Topic
Rationality
About: Rationality is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 20459 publications have been published within this topic receiving 617787 citations.
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TL;DR: This work uses a formal model to assess the risk that a particular type of social-epistemic interactions lead agents with initially consistent belief states into inconsistent belief states and investigates the dynamics to which these interactions may give rise in the population as a whole.
Abstract: Both in philosophy and in psychology, human rationality has traditionally been studied from an 'individualistic' perspective. Recently, social epistemologists have drawn attention to the fact that epistemic interactions among agents also give rise to important questions concerning rationality. In previous work, we have used a formal model to assess the risk that a particular type of social-epistemic interactions lead agents with initially consistent belief states into inconsistent belief states. Here, we continue this work by investigating the dynamics to which these interactions may give rise in the population as a whole.
260 citations
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TL;DR: This essay discusses the character of Scientific Change, Productive Reasoning and the Structure of Scientific Research, and Structural Explanations in Social Science.
Abstract: Introductory Essay: Scientific Discovery and the Future of Philosophy of Science.- The Character of Scientific Change.- Discussion of Shapere.- Discovery and Rule-Books.- Discussion of Achinstein.- Analysis as a Method of Discovery During the Scientific Revolution.- The Method of Analysis in Mathematics.- Why Was the Logic of Discovery Abandoned?.- The Rationality of Discovery.- The Logic of Discovery: An Analysis of Three Approaches.- The Logic of Invention.- Scientific Discoveries as Growth of Understanding: The Case of Newton's Gravitation.- The Vanishing Context of Discovery: Newton's Discovery of Gravity.- The Role of Models in Theory Construction.- Can Scientific Constraints Be Violated Rationally?.- Why Philosophers Should Not Despair Of Understanding Scientific Discovery.- Productive Reasoning and the Structure of Scientific Research.- Structural Explanations in Social Science.- Index of Names.- Index of Subjects.
259 citations
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01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this paper, Dore examines how Japanese adjust so successfully to the challenge of shifting world economic conditions, despite the Japanese 'flagrantly flouting all received principles of capitalist rationality'.
Abstract: Professor Ronald Dore examines how, despite the Japanese 'flagrantly flouting all received principles of capitalist rationality', they are able to adjust so successfully to the challenge of shifting world economic conditions. First published in 1986, this title is part of the Bloomsbury Academic Collections series.
259 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss evidence indicating that strategic complementarity and strategic substitutability are decisive determinants of aggregate outcomes, and that violations of individual rationality do not necessarily refute the aggregate predictions of standard economic models that assume full rationality of all agents.
Abstract: There is abundant evidence that many individuals violate the rationality assumptions routinely made in economics. However, powerful evidence also indicates that violations of individual rationality do not necessarily refute the aggregate predictions of standard economic models that assume full rationality of all agents. Thus, a key question is how the interactions between rational and irrational people shape the aggregate outcome in markets and other institutions. We discuss evidence indicating that strategic complementarity and strategic substitutability are decisive determinants of aggregate outcomes. Under strategic complementarity, a small amount of individual irrationality may lead to large deviations from the aggregate predictions of rational models, whereas a minority of rational agents may suffice to generate aggregate outcomes consistent with the predictions of rational models under strategic substitutability.
259 citations
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10 Jul 1987TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the application of knowledge about the expected timewise refinement abilities of reasoning strategies to balance the benefits of additional computation with the costs of acting with a partial result.
Abstract: Although many investigators affirm a desire to build reasoning systems that behave consistently with the axiomatic basis defined by probability theory and utility theory, limited resources for engineering and computation can make a complete normative analysis impossible. We attempt to move discussion beyond the debate over the scope of the problems that can be handled effectively to cases where it is clear that there is insufficient computational or engineering resource to perform an analysis deemed to be complete. Under these conditions, we stress the importance of considering the expected costs and benefits of applying alternative approximation procedures and heuristics for computation and knowledge-acquisition. We discuss bow knowledge about the structure of user utility can be used to control value tradeoffs for tailoring inference to alternative contexts. We finally address the notion of real-time rationality, focusing on the application of knowledge about the expected timewise-refinement abilities of reasoning strategies to balance the benefits of additional computation with the costs of acting with a partial result.
258 citations