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Showing papers on "Rapid eye movement sleep published in 1985"


Journal ArticleDOI
06 Apr 1985-BMJ
TL;DR: The grossly abnormal sleep pattern observed in patients after major non-cardiac surgery may suggest some fundamental disarrangement of the sleep-wake regulating mechanism.
Abstract: Sleep was studied in nine patients for two to four days after major non-cardiac surgery by continuous polygraphic recording of electroencephalogram, electrooculogram, and electromyogram. Presumed optimal conditions for sleep were provided by a concerted effort by staff to offer constant pain relief and reduce environmental disturbance to a minimum. All patients were severely deprived of sleep compared with normal. The mean cumulative sleep time (stage 1 excluded) for the first two nights, daytime sleep included, was less than two hours a night. Stages 3 and 4 and rapid eye movement sleep were severely or completely suppressed. The sustained wakefulness could be attributed to pain and environmental disturbance to only minor degree. Sleep time as estimated by nursing staff was often grossly misjudged and consistently overestimated when compared with the parallel polygraphic recording. The grossly abnormal sleep pattern observed in these patients may suggest some fundamental disarrangement of the sleep-wake regulating mechanism.

317 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied interstitial lung disease (ILD) patients during sleep and found that patients with ILD have a rapid shallow breathing pattern while awake that is thought to be due to activation of lung reflexes.
Abstract: Patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) have a rapid shallow breathing pattern while awake that is thought to be due to activation of lung reflexes. We wondered whether sleep would result in changes in respiratory control and thus cause hypoxemia and poor sleep quality. Eleven patients with ILD (5 men and 6 women) and 11 age- and sex-matched control subjects were studied during sleep. Sleep quality was worse in patients with ILD, with more time in Stage 1 (33.7% of total sleep time (TST) versus 13.5%) and less time in REM sleep (11.8 versus 19.9% TST) than found in control subjects, and more fragmentation of sleep (13.7 +/- 3.1 arousals/h and 24.3 +/- 6.0 sleep stage changes/h versus 6.9 +/- 1.0 and 12.7 +/- 1.4, respectively). Patients with ILD with awake SaO2 less than 90% had greater abnormalities in sleep structure than did those with SaO2 greater than 90%. The incidence of apneas and hypopnea periods in patients with ILD was low (apnea plus hypoventilation index of 1.3 +/- 0.45 versus 2.9 +/- 0.82 in control subjects, p = NS). Oxygen saturation dropped during REM sleep in patients, especially in those with more severe awake hypoxemia. Expiratory time (Te), inspiratory time (Ti), and their sum (Ttot) were shorter in the patients, whereas Ti/Ttot was the same as in control subjects. No systematic changes during sleep were seen in these variables. The variability of inspiratory volume index, Ti, Te, and Ti/Ttot was similar to that in control subjects, and was lowest during NREM sleep. The incidence of snoring was comparable in patients and control subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

126 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is tentatively suggested that the histaminergic system is concerned with the mechanisms which favour vigilance during the wakeful state, and the balance between wakefulness and slow wave activity during sleep.

84 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Analysis of the subjective questionnaires showed that recollection of dreaming and awakening in the night was increased by the three lipophilic drugs, propranolol, metoprolol, and pindolol, contrary to those expected from considering the effects of noradrenaline on sleep.
Abstract: The effects on sleep of four β-Blockers, atenolol, propranolol, metoprolol and pindolol, were studied in a placebo-controlled trial. Drugs were administered in random order to 10 female volunteers who acted as their own controls. Subjects were tested five times, each test period lasting 10 nights (2 baseline, 2 low dose, 4 high dose, and 2 withdrawal). A questionnaire concerning subjective appreciation of the quality of the previous night's sleep was completed each morning. Night recordings of muscle tension, eye movement, heart rate and electroencephalogram were recorded on paper and magnetic tape. Analysis of the subjective questionnaires showed that recollection of dreaming and awakening in the night was increased by the three lipophilic drugs, propranolol, metoprolol, and pindolol. These results confirm reports in the literature but are contrary to those expected from considering the effects of noradrenaline on sleep. Analysis of physiological records confirmed subjects' reports that waking was increased by the lipophilic drugs. Dreaming (rapid eye movement sleep, REM) was reduced, as predicted from knowledge of the effect of noradrenaline on sleep. Increased awakening leads to an increase in remembered dreaming which explains the otherwise paradoxical results. Although atenolol had no effect on subjective measures of sleep this hydrophilic drug also reduced REM frequency, suggesting that either it has some central effect, or that REM reduction is due to a peripheral ‘shielding’ effect.

75 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Observations made in a bird species with a stable head support when sleeping, suggest that inhibitory mechanisms leading to a PS related nuchal atonia do exist and that head falling is not the cause of PS episodes brevity in birds.

59 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The absence of an increase in cerebral blood flow during active sleep as compared with quiet sleep suggests that the neurophysiologic and neurometabolic mechanisms of rapid eye movement sleep are not yet fully developed in preterm infants.
Abstract: Cerebral blood flow was estimated on 60 occasions in 15 well infants, 29-34 wk of gestational age, 5-17 days after birth, using 133-Xenon clearance after intravenous injection. The sleep state of the infants was determined by biparietal electroencephalography, clinical observation, and tracings of heart rate and respiration. Blood flow was 22% higher in the 11 estimations made during wakefulness, when compared to the 17 estimations made during quiet sleep. There was no difference between blood flow in active and quiet sleep. Also there was no difference between blood flow during periods of trace alternant and blood flow during periods of continuous electroencephalographic activity. It is suggested that flow-metabolism coupling is present in stable, preterm infants. The absence of an increase in cerebral blood flow during active sleep as compared with quiet sleep suggests that the neurophysiologic and neurometabolic mechanisms of rapid eye movement sleep are not yet fully developed in preterm infants.

54 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Depressed patients with major depressive disorder showed higher REM activity and REM density values than patients with minor depressive disorder, and sleep variables were able to correctly classify 68% of the patients.

49 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A strong association was indicated between cholinergic supersensitivity and endogenous subtype of MDD, including a significant correlation with specific endogenous features such as distinct quality of mood, anhedonia, lack of reactivity, and agitation.
Abstract: We compared central cholinergic responsiveness (using the latency to induction of rapid eye movement sleep after arecoline challenge as a response marker) in 90 subjects: patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) (n = 53), nonaffective psychiatric controls (n = 17), and normal controls (n = 20). MDD patients as a whole showed a supersensitive cholinergic response compared to nonaffective patients and normal subjects. Further analysis indicated a strong association between cholinergic supersensitivity and endogenous subtype of MDD, including a significant correlation with specific endogenous features such as distinct quality of mood, anhedonia, lack of reactivity, and agitation. Unlike rapid eye movement (REM) latency (a more conventional physiological marker), cholinergic sensitivity did not correlate with age or severity of illness but only with the presence of endogenous features. Previously described sleep physiological correlates such as REM latency and REM density of the first REM period also distinguished between endogenous and nonendogenous MDD. There was a statistically significant correlation between REM latency and arecoline REM induction response.

39 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Clinically, treatment with mianserin improved overall sleep pattern and ameliorated the depression of depressed hospital in‐patients.
Abstract: The effect of mianserin on sleep variables was studied in a single-blind non-controlled trial. Ten depressed hospital in-patients received placebo for one week and then mianserin 60 mg at night for four weeks. Acute changes seen on starting mianserin treatment included increases in sleep period time, total sleep time, sleep efficiency index, and stage II sleep, together with reductions in total time awake and latency for rapid eye movement sleep. The changes in sleep efficiency index, total time awake, stage II sleep, and latency for rapid eye movement sleep persisted over the duration of the study. Clinically, treatment with mianserin improved overall sleep pattern and ameliorated their depression.

37 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: It is suggested that, in spite of an ostensible predisposition to upper airway obstruction in the supine position and during rapid eye movement sleep, neither sleeping position nor sleep state appears to affect the rate of duration of apneic events.
Abstract: Sixty-four infants with a history of apnea were studied to determine the effects of sleeping position and sleep state (rapid eye movement [REM]) v (non-rapid eye movement [NREM]) on the occurrence of central and obstructive apneas. All-night polysomnographic studies were conducted on each infant, and the spontaneous occurrence of central and obstructive apneic events was determined in the prone, supine, and side positions. Sleeping position did not significantly affect the rate or duration of central or obstructive apneas. Furthermore, neither central nor obstructive apneic episodes were significantly altered by sleep state. These data suggest that, in spite of an ostensible predisposition to upper airway obstruction in the supine position and during rapid eye movement sleep, neither sleeping position nor sleep state appears to affect the rate of duration of apneic events.

37 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: NREM-REM differences in visual or auditory imagery, intention, or affect were non-existent in the young and very small in the elderly, findings that contradict earlier results but are consistent with more recent controlled studies in young adults.
Abstract: Mentation reports were elicited from NREM and REM sleep in 18 normal elderly females. Transcribed reports were analyzed for word count, visual and auditory imagery, intention, and affect. Comparison with similarly analyzed data from 23 young adult women revealed no differences between young and elderly in narrative length (either REM or NREM). Both groups showed longer narratives from REM awakenings. With narrative length controlled, NREM-REM differences in visual or auditory imagery, intention, or affect were non-existent in the young and very small in the elderly, findings that contradict earlier results but are consistent with more recent controlled studies in young adults. The elderly subjects showed strikingly less visual imagery than young subjects in both NREM and REM reports. Further studies are required to determine whether the decreased incidence of visual imagery in the elderly results from a response bias or from differences in the mechanisms of visual imagery production in sleep, waking, or both.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 1985-Cortex
TL;DR: The capacity of stroke patients to report dreams following awakening from REM sleep is studied, finding that both dream and phonetic language modalities could emanate from common sites.

Journal Article
TL;DR: For example, this article showed that drugs like clonidine (an antihypertensive) and clomipramine (an antidepressant), which act on noradrenaline and serotonin neurotransmission in the brain, suppress rapid eye movement sleep in the developing rat.
Abstract: Many centrally acting drugs which are prescribed for hypertension, depression, epilepsy, insomnia and asthma may also affect fetal brain neurotransmission and behavioral states. Nearly all these drugs enter the fetal circulation following maternal administration. The immaturity of the blood-brain barrier and greater accumulation in the developing brain make the fetal brain a major target of its mother's medication. Adverse effects that are seen in the fetus are not necessarily evident in its mother. We have shown that drugs like clonidine (an antihypertensive) and clomipramine (an antidepressant), which act on noradrenaline and serotonin neurotransmission in the brain, suppress rapid eye movement sleep in the developing rat. In adulthood, the neonatally treated rats showed hyperactivity, hyperanxiety, reduced sexual behavior, disturbed sleep patterns and reduced cerebral cortical size. Furthermore, such treatment induced an increase in voluntary alcohol consumption and a decreased adaptability of responses to changes in water deprivation in a Y-maze. Little is known about long-lasting consequences of centrally acting drugs used during late gestation in humans. Minor neurological disturbances, such as delayed visual motor performance, smaller head circumference, increased anxiety and disturbed sleep-wake patterns, have been reported in children born to hypertensive mothers treated with clonidine or alpha-methyl-dopa.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 1985-Chest
TL;DR: In contrast to the effects of alcohol ingestion in men, the effects on breathing and oxygenation are minimal during the sleep of women if this amount of alcohol is ingested.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The superfusion of 10(-6) mol/l clomipramine resulted in a suppression of paradoxical sleep and a reduction of slow wave sleep (SWS), whereas lower concentrations of this drug suppressed PS but did not affect SWS.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Both the phosphoramidon-induced WDS in naive rats and naloxone-precipitated withdrawal WDS were decreased in REM sleep deprived rats compared with animals allowed normal sleep (control and stress groups).
Abstract: Intraventricular administration of enkephalinase inhibitor, phosphoramidon (1×10 −8 − 5.6×10 −7 moles ICV) induced a behavioural syndrome consisting of excessive grooming with the body scratching as the most prominent symptom and wet-dog-shakes (WDS). The frequency of the phosphoramidon-induced WDS and body scratching were decreased by the pretreatment with the opiate receptor blocking agent, naltrexone (2.9×10 −6 moles/kg IP). Both the phosphoramidon-induced WDS in naive rats and naloxone-precipated withdrawal WDS were decreased in REM sleep deprived rats compared with animals allowed normal sleep (control and stress groups). The results are discussed in light of a possible functional insufficiency of endorphinergic system during REMSD. It has been suggested that this insufficiency might be a background to the increased neuronal excitability during REMSD.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that HFV as administered induces apnea or near apnea in conscious animals and that the inhibitory pathways causing this apnea are probably disabled during phasic REM sleep.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is postulated that the phasic response is due to a local increase of neuronal activity requiring increased oxygen availability and augmented protein synthesis during paradoxical sleep and may form part of a system related to "plastic" phenomena.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The effects of subcutaneous administration of the two enantiomers of 3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-n-propylpiperidine (3-PPP), a new dopamine analogue, were studied with regard to their effects on sleep parameters in the rat to show an active role for dopamine in the regulation of REM sleep.
Abstract: The effects of subcutaneous administration of the two enantiomers of 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-N-n-propylpiperidine (3-PPP), a new dopamine analogue, were studied with regard to their effects on sleep parameters in the rat. The studies with both enantiomers were carried out taking into account their different effects on central dopaminergic receptors. At low doses they act preferentially as autoreceptor agonists; at higher doses the (+)-form is also an agonist while the (−)-form acts as an antagonist at postsynaptic dopamine receptors. The results showed the following: (1) with the high dose of (+)-3-PPP there was no change in REM sleep, but a marked increase in wakefulness; (2) with the high dose of (−)-3-PPP there was a significant increase in REM sleep and in the mean duration of REM episodes; (3) with the low dose of (+)-3-PPP similar results to those described for high-dose (−)-3-PPP were obtained; (4) there was no significant alteration of sleep parameters with the low dose of (−)-3-PPP. The data are discussed in terms of an active role for dopamine in the regulation of REM sleep.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The dose-response effects of intracerebroventricular administration of 1-methylisoguanosine (MIG) on sleep were unlike those of both adenosine and the benzodiazepines, suggesting that, contrary to earlier speculations, 1- methylisoguanaosine does not interact with central adenosines or Benzodiazepine receptors.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Sleep and skin temperature results from three volunteers support the validity and feasibility of the technique for inducing cyclic skin temperature changes during sleep.
Abstract: A technique for inducing cyclic skin temperature changes during sleep is described. Stimulation of the facial area induces relatively localized skin temperature responses in the fingers. This centrally mediated response can be used to efficiently probe thermal regulation during sleep. Sleep and skin temperature results from three volunteers support the validity and feasibility of the technique.


Journal Article
TL;DR: This study reports the action of clovoxamine, a non-tricyclic non IMAO antidepressant, on the sleep parameters of five patients suffering from primary depressive illness, and, more remarkably, paradoxical sleep was not suppressed by clvoxamine.
Abstract: This study reports the action of clovoxamine, a non-tricyclic non IMAO antidepressant, on the sleep parameters of five patients suffering from primary depressive illness. Before treatment all subjects presented an EEG syndrome of primary depressive sleep disorder (decreased paradoxical sleep latency). Sleep recordings were made after 1 month and 3 months of monotherapy with clovoxamine. PS latency increased to normal values, sleep efficiency improved and wake time decreased, and, more remarkably, paradoxical sleep was not suppressed by clovoxamine.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that PCA, at this dose, is capable of inducing insomnia and reducing REM sleep acutely without chronically altering the sleep pattern and that respiratory rate during sleep may decrease following PCA treatment.
Abstract: Rats, fitted with chronic EEG and EMG electrodes and a thoracic pneumograph, were monitored electrophysiologically for three successive days before and after an IP injection of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) (2 mg/kg). During the 12 hours post PCA treatment, sleep onset was delayed, the percentage of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep was decreased and the breathing rate during both the Non-REM (NREM) and REM sleep states was reduced. By 24 and 48 hours after the PCA injection, the sleep pattern and NREM respiratory rate had returned to control values; however, respiratory rate during REM sleep still tended to be decreased. The results suggest that PCA, at this dose, is capable of inducing insomnia and reducing REM sleep acutely without chronically altering the sleep pattern. The data also suggest that respiratory rate during sleep may decrease following PCA treatment.