Topic
Rationality
About: Rationality is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 20459 publications have been published within this topic receiving 617787 citations.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the characteristics of these different types of rationality are discussed, as well as the consequences for teacher education of the shift from episteme to phronesis, and a revaluation of practical knowledge is proposed, and an alternative view of the relationship between theory and practice is proposed.
Abstract: During the 20th century, scholarly thinking has been dominated by a strong inequality between theory and practice. Abstract knowledge was considered to be of a higher standing and of more value than concrete skills or the tacit knowledge of good performance. Much of the educational research concentrated on theory formation, both descriptive, for explanation, and prescriptive, for behavioral instructions. Consequently, educationalists in different subjects and professions were confronted with the problem of bridging the gap between theory and practice, a task that never seemed to succeed. During the past few decades, this problem has been analyzed in such different fields as education (Schoen, Fenstermacher), anthropology (Geertz), epistemology (Rorty, Toulmin, Lyotard), and ethics (Nussbaum). In different ways, these scholars developed alternative models of knowledge. For the justification of such alternative models, several authors, especially in the philosophical domain, referred to the classical controversy between Plato's and Aristotle's conceptions of rationality (episteme versus phronesis). In this article, the characteristics of these different types of rationality are discussed, as are the consequences for teacher education of the shift from episteme to phronesis. A revaluation of practical knowledge will be proposed, as well as an alternative view of the relationship between theory and practice.
286 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that human tendency for human beings to be overconfident causes the first bias in investors, and the human desire to avoid regret prompts the second bias, and that these systematic biases have their origins in human psychology.
Abstract: The field of modern financial economics assumes that people behave with extreme rationality, but they do not. Furthermore, people's deviations from rationality are often systematic. Behavioral finance relaxes the traditional assumptions of financial economics by incorporating these observable, systematic, and very human departures from rationality into standard models of financial markets. We highlight two common mistakes investors make: excessive trading and the tendency to disproportionately hold on to losing investments while selling winners. We argue that these systematic biases have their origins in human psychology. The tendency for human beings to be overconfident causes the first bias in investors, and the human desire to avoid regret prompts the second.
286 citations
Book•
01 Jun 2005
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce social representations and the topography of modern Mentality, as well as the Organisation and Structure of Social Representations (OSR) of social representations.
Abstract: Introduction.- Everyday Life, Knowledge and Rationality.- Universes of Everyday Knowledge.- Introducing Social Representations.- The Topography of Modern Mentality.- The Organisation and Structure of Social Representations.- Dynamics of Social Representations.- Discourse, Transmission and the Shared Universe.- Action, Objectification and Social Reality.- Epistemological Aspects of Social Representation Theory.- Methods in Social Representation Research References.- Endnotes.- Index.
286 citations
285 citations
TL;DR: The adoption of new management ideas and practices has become an important and substantial area of study and debate within organizational studies, often under the label of management fads as mentioned in this paper.However, there has been little critical reflection on the range of theoretical approaches used and their problems and possibilities.
Abstract: The adoption of new management ideas and practices has become an important and substantial area of study and debate within organizational studies, often under the label of management fads. However, there has been little critical reflection on the range of theoretical approaches used and their problems and possibilities. Moreover, while there has been some overlap with broader issues of management knowledge and learning, debates and literatures remain largely distinct. By way of an overview and as a way of furthering the existing multi-disciplinarity of debates on learning, this article selectively constructs and assesses six broad perspectives on the adoption of management ideas. Rational views are initially contrasted with various psychodynamic, dramaturgical, political, cultural and institutional approaches. However, it is argued that existing perspectives and classifications tend to be dualistic and either idealize or marginalize managerial rationality. This leads to empirical neglect and the possibili...
285 citations