Rapeseed

About: Rapeseed is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2945 publications have been published within this topic receiving 51790 citations. The topic is also known as: Brassica napus & rape.

Soybeans Processing for Biodiesel Production

Abstract: There is a need for alternative energy sources to petroleum-based fuels due to the depletion of the world’s petroleum reserves, global warming and environmental concerns. Biodiesel is a clean and renewable fuel which is considered to be the best substitution for diesel fuel (Singh & Singh, 2010). Soybean oil is one of the major feedstocks for biodiesel production. According to United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the U.S. was the largest producer of soybean oil in the world in 2006/2007. The U.S. was followed by Argentina, China, Brazil and India in soybean oil production. The U.S. produced 34.5 % of total soybean oil in the world (United States Department of Agriculture, 2008). This amount of oil is a promising source for biodiesel production from a natural and environmentally friendly agricultural product (Patil & Deng, 2009). Although Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO) stated many environmental problems associated with large scale production of soybeans and maize (FAO, 2009), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies indicated that cultivation of soybeans has less negative impacts on environment than some other oil seeds like sunflower and rapeseed (Sanz Requena et al., 2010). In addition to biodiesel production, soybeans can be used to produce ethanol. Soybean hulls contain significant amount of carbohydrate for ethanol production and producers prefer to use soybean hulls for animal feeding because of its high protein content (Mielenz et al., 2009). Although, biodiesel is usually used as a blend with petro-diesel at varying ratios, it can also be used to fuel compression ignition engines alone. The results of engine emission tests showed that use of biodiesel alone produced less emissions of CO, HC, NOx and smoke than petro-diesel (Qi et al., 2009). Conventional biodiesel production from soybeans uses separate processes for oil extraction and biodiesel conversion. Oil extraction from soybeans is accomplished by using mechanical presses, solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and microwaveand ultrasound-assisted solvent extractions. The extracted oil is degummed and converted to biodiesel via transesterification. Transesterification is a chemical reaction process during which the oil is combined with alcohol, usually ethanol or methanol, in the presence of a catalyst to form fatty esters and glycerol. Reducing biodiesel production costs from $ 3.11 per gallon to below the petro-diesel cost of $3.0 per gallon is important to make biodiesel competitive in the diesel fuel market (Kargbo, 2010). The objective of this chapter is to provide a literature review on oil extraction and biodiesel production from soybeans and to discuss the uses of high intensity ultrasound in processing

Solid-State Fermentation of Rapeseed Meal with the White-Rot Fungi Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus

Abstract: Rapeseed meal is valuable high-protein forage, but its nutritional value is significantly reduced by the presence of a number of antinutrients, including phenolic compounds. Solid-state fermentation with white-rot fungi was used to decrease the sinapic acid concentration of rapeseed meal. After 7 days of growth of Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus, the sinapic acid content of rapeseed meal was reduced by 59.9 and 74.5 %, respectively. At the end of the experiment, sinapic acid concentration of T. versicolor cultures decreased by 93%of the initial value; in the case of cultures of P. ostreatus, 93.2 % reduction was observed. Moreover, cultivation of white-rot fungi on rapeseed meal resulted in the intensive production of extracellular laccase, particularly strong during the late phases of growth of T. versicolor. The obtained results confirm that both fungal species may effectively be used to decompose antinutritional phenolics of rapeseed meal. Rapeseed meal may also find use as an inexpensive and efficient substrate for a biotechnological production of laccase by white-rot fungi.

Changes in yield and seed quality traits in rapeseed genotypes by sulphur fertilization

Abstract: Sulphur is considered more as a soil amendment to remedy alkaline soils rather than a fertilizer in crop production. However, as one of the macronutrients, just as N–P–K, it is able to have a direct and significant effect on yield and quality in some crops. There might be a sound potential of increasing seed yield and quality of rapeseed, the second important oil crop around the world, with the use of sulphur as a fertilizer in cultural practices. Our objective in this study is to determine the effects of sulphur fertilization on seed yield and several seed and oil quality traits in rapeseed. Five rapeseed genotypes were grown for two consecutive growing seasons in Canakkale, in a RCB design with three replications. The experimental plots were given 0, 100 or 200 kg ha−1 sulphur along with a fixed amount of 240 kg ha−1 N. Results indicated that sulphur fertilization had positive effects on seed yield and some of the seed and oil quality components. On the other hand, excessive sulphur fertilization, or naturally occurring high levels in the soil, may have adverse effects in elevating some undesired compounds, such as glucosinolates.

Studies of chemical methods for assessing oxidative quality and storage stability of feeding oils

Abstract: Peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid number (TBA), anisidine value (AV), percent free fatty acids (FFA), and carbonyl value (CV) methods were compared in different experiments for their sensitivity and practicality in assessing the oxidative quality of four feeding oils: salmon oil, soybean oil, canola oil (oil from low erucic acid, low glucosinolate rapeseed), and canola soap stocks. In the first experiment, among the four methods (PV, AV, TBA and FFA) studied, PV appeared to be the most practical for its sensitivity, simplicity, and economy when the four oils were oxidized by bubbling air through at room temperature for 792 hr. In the second experiment, using herring oil, all four methods tested (PV, AV, TBA and FFA) were sufficiently sensitive once the oxidation of herring oil had passed the induction period and the oil was highly oxidized. In the third experiment, of the four methods (PV, AV, TBA and CV) compared, AV was the most sensitive for measuring the oxidative quality of canola oil aerated at 100 C for 240 hr. Results of further studies suggested that herring and canola oils stored under commercial conditions were stable for at least one year.