Showing papers on "Rapid eye movement sleep published in 1987"
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that a disorder of circadian rhythmicity characterizes acute episodes of major depressive illness and that this chronobiological abnormality as well as the hypersecretion of ACTH, cortisol, and GH are state rather than trait dependent.
Abstract: Plasma ACTH, cortisol, and GH concentrations were measured at 15-min intervals for 24 h in 11 men suffering from major depressive illness during an acute episode of depression and during clinical remission following antidepressant treatment with either electroconvulsive therapy or amitriptyline. Seven age-matched normal men also were studied. During the acute phase of the illness, the patients had abnormally short rapid eye movement sleep latencies, hypercortisolism, early timing of the nadirs of the ACTH-cortisol rhythms, and shorter nocturnal periods of quiescent cortisol secretion. GH was hypersecreted during wakefulness, and a major pulse occurred before, rather than after, sleep onset. After treatment, rapid eye movement sleep latencies were lengthened, and cortisol levels returned to normal due to a decrease in the magnitude of episodic pulses. Moreover, the timing of the circadian rhythms of ACTH and cortisol as well as the duration of the quiescent period of cortisol secretion were normalized. The amount of GH secreted during wakefulness decreased to normal values, with fewer significant GH pulses. The major elevation of GH secretion in the early part of the night occurred later than that during the depressive episode. These results demonstrate that a disorder of circadian rhythmicity characterizes acute episodes of major depressive illness and that this chronobiological abnormality as well as the hypersecretion of ACTH, cortisol, and GH are state rather than trait dependent.
304 citations
TL;DR: The RBD was unrelated to psychopathologic conditions but in five cases was closely linked with major neuropathologic disorders: dementia, olivopontocerebellar degeneration, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the Guillain-Barré syndrome.
Abstract: Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia defined by intermittent loss of electromyographic atonia during REM sleep with emergence of complex and vigorous behaviors. Punching, kicking, and leaping from bed during attempted dream enactment caused repeated injury in nine of our first ten adult patients. Mean age at onset was 62 years; nine of the patients were male. All patients underwent standard polysomnographic studies with videotaping of behaviors and extensive neurologic and psychiatric evaluations. The RBD was unrelated to psychopathologic conditions but in five cases was closely linked with major neuropathologic disorders: dementia (two), olivopontocerebellar degeneration, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the Guillain-Barre syndrome. Other common polysomnographic abnormalities were high REM density, increased stage 3/4 (slow-wave) sleep, and both periodic and aperiodic limb twitching in non-REM sleep. Eight patients had dream changes involving motor overactivity and violent confrontations of dream characters. Clonazepam induced rapid and sustained improvement of dream and sleep behavior problems in seven patients, as did desipramine hydrochloride in one patient. ( JAMA 1987;257:1786-1789)
271 citations
TL;DR: Eleven patients who had survived traumatic events and who complained of sleep disturbances had lower sleep efficiency indices, shorter REM time, and longer REM latencies than did control subjects, and four of the 11 patients had REM- and non-REM-related nightmares, which were associated with REM-related motor activity.
Abstract: Sleep data were obtained on 11 patients who had survived traumatic events and who complained of sleep disturbances. Each was awakened from REM and non-REM sleep for dream recall. The patients had lower sleep efficiency indices (because of prolonged sleep latency and larger amounts of "awake" plus "movement" time within sleep periods), shorter REM time, and longer REM latencies than did control subjects. Four of the 11 patients had REM- and non-REM-related nightmares, which, in two sea disaster patients, were associated with REM-related motor activity. The rest of the patients had unusually low dream recall in spite of high eye movement density.
196 citations
TL;DR: The PGO wave-generating network has been postulated to inform the visual system about eye movements, to promote brain development, and to facilitate the response to novel environmental stimuli.
Abstract: 1. Pontogeniculooccipital (PGO) waves are recorded during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep from the pontine reticular formation, lateral geniculate bodies, and occipital cortex of many species. 2. PGO waves are associated with increased visual system excitability but arise spontaneously and not via stimulation of the primary visual afferents. Both auditory and somatosensory stimuli influence PGO wave activity. 3. Studies using a variety of techniques suggest that the pontine brain stem is the site of PGO wave generation. Immediately prior to the appearance of PGO waves, neurons located in the region of the brachium conjunctivum exhibit bursts of increased firing, while neurons in the dorsal raphe nuclei show a cessation of firing. 4. The administration of pharmacological agents antagonizing noradrenergic or serotonergic neurotransmission increases the occurrence of PGO waves independent of REM sleep. Cholinomimetic administration increases the occurrence of both PGO waves and other components of REM sleep. 5. Regarding function, the PGO wave-generating network has been postulated to inform the visual system about eye movements, to promote brain development, and to facilitate the response to novel environmental stimuli.
136 citations
TL;DR: One night's sleep loss in young adults increased delta EEG only in the first non-REM period of recovery sleep, and a new hypothesis to account for the presence of eye movement during REM sleep is proposed.
110 citations
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: This finding indicates that EEG power density reflects the rate of decay of the regulating variable, S, rather than S itself, as was originally postulated, in terms of the two-process model of sleep regulation.
Abstract: The relation between EEG power density during slow wave sleep (SWS) deprivation and power density during subsequent sleep was investigated. Nine young male adults slept in the laboratory for 3 consecutive nights. Sepctral analysis of the EEG on the 2nd (baseline) night revealed an exponential decline in mean EEG power density (0.25–15.0 Hz) over successive nonrapid eye movement — rapid eye movement sleep cycles. During the first 3 h of the 3rd night the subjects were deprived of SWS by means of acoustic stimuli, which did not induce wakefulness. During SWS deprivation an attenuation of EEG power densities was observed in the delta frequencies, as well as in the theta band. In the hours of sleep following SWS deprivation both the power densities in the frequency range from 1 to 7 Hz and the amount of SWS were enhanced, relative to the same period of the baseline night. Both the amount of EEG energy accumulating subsequent to SWS deprivation and its time course could be predicted accurately from the EEG energy deficit caused by SWS deprivation. The data show that the level of integral EEG power density during a certain period after sleep onset depends on the amount of EEG energy accumulated during the preceding sleep rather than on the time elapsed since sleep onset. In terms of the two-process model of sleep regulation (Borbely 1982; Daan et al. 1984) this finding indicates that EEG power density reflects the rate of decay of the regulating variable, S, rather than S itself, as was originally postulated.
107 citations
TL;DR: The most predictable electroencephalographic sleep changes of major depression are a shortened first NREM sleep period, a prolonged first REM period (with increased density of rapid eye movements), sleep continuity disturbance, and diminished slow wave sleep.
99 citations
TL;DR: The breathing pattern characteristic of myotonic dystrophy patients was the occurrence of central apnoeas both at rest while awake and during sleep, similar to those found in other restrictive disorders and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Abstract: Respiratory failure has been described in myotonic dystrophy; it worsens during sleep but its central or peripheral origin has yet to be determined. Moreover, patients may present severely disturbed sleep and daytime somnolence. Eight patients with mild to moderate myotonic dystrophy were studied to assess breathing function while awake and during sleep by means of the pulmonary function tests, nocturnal polysomnographic examination and the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT). Three patients had restrictive respiratory defects; none had signs of airway obstruction. All patients had very disrupted nocturnal sleep. Of six patients who underwent the MSLT only two showed a mild tendency to sleep during the day. Six patients had pathological apnoea plus hypopnoea index [(A+H)I] and there was a prevalence of central apnoeas. The apnoeas occurred while resting but awake and throughout all sleep stages. Only two patients (the ones with the least vital capacity) had episodes of progressive oxygen desaturation during rapid eye movement sleep, similar to those found in other restrictive disorders and in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It is concluded that the breathing pattern characteristic of our myotonic dystrophy patients was the occurrence of central apnoeas both at rest while awake and during sleep.
96 citations
TL;DR: Cardiac and respiratory measures provide quantifiable indications of sleep and waking states over the first 6 months of life in normal infants.
94 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that some properties of birds' sleep make it unique and are a challenge for further study.
89 citations
TL;DR: Sleep-wakefulness rhythms were recorded for at least 5 consecutive days in young adult and old rats and results are consistent with the notion that circadian organization is changed in old age.
Journal Article•
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is found that duration of paradoxical inward rib cage motion during rapid eye movement sleep decreased significantly with age which may be explained by the changes in chest wall compliance and geometry of the rib cage occurring with growth.
Abstract: In neonates, rib cage motion on inspiration during rapid eye movement sleep is almost exclusively paradoxical. We wondered whether or not duration of paradoxical inward rib cage motion on inspiration during rapid eye movement sleep decreases in infancy and early childhood. Thirteen healthy infants from 7 to 31 months of age were tested during natural afternoon naps. Electroencephalogram, electrooculogram and electromyogram were all recorded. Airflow was measured by nasal and buccal thermistors, abdominal and rib cage anteroposterior diameters by magnetometers. Transcutaneous partial pressure of O2 was monitored. Diaphragmatic electromyographic activity was recorded using surface electrodes. The average total sleep time was 138 min ranging from 107 to 186 and rapid eye movement sleep time amounted to 15% of total sleep time ranging from 6 to 25. During rapid eye movement sleep, the total duration of paradoxical inward rib cage motion was measured and expressed as a percentage of rapid eye movement sleep time. We found that duration of paradoxical inward rib cage motion during rapid eye movement sleep decreased significantly with age (r = -0.66, P less than 0.02) which may be explained by the changes in chest wall compliance and geometry of the rib cage occurring with growth. We observed no decrease in transcutaneous partial pressure in O2 during paradoxical inward rib cage motion during rapid eye movement sleep in infants in contrast to that reported in neonates.
TL;DR: The inability of forced activity to disrupt the faithful relationships between DRN discharge, PGO waves, and sleep cycle phase thus provides a new form of correlative evidence consistent with the hypothesis that the DRN is involved in sleep cycle regulation.
Abstract: Brain stem transection studies suggest that pontine neurons play a key role in regulating the mammalian sleep cycle. The serotonin (5-HT) hypothesis originally postulated that pontine 5-HT containing neurons directly initiated and maintained synchronized or NREM sleep and "primed" rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Contrary to the predictions of this hypothesis, single unit recordings from the serotonergic dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) have uniformly shown that DRN discharge rate is positively correlated with behavioral arousal but negatively correlated with both the NREM and REM phases of sleep. These findings required revision of the original 5-HT hypothesis and suggested instead that DRN discharge may influence the maintenance of behavioral arousal and, by ceasing to discharge, may contribute to the generation of NREM and REM sleep. The purpose of this paper was to quantitatively assess the strength of the correlation between DRN discharge, REM sleep, and PGO waves following the experimental perturbations of the sleep cycle. Since forced locomotor activity is known to powerfully alter the timing of sleep and wakefulness, the present experiments used forced activity in an attempt to dissociate DRN discharge from the sleep cycle. It was hypothesized that such dissociations would suggest DRN discharge is not involved in sleep cycle regulation. Contrastingly, preserved correlations would support the hypothesis of a possible causal relationship between DRN discharge, PGO waves activity, and the timing of sleep and wakefulness. Extracellular recordings were obtained from single cells in the DRN of intact, undrugged cats across greater than 300 sleep cycles with durations ranging from about 8 to 80 mins. Forced activity significantly reduced the amount of time spent in wakefulness and increased the number but not the duration of REM sleep epochs. The results revealed that DRN discharge rate was altered as a function of sleep cycle duration. In no case, however, was forced activity able to completely dissociate the characteristic DRN discharge rates from PGO waves or the ultradian sleep cycle. The inability of forced activity to disrupt the faithful relationships between DRN discharge, PGO waves, and sleep cycle phase thus provides a new form of correlative evidence consistent with the hypothesis that the DRN is involved in sleep cycle regulation.
TL;DR: It is suggested that REMSD induces subsensitization of presynaptic dopamine receptors and/or postsynaptic acetylcholine receptors with different characteristics related to the mechanism of action of the cholinomimetic agent employed.
TL;DR: The results suggest that while increased discharge of PRF cells may be instrumental to REM sleep generation, these cells are not cholinergic.
TL;DR: Transcranial cortical stimulation with magnetic pulses was used to investigate motor excitability during sleep in man and responded to stimuli identical to those used in wakefulness.
TL;DR: Whereas the modes of dreaming were quite different within post-stress nights, mood was unproved the next morning in all subjects, and the patterns of subsequent sleep remained unchanged.
Abstract: Previous research has demonstrated that in healthy subjects sit uat ional strain may provoke not only sleep disturbances characteristic of depression (e.g., shortened REM latencies), but also alterations in dream content. Nevertheless, there are some controversial results. The aim or our study was to clarify these inconsistencies by developing a design which might avoid some methodological problems which were present in some of these previous studies. Eleven male subjects slept in the laboratory for 7 consecutive nights. During 1 evenings they saw a stressful and a neutral movie in randomized order. The subsequent nights included REM sleep awakenings for the purpose of dream collections. Whereas the subjects were demonstrably affected by the disturbing films, the patterns of subsequent sleep remained unchanged. In contrast manifest content of the initial dreams were clearly altered. Whereas the modes of dreaming were quite different within post-stress nights, mood was unproved the next morning in all subjects. The results are discussed within the framework of several prevailing concepts about sleep, dreams, and psychological strain.
TL;DR: Eight volunteers wintering in a French coastal station in Antarctica underwent 156 polysomnographic night recordings and found that sleeping time decreased throughout the wintering period in subject S8, the least adapted individual, however, no statistical attempt could be made to link individual differences in sleep patterns and adaptation to life in Antarctica.
Abstract: Eight volunteers wintering in a French coastal station in Antarctica underwent 156 polysomnographic night recordings. The subjects, selected for their usual good sleeping habits, were recorded on 17-21 nights throughout the wintering in sessions of 2 to 3 consecutive nights. A two-way analysis of variance showed that most of the subjects' sleep characteristics were not similar, leading the authors to study the individual time course of sleep variables. As the subjects slept in their own comfortable quarters, there was no "polar insomnia," no first night effect, nor any relationship between sleep pattern variations and climatic changes. In all subjects, delta sleep tended to increase throughout the wintering, whereas stages 1 and 2 decreased. No significant variation was seen in paradoxical sleep (PS), neither between subjects nor with time. PS latency was also within normal range, but it was bimodally distributed in subjects S1, S2, and S8. Some other sleep variables also varied in certain subjects. Such was the case for sleeping time, which decreased throughout the wintering period in subject S8, the least adapted individual. However, due to the limited number of subjects, no statistical attempt could be made to link individual differences in sleep patterns and adaptation to life in Antarctica.
TL;DR: Three positive potentials, one being the so-called EM-antecedent potential and the others being the lambda response, were associated with the waking saccades toward targets and the relationship between those potentials and dreaming is discussed.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the amount of sleep depends on sleep debt and on the level of pain intensity and sleep stages are differentially sensitive to persistent pain.
TL;DR: Neural mechanisms underlying laryngeal abductor activity are sleep state-dependent and appear to be affected more than diaphragmatic mechanisms by baroreceptor stimulation, which was transiently elevated by intravenous infusion of phenylephrine in intact, freely moving cats during sleep and waking states.
TL;DR: Narcolepsy is a syndrome of unknown origin characterized by the irresistible urge to sleep that can be disabling and have profound consequences for job capability, public safety, sense of self-worth, and social image.
TL;DR: In COPD the transition from TREM to PREM is associated with breathing pattern changes and oxygen desaturation, and differences in breathing pattern with PREM onset may be related to different effects of PREM processes on respiratory neurons and diaphragm motor neurons.
Abstract: Oxygen desaturation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) occurs during sleep and is most marked in REM sleep. REM is not a homogeneous state, consisting of phasic REM (PREM) (REMs, myoclonic twitches) and tonic REM (TREM) (muscle atonia, desynchronized electroencephalogram). In normals, onset of PREM produces transient changes in breathing pattern with a decrease in respiratory amplitude and an increase in frequency, which produce reductions in oxygen saturation (SaO2). Because it is reasonable to expect such breathing pattern changes to cause more desaturation in COPD, and because systematic all-night studies of PREM and TREM have not been reported, we studied 18 patients with severe COPD [Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) = 25.7 +/- 3.5 (SEM) % predicted] during sleep and monitored SaO2 and breathing pattern in PREM and TREM. PREM made up 19.7% of total REM (4.6% total sleep time) but was associated with 81.7% of the total REM desaturations of greater than 5% (57.9% of all sleep desaturations of greater than 5%). With PREM onset, breathing pattern changed 72.5% of the time, most often with a transient decrease in amplitude and increase in frequency. Even though 27.5% of PREM was not associated with changes in breathing pattern and many PREM segments were very short, we were still able to show highly significant SaO2 differences between PREM and TREM. Mean TREM SaO2 was 88.0 +/- 1.2%; mean PREM SaO2 was 86.6 +/- 1.4%, with mean nadir SaO2 for individual PREM segments falling to 84.8 +/- 1.5%. Mean awake SaO2 was 89.7 +/- 0.8%. We conclude that in COPD the transition from TREM to PREM is associated with breathing pattern changes and oxygen desaturation. Differences in breathing pattern with PREM onset may be related to different effects of PREM processes on respiratory neurons and diaphragm motor neurons.
TL;DR: Although no young child came to any permanent physical harm, at least five were diagnosed as having the infection while in hospital; campylobacter might thus have been a factor contributing to admission.
Abstract: supports the suggestion that puppies are a possible source ofcampylobacter infection in the 0-5 year age group. Young children have particularly close contact with pets and are therefore more susceptible to faecal-oral spread, and the association between puppies, young children, and diarrhoea is strengthened by the identification of campylobacter and diarrhoeal symptoms in some of the puppies. Although no young child came to any permanent physical harm, at least five were diagnosed as having the infection while in hospital; campylobacter might thus have been a factor contributing to admission. The symptoms of diarrhoea and abdominal pain may be very distressing to both the child and the parent. We suggest that parents should be made aware ofthis association and that if young children are in contact with puppies the need for hygienic precautions should be emphasised.
TL;DR: A case of chronic painful nocturnal penile erection described, where Repeated awakenings led to a degree of REM sleep deprivation.
Abstract: A case of chronic painful nocturnal penile erection is described. Repeated awakenings led to a degree of REM sleep deprivation. Treatment with propanolol was initially successful in alleviating the symptoms, but tolerance to the drug developed rapidly.
TL;DR: Short sleepers showed a shorter sleep latency and a greater amount of stage REM in the 2nd and the 3rd sleep cycle of their baseline sleep record than did long sleepers, which probably affected the occurrence of SOREMPs.
TL;DR: The authors' hypotheses of REM sleep as a neurophysiological indicator of cerebral "plasticity" and of oculomotor frequencies as an indicator of "organization" abilities are discussed in this article.
Abstract: Mentally retarded children present a reduction in percentage of REM sleep and of oculomotor frequencies. These sleep patterns are probably relevant for their cognitive activities. The effects of butoctamide hydrogen succinate and intensive learning sessions on the night sleep of five Down's syndrome patients was studied by the authors. They found an increase in percentage of REM sleep after pharmacological treatment and an increase in oculomotor frequencies after learning sessions. The authors' hypotheses of REM sleep as a neurophysiological indicator of cerebral "plasticity" and of oculomotor frequencies as an indicator of "organization" abilities are discussed in this article. Pedagogical implications and therapeutical perspectives are also outlined.
TL;DR: Sleep and waking stages in cats were studied 8 h following administration of zimeldine and alaproclate, in combination with saline or 5-hydroxy-1-tryptophan (5-HTP), and the effects were potentiated with 5- HTP.
TL;DR: Sleep in peer-reared monkeys was more fragmented, contained less drowsy, more stage 2, less REM, fewer REM periods, and longer interREM intervals than sleep in mother-rearing infants.
Abstract: Nocturnal sleep was recorded for a total of 40 nights by means of totally implantable, multichannel biotelemetry from 11 peer-reared pigtail (Macaca nemestrina) monkey infants (aged 221 +/- 28 days). Fourteen sleep variables were compared to values previously obtained from similar-aged, mother-reared infants living in social groups. Sleep in peer-reared monkeys was more fragmented, contained less drowsy, more stage 2, less REM, fewer REM periods, and longer interREM intervals than sleep in mother-reared infants. It would appear that these effects are not due to a relatively impoverished environment that may accompany peer rearing, as has been reported to be true for rodents, but rather to the disruptive influence of sleeping with a peer in the absence of the organization and control effected by a monkey mother and a social group.