%–50.7% in length relative to the wild type under the two growth conditions. Our study demonstrates the quantitative involvement of BnaSVP copies in the regulation of flowering time and provides valuable resources for rapeseed breeding.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the influence of rapeseed protein isolate on physico-chemical properties, sensory attributes and storage of gluten-free bread prepared on the basis of corn and potato starch mixture with the addition of pectin and guar gum.
Abstract: The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of rapeseed protein isolate on physico-chemical properties, sensory attributes and storage of gluten-free bread prepared on the basis of corn and potato starch mixture with the addition of pectin and guar gum. Starches used in bread formulation were replaced with rapeseed protein isolate in the amounts 6–15%. The bread was characterized in terms of physical properties, including volume, crumb structure and color, which was accompanied with sensory assessment. Texture and thermal properties were determined during 3 days of storage. It was observed that the presence of rapeseed protein, especially at higher levels, caused an increase in bread volume and density of pores and a decrease in crumb porosity, as compared to the control. Partial replacement of starch with rapeseed protein caused a significant increase of b* parameter, reflecting rising yellowness, which positively influenced bread acceptance. Rapeseed protein limited bread staling during storage in comparison to control sample. The results demonstrate that rapeseed protein could become a valuable component of gluten-free bread, as it provides valuable amino acids, but also beneficially influences quality characteristics.

Journal ArticleDOI
05 Mar 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the authors established a model for a comprehensive evaluation of the nutritional quality of edible vegetable oils based on the physical and chemical analysis of fatty acids, vitamins, and phytochemicals.
Abstract: Edible vegetable oils can provide most of the fatty acids, vitamin E, and certain phytochemicals necessary in the daily human diet to facilitate the required physiological activities. However, there are many types of edible vegetable oils on the market, and evaluating their nutritional quality is a matter of significant interest to consumers and producers. Most of the existing research studies that comparatively analyze and qualitatively describe the type, content, and proportion of nutrients in edible vegetable oil lack a comprehensive method for evaluating the nutritional quality of edible vegetable oil. Based on the physical and chemical analysis of fatty acids, vitamins, and phytochemicals in edible vegetable oil, this study aims to establish a model for a comprehensive evaluation of the nutritional quality of edible vegetable oils. The characteristic nutrients in edible vegetable oil were screened as the evaluation index, while the 2013 China Dietary Reference Intake and French Population Reference Intakes For Fatty Acids was considered the evaluation threshold. When each evaluation index in the edible vegetable oil reached the range stipulated by the reference intake of dietary nutrients, the index will get 1 point. The total score of each index was accumulated to evaluate the nutritional quality of the edible vegetable oils comprehensively. In this study, 13 edible vegetable oils, including low erucic acid rapeseed oil (in America, people usually call it canola oil), soybean oil, peanut oil, sunflower seed oil, flaxseed oil, edible blend oil, olive oil, palm oil, corn oil, camellia oil, peony seed oil, sacha inchi oil, and sesame oil, were selected as the evaluation objects because they are very common in China. Seven evaluation indexes were found for total saturated fatty acids (SFAs), atherogenic fatty acids (SFAs with 12, 14, and 16 carbon chains), monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids like linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, vitamin E, and phytosterol. When the evaluation index met the evaluation threshold, it was scored 1 point. Scores ranged from 2 to 6. The highest scores were obtained from peony seed oil, flaxseed oil, low erucic acid rapeseed oil, and edible blend oil all of which were 6 points. The lowest score belonged to palm oil at 2 points. The higher the score, the higher the degree of satisfaction between the various nutrients in the edible vegetable oil and the dietary reference intake of this model is. This paper establishes a new method for the nutritional evaluation of edible vegetable oils, which is convenient for comparing the overall nutritional quality of different kinds of edible vegetable oils while providing a new technique for the extensive evaluation of edible vegetable oil.

Journal ArticleDOI
08 Sep 2021-Agronomy
TL;DR: In this work, a collection of bacterial endophytes isolated from canola roots were identified using MALDI-TOF MS, a technique that is still rarely used for the identification of such bacteria, and rrs gene sequencing, a methodology that is commonly used to identify canolaendophytes.
Abstract: Canola (Brassica napus L. var. oleracea) is the third most common oil-producing crop worldwide after palm and soybean. Canola cultivation requires the use of chemical fertilizers, but the amount required can be reduced by applying plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Among PGPB, endophytic bacteria have certain advantages as biofertilizers, but canola endophytic bacteria have rarely been studied. In this work, we identified a collection of bacterial endophytes isolated from canola roots using MALDI-TOF MS, a technique that is still rarely used for the identification of such bacteria, and rrs gene sequencing, a methodology that is commonly used to identify canola endophytes. The results demonstrated that some bacterial isolates from canola roots belonged to the genera Bacillus, Neobacillus, Peribacillus (Pe.), and Terribacillus, but most isolates belonged to the genera Paenibacillus (P.) and Pseudomonas (Ps.). Inoculation of these isolates indicated that several of them could efficiently promote canola seedling growth in hydroponic conditions. These results were then confirmed in a microcosm experiment using agricultural soil, which demonstrated that several isolates of Pseudomonas thivervalensis, Paenibacillus amylolyticus, Paenibacillus polymyxa, Paenibacillus sp. (Paenibacillus glucanolyticus/Paenibacillus lautus group), and Peribacillus simplex (previously Bacillus simplex) could efficiently promote canola shoot growth under greenhouse conditions. Among them, the isolates of Paenibacillus and Peribacillus were the most promising biofertilizers for canola crops as they are sporulated rods, which is an advantageous trait when formulating biofertilizers.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Overall, the current study suggests that to produce the optimal quantitative and qualitative yields in rapeseed agro-ecosystems, genotypes should be cultivated on an optimum winter sowing date and treated with Zn.
Abstract: To determine the suitable sowing date in each region, it is important to note that environmental conditions should be optimal during the crop growing season. Plant nutrition using macro-elements and micro-elements improves crop growth and quantitative and qualitative yields under environmental stresses. A 2-year experiment (2015–2016 and 2016–2017) was conducted to investigate the effect of zinc (Zn) foliar spray on quantitative and qualitative yields of spring rapeseed genotypes at winter sowing dates. The factorial split-plot arrangement of treatments was set up in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Main plots included three winter sowing dates of 9, 19, and 29 February and Zn foliar spray at two levels of non-Zn foliar spray (control) and Zn foliar spray (5 g l−1 at the stem elongation stage). Sub-plots contained four genotypes of Sarigol, Dalgan, Salsa, and Solar. While silique number per plant, seed number per silique, 1000-seed weight, seed yield, oil yield and content, and oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids of the study genotypes were lessened at late sowing dates, contents of linolenic, stearic, and erucic acids and glucosinolate were significantly increased in such condition. Zn foliar spray improved seed yield and yield components, oil yield and content, and linoleic acid content, while contents of linolenic, stearic, and erucic acids and glucosinolate were dropped. Overall, the current study suggests that to produce the optimal quantitative and qualitative yields in rapeseed agro-ecosystems, genotypes should be cultivated on an optimum winter sowing date (February 9) and treated with Zn.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that diets with D. antarctica meal were able to partially compensate the fish oil intake by reducing some saturated fatty acids, increasing the EPA content and reducing the atherogenic index and thrombogenic index, improving the nutritional value of the fillet.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 520 B. napus accessions identified the chloroplast membrane protein-localized FATTY ACID EXPORTER 1-1 (FAX1-1) as a candidate associated with biological yield.
Abstract: Background In the oilseed crop Brassica napus (rapeseed), various metabolic processes influence seed oil content, oil quality, and biological yield. However, the role of plastid membrane proteins in these traits has not been explored. Results Our genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 520 B. napus accessions identified the chloroplast membrane protein-localized FATTY ACID EXPORTER 1-1 (FAX1-1) as a candidate associated with biological yield. Seed transcript levels of BnaFAX1-1 were higher in a cultivar with high seed oil content relative to a low-oil cultivar. BnaFAX1-1 was localized to the plastid envelope. When expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, BnaFAX1-1 enhanced biological yield (total plant dry matter), seed yield and seed oil content per plant. Likewise, in the field, B. napus BnaFAX1-1 overexpression lines (BnaFAX1-1-OE) displayed significantly enhanced biological yield, seed yield, and seed oil content compared with the wild type. BnaFAX1-1 overexpression also up-regulated gibberellic acid 4 (GA4) biosynthesis, which may contribute to biological yield improvement. Furthermore, oleic acid (C18:1) significantly increased in BnaFAX1-1 overexpression seeds. Conclusion Our results indicated that the putative fatty acid exporter BnaFAX1-1 may simultaneously improve seed oil content, oil quality and biological yield in B. napus, providing new approaches for future molecular breeding.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors analyzed the energy, carbon, and water footprints of rapeseed oil production based on the International Organization for Standardization standards using the framework of life cycle assessment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Proteomics and transcriptome analysis revealed that three S-nitrosated proteins and some key genes involved in oil synthesis were differentially regulated in SNP treated embryos, suggesting that NO regulated seed oil content and fatty acid composition.
Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated as a key signaling molecule involved in a wide spectrum of plant developmental and stress responses. Here, we found that NO also played important role in seed oil content and fatty acid composition. RNAi silencing Arabidopsis thaliana S-nitrosoglutathione reductase 1 (GSNOR1) gene led to higher NO content and up to 5.3% reduction of seed oil content. In contrast, nitrate reductase double mutant nia1nia2 led to an increase of seed oil content by 2.6%, compared to the wild type plant. Moreover, the levels of palmitic acid (C16:0), linoleic acid (C18:2) and linolenic acid (C18:3) were higher, whereas the levels of stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1) and arachidonic acid (C20:1) decreased in the seeds of GSNOR1 RNAi lines. The effects of NO on seed oil content and fatty acid composition were also demonstrated with rapeseed embryos cultured in vitro with NO donor Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP) and NO inhibitor NG-Nitro-L-arginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME). Similar results with that of Arabidopsis were obtained. Compared to non-treated embryo control, the oil contents were decreased by 1.95% and 4.69% in 10µM and 20µM SNP-treated embryos and increased by 1.66% and 2.43% in 200µM and 400µM L-NAME-treated embryos respectively. The relative quantities of C16:0, C18:2 and C18:3 were significantly higher, whereas C18:1 level decreased markedly in rapeseed embryos treated with SNP. Proteomics and transcriptome analysis revealed that three S-nitrosated proteins (PKp2, LACS4, and SSI2) and some key genes involved in oil synthesis were differentially regulated in SNP treated embryos, suggesting that NO regulated seed oil content and fatty acid composition. The seed oil content increase in Arabidopsis and rapeseed was further obtained by spraying L-NAME directly on developing siliques. These results suggested that regulating NO level could be a novel approach to increase seed oil content in oil crops during cultivation in addition to marker-assisted selection breeding and genetically modified breeding.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicated that the qualitative and quantitative traits were significantly affected by irrigation, cultivars, and foliar application treatments, and introducing and diversifying rapeseed cultivars is one of the management tools in arid and semi-arid regions to achieve acceptable yield.
Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the effect of late-season drought stress and foliar application of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) and manganese sulfate (MnSO4) on quantitative and qualitative traits of different rapeseed cultivars in 2 years. Treatments were included two levels of irrigation (normal and drought stress), four levels of micronutrient foliar application (water spraying, ZnSO4, and MnSO4, separately, and combined application of them), and three rapeseed cultivars (Nima, R15, and KS7). Results indicated that the qualitative and quantitative traits were significantly affected by irrigation, cultivars, and foliar application treatments. The highest seed oil content (43.9%), oil yield (2175.9 kg ha−1), oleic acid (62.56%), and linoleic acid (17.25%) were obtained under normal irrigation conditions. Under drought stress conditions, oil quality decreased by increasing the amount of palmitic and erucic acids in all cultivars. Under drought stress conditions, foliar application of ZnSO4 reduced the erucic acid, palmitic acid, and glucosinolate contents by 9.79%, 7.98%, and 2.80%, respectively, compared to control. Under drought stress conditions and combined application of ZnSO4 and MnSO4, the oleic acid and linoleic acid content were enhanced by 10.07% and 13.24%, respectively, compared to control. R15 indicated the highest yield (5261 kg ha−1) under normal irrigation conditions, whereas, under drought stress conditions, the highest yield (3371 kg ha−1) was observed in Nima. Therefore, introducing and diversifying rapeseed cultivars is one of the management tools in arid and semi-arid regions to achieve acceptable yield. The quality of canola oil degrades with environmental stresses, and foliar application of nutrients can moderate the effects of drought stress.

Journal ArticleDOI
24 Feb 2021
TL;DR: In this article, a genome-wide association study using ~8 million SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) markers identified from genome resequencing was undertaken to uncover the genetic basis of seed vigor related traits in rapeseed.
Abstract: Low temperature inhibits rapid germination and successful seedling establishment of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), leading to significant productivity losses. Little is known about the genetic diversity for seed vigor under low-temperature conditions in rapeseed, which motivated our investigation of 13 seed germination- and emergence-related traits under normal and low-temperature conditions for 442 diverse rapeseed accessions. The stress tolerance index was calculated for each trait based on performance under non-stress and low-temperature stress conditions. Principal component analysis of the low-temperature stress tolerance indices identified five principal components that captured 100% of the seedling response to low temperature. A genome-wide association study using ~8 million SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) markers identified from genome resequencing was undertaken to uncover the genetic basis of seed vigor related traits in rapeseed. We detected 22 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) significantly associated with stress tolerance indices regarding seed vigor under low-temperature stress. Scrutiny of the genes in these QTL regions identified 62 candidate genes related to specific stress tolerance indices of seed vigor, and the majority were involved in DNA repair, RNA translation, mitochondrial activation and energy generation, ubiquitination and degradation of protein reserve, antioxidant system, and plant hormone and signal transduction. The high effect variation and haplotype-based effect of these candidate genes were evaluated, and high priority could be given to the candidate genes BnaA03g40290D, BnaA06g07530D, BnaA09g06240D, BnaA09g06250D, and BnaC02g10720D in further study. These findings should be useful for marker-assisted breeding and genomic selection of rapeseed to increase seed vigor under low-temperature stress.

Journal ArticleDOI
29 Sep 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the potential of the model crop Brassica napus L. (rapeseed) for the phytoremediation of soils polluted with metals was investigated at laboratory scale.
Abstract: The potential of the model crop Brassica napus L. (rapeseed) for the phytoremediation of soils polluted with metals was investigated at laboratory scale. The first step consists in the evaluation of the seed germination and growth of the Brassica napus L. plant in a controlled environment, followed by the determination of the photosynthetic pigments content represented by chlorophyll a and b and carotenoids. The degree of metal accumulation in rapeseed has been evaluated by the bioaccumulation factor (BAC), the bioconcentration factor (BCF) and the translocation factor (TF). Phytotoxicity tests were performed in Petri dishes with filter papers moistened with metal solutions in the range of 0 to 300 mg/L Pb(II) or Cd(II). At the highest concentration of the lead and cadmium treatments (300 mg/L), B. napus L. showed the lowest germination degree (56.67% and 43.33%, respectively). According to Tukey test results, Pb(II) concentrations of up to 300 mg/L do not significantly affect the length of the hypocotyls, whereas, in the case of Cd(II), the mean of the radicle and hypocotyl lengths of the seedlings are significantly affected compared to the mean of the control. In soil pot experiments, important changes have been obtained in the pigment content, especially in the case of cadmium. For both metals and for each treatment (100 to 1500 mg/kg Pb(II) and 1 to 30 mg/kg Cd(II)), a TF < 1 indicates an ineffective metal transfer from root to shoot. Finally, rapeseed can be considered a tolerant plant and a suitable candidate for Pb(II) and Cd(II) accumulation and for the phytostabilization of contaminated soil under the experimental conditions adopted in the present study.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that BnGA2ox2 regulates stem elongation and chlorophyll and anthocyanin accumulation in rapeseed and Arabidopsis and is a new candidate gene for breeding dwarf varieties of rapeseed.
Abstract: Plant height is one of the important agronomic traits of crops. Gibberellins (GAs) play an important role in the regulation of plant height. Gibberellin 2-oxidase (GA2ox) inactivates active GAs or their precursors and plays a key role in the catabolism of GAs. Here, we isolated and characterized a fragment from rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), designated BnGA2ox2, that is highly expressed in the silique and flower. Overexpression of BnGA2ox2 in Arabidopsis resulted in GA-deficient phenotypes, including a short hypocotyl, reduced plant height, increased chlorophyll and anthocyanin accumulation, late flowering, and partial sterility. Similarly, when BnGA2ox2 was overexpressed in rapeseed, the transgenic plants had a dwarf phenotype with dark-green leaves and increased chlorophyll and anthocyanin accumulation. In addition, similar dwarf phenotypes were observed in Arabidopsis overexpressing AtGA2ox2. Genetic analysis showed that the atga2ox2 mutation could partially rescue the phenotype of BnGA2ox2 transgenic Arabidopsis plant, indicating that BnGA2ox2 and AtGA2ox2 have conserved functions in vegetative plant growth and stem elongation. These results suggest that BnGA2ox2 regulates stem elongation and chlorophyll and anthocyanin accumulation in rapeseed and Arabidopsis. Therefore, BnGA2ox2 is a new candidate gene for breeding dwarf varieties of rapeseed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sequencing of 16S rRNA genes revealed that the P90B9 treatment had greater soil bacterial diversity, and a different bacterial community composition, compared with the P 90B0 or P0B9 treatments, underline the importance of balanced B and P nutrition for maximal seed yield of B. napus.

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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors combine global agricultural and environmental datasets to show that, among the world's seven major vegetable oil crops (oil palm, soybean, rapeseed, sunflower, groundnut, coconut, olive), oil palm has the lowest average species richness and carbon footprint associated with an annual production of one litre of vegetable oil.
Abstract: Palm oil has been widely criticised for its high environmental impacts, leading to calls to replace it with alternative vegetable oils in food and cosmetic products However, substituting palm oil would be environmentally beneficial only if the environmental footprint per litre oil were lower than those of alternative vegetable oils Whether this is the case is not obvious, given the high oil yields of oil palm of up to 10 times those of alternative crops Here, we combine global agricultural and environmental datasets to show that, among the world’s seven major vegetable oil crops (oil palm, soybean, rapeseed, sunflower, groundnut, coconut, olive), oil palm has the lowest average species richness and carbon footprint associated with an annual production of one litre of vegetable oil For each crop, these yield-adjusted footprints differ substantially between major producer countries, which we find to be largely the result of differences in crop management Closing agricultural yield gaps of oil crops through improved management practices would significantly reduce the environmental footprints per oil yield This would minimise the need for further land conversion to oil cropland and indeed could increase production to such an extent that a significant area of oil croplands could be ecologically restored

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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors applied a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on seed oil content (SOC) in a collection of 290 core germplasm accessions and identified BnaC07g30920D, a patatin-like lipase (PTL) gene, that was associated with SOC.
Abstract: Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important oil crop world-widely cultivated, and seed oil content (SOC) is one of the most important traits for rapeseed. To increase SOC, many efforts for promoting the function of genes on lipid biosynthesis pathway have been previously made. However, seed oil formation is a dynamic balance between lipid synthesis and breakdown. It is, therefore, also reasonable to weaken or eliminate the function of genes involved in lipid degradation for a higher final SOC. We applied a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on SOC in a collection of 290 core germplasm accessions. A total of 2,705,480 high-quality SNPs were used in the GWAS, and we identified BnaC07g30920D, a patatin-like lipase (PTL) gene, that was associated with SOC. In particular, six single-nucleotide-polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of BnaC07g30920D were associated with the significant reduction of SOC, leading to a 4.7–6.2% reduction of SOCs. We performed in silico analysis to show a total of 40 PTLs, which were divided into four clades, evenly distributed on the A and C subgenomes of Brassica napus. RNA-seq analysis unveiled that BnPTLs were preferentially expressed in reproductive tissues especially maturing seeds. We identified BnaC07g30920D, a BnPTL gene, that was associated with SOC using GWAS and performed in silico analysis of 40 PTLs in Brassica napus. The results enrich our knowledge about the SOC formation in rapeseed and facilitate the future study in functional characterization of BnPTL genes.

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TL;DR: This paper evaluated the potential of feeding high-oil rapeseed cake or natural additives as rumen modifiers on enteric methane (CH4) emissions, nutrient utilization, performance, and milk fatty acid (FA) profile of dairy cows.

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11 Aug 2021-Genes
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors applied high-resolution skim genotyping by sequencing (SkimGBS) and characterised 187,835 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers across a mapping population subsequently used for a genetic mapping study (R/qtl).
Abstract: Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) meal is an important source of protein, but the presence of anti-nutritional compounds, such as fibre and glucosinolates, still limits its use as a livestock feed. Understanding the genetic basis of seed fibre biosynthesis would help to manipulate its content in seeds of oilseed rape. Here, we applied high-resolution skim genotyping by sequencing (SkimGBS) and characterised 187,835 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers across a mapping population subsequently used for a genetic mapping study (R/qtl). This approach allowed the identification of 11 stable QTL related to seed quality traits and led to the identification of potential functional genes underlying these traits. Among these, key genes with a known role in carbohydrate metabolic process, cell wall, lignin, and flavonoid biosynthesis, including cellulase GH5, TT10/LAC15, TT4, and SUC2, were found. This study furthers the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying seed fibre content and provides new markers for molecular breeding in B. napus.