Showing papers on "Rapid eye movement sleep published in 1982"

Dose--response effects of ethanol on the sleep of young women

Abstract: In healthy young women, rapid eye movement sleep decreased, slow-wave sleep increased, sleep-onset latency decreased and late-night disturbance of sleep increased with increasing doses of alcohol.

Brain state and body position. A time-lapse video study of sleep.

Abstract: • Human sleep is characterized by episodes of immobility and by major body movements occurring in phase with the EEG sleep cycle. Using time-lapse videotape recording and electrophysiological monitoring, we studied the sleep of four normal subjects to determine the relationship of the movements to sleep cycle phase and the consistency of the power of the movement data to quantify sleep parameters. We were able to measure sleep latency and to predict the time of occurrence of non—rapid eye movement sleep episodes in our subjects from the video movement data alone. In addition, we discovered evidence of small body movement specific to rapid eye movement sleep.

Night sleep of patients with chronic ventilatory failure and age matched controls: number and duration of the EEG episodes of intervening wakefulness and drowsiness.

Abstract: Characteristics of the episodes of wakefulness and drowsiness (stage 0 + 1) intervening in a night of electrophysiologically monitored sleep were compared in a homogeneous group of 13 patients (mean age 57 years) with severe hypoxic chronic bronchitis and emphysema (blue and bloated variety) and 8 age matched control subjects. The total amounts of stage 0 + 1 accumulated over one night (preceded by one night of adaptation) were high in both groups (28% in the patients, 22% in the control subjects). A significant difference was found in the number of brief arousals (episodes of stage 0 + 1 lasting for less than 1 min), which averaged 10/h of sleep in the patients, and 6/h of sleep in the control subjects (p less than 0.05, two tailed). The numbers of longer episodes of stage 0 + 1 were not significantly different and varied independently from the numbers of brief arousals in the individuals. Only a small proportion (8 %) of brief arousals was linked to episodes of hypopnea or apnea in the bronchitic patients. Large numbers of brief arousals/h of non rapid eye movement sleep inthe bronchitic patients correlated significantly with small percentages of stage 3 + 4 sleep (p less than 0.05), and were associated with smell numbers of hypoxemic episodes occurring predominantly in rapid eye movement sleep. The findings indicate a more fractionated sleep in the patients with chronic hypoxic bronchitis, and suggest that the brief arousals represent a limiting factor rather than a result of the nocturnal hypoxemic episodes occurring in these patients.

The structure of laboratory dream reports in blind and sighted subjects.

Abstract: Ten college-educated young adults (four sighted, four congenitally blind, and two adventitiously blind) were studied in a sleep laboratory one night a week for 8 weeks. Dream reports were collected from electroencephalogram-defined sleep onset, rapid eye movement sleep, and non-rapid eye movement sl

Zopiclone: sleep and performance studies in healthy man.

Abstract: Effects of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mg zopiclone on sleep and on performance the next day were studied in 6 healthy adult males aged between 21 and 33 years. The experiment was double-blind and placebo controlled. 5.0 and 10.0 mg zopiclone decreased the amount of awake activity and drowsy (stage 1) sleep over the first 6 h of sleep, but this effect was only present for the whole sleep period with the 10.0-mg dose. The duration and percentage of stage 3 sleep were increased with 7.5 mg. The 7.5- and 10.0-mg doses increased the combined duration of stages 2, 3, and 4 sleep over the first 6 h and over the whole night. The first period of rapid eye movement sleep was delayed with 7.5 mg, and with 10.0 mg the time spent in rapid eye movement sleep was reduced during the first 6 h of sleep, but not over the whole night. The number of substitutions in the digit symbol substitution test was decreased 9 h after ingestion of 7.5 and 10.0 mg, and the number of symbols copied reduced after 10.0 mg. The clinical dose range of zopiclone is likely to be up to 7.5 mg. The latter dose provides a useful hypnotic effect with minimal residual effects the next day, whilst 5.0 mg is appropriate for those involved in skilled tasks where even the most minor changes in performance during the early part of the next day must be avoided.

Pattern of Plasma Cortisol during the 24-Hour Sleep/Wake Cycle in the Rhesus Monkey*

Abstract: The 24-h pattern of plasma cortisol and changes induced by alterations of the sleep/wake cycle were studied in 12 male rhesus monkeys. The chair-living animals were chronically prepared with a right atrial catheter and electroencephalogram electrodes. Hormone (blood samples every 15 min) and continuous activity/electroencephalogram profiles were obtained from the adjacent room for 96 h (4 animals), 24 h or various shorter periods of time. Plasma cortisol showed a circadian rhythm with a late evening minimum (1900–2100 h; approximately 60 μg/liter) and an early morning maximum (0400–0700 h; approximately 160 μg/liter). Superimposed were episodic fluctuations for which powerspectral analysis showed a weakly expressed 30- to 60-min periodicity in 24 of 27 24-h profiles. Cross-correlation analysis indicated no relation between cortisol on the one hand and daytime activityarousal, nocturnal waking, slow wave sleep (SWS) or rapid eye movement sleep (REM), respectively. Five-hour total sleep deprivation, specifi...

Psychological correlates of spontaneous middle ear muscle activity during sleep.

Abstract: Nine subjects each spent four nights in the sleep lab during which middle ear muscle activity (MEMA) was recorded in addition to standard sleep monitoring. After an adaptation night, subjects were awakened four times on each experimental night: twice from rapid eye movement sleep and twice from stage 2: once from each stage in the presence or absence of MEMA. Detailed mentation reports were obtained, coded, and rated on scales of auditory involvement, emotional activity, bizarreness, hallucinosis, and clouding. Sleep stage was a better predictor of the mental activity of the sleeper than was the presence or absence of phasic activity on the above measures. Auditory ratings were no higher following MEMA than following non-MEMA arousals, but MEMA was associated with bizarre, discontinuous sleep mentation. Theoretical implications were discussed.

Sleep regulation after reduction of brain serotonin: effect of p-chlorophenylalanine combined with sleep deprivation in the rat

Abstract: Sleep was recorded in the rat after combined treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA; 300 mg/kg) and 24-h sleep deprivation (SD) and then compared with sleep recorded after either treatment alone. PCPA alone reduced total sleep (TS), rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) per TS, as well as the power density of the EEG delta band (1.25-4.00 Hz) of non-REM sleep (NREMS). SD enhanced these sleep parameters and reduced the frequency of wake episodes. The combined treatment with PCPA and SD reduced TS and REMS/TS to a level similar to that induced by PCPA alone, and it increased delta activity to a level similar to that induced by SD alone. The frequency of wake episodes was reduced. It is concluded that essential aspects of sleep regulation are still functional during PCPA-induced insomnia. The sleep-inhibiting action of PCPA may be related to the hyperresponsiveness to stimuli rather than to the impairment of sleep regulation itself.

Mild insomnia induced by environmental perturbations in the rat: a study of this new model and of its possible applications in pharmacological research.

Abstract: This paper describes an experimental model for testing new products in a situation where sleep is impaired by a nonpharmacological procedure. This model consists in studying the effect of hypnogenic substances on sleep perturbations which take place when chronically implanted rats are moved to a novel individual cage, connected for the first time to their recording cable and dosed intragastrically with test products, vehicle or placebo. Continuous polygraphic recordings were taken throughout the daily treatment period (15 days) and scored for the presence of slow wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement sleep (REM). The hourly vigilance stages were also computed to determine the parameters of their nycthemeral rhythms. In vehicle-treated rats, a decrease in SWS and REM values and a delay of SWS and REM phases of nycthemeral rhythms occurred on the first day as compared with the end of the recording period. Phenobarbital (5 mg/kg p.o.), mecloqualone (5 mg/kg p.o.) and a new benzodiazepine CM 7302 (7 mg/kg p.o.) led to an immediate or fast recovery, whereas no improvement was observed with placebo and with clorazepate dipotassium (9 mg/kg p.o.). This model can be considered as an attractive model for studying mild insomnia because it allows "true" hypnogenic drugs to be selected in a minimum amount of time.

6-(3-chloro)-phenoxy-2-methyl-1-oxa-4-azospiro-[4,5]decane-3-one (CERM 3726) and sleep of healthy men.

Abstract: Immediate effects on sleep of 100, 200 and 300 mg 6-(3-chloro)-phenoxy-2-methyl-1-oxa-4-azospiro-[4,5]decane-3-one (CERM 3726) were studied in six healthy males. There was some sleep disturbance in two subjects with 100 and 200 mg, but only with 300 mg was there unequivocal evidence of reduced total sleep time and stage 2 sleep, together with a trend toward reduced rapid eye movement sleep. Arousal, at least as indicated by sleep studies, may be associated with the reported effect of the drug to oppose the deterioration in performance of tests of prolonged duration.