Showing papers on "Real image published in 1980"

Determination of size and position of fast moving gas bubbles in liquids by digital 3-D image processing of hologram reconstructions

Abstract: An experimental setup for digital 3-D image processing from hologram reconstructions is described. The real image as obtained upon reconstruction of the hologram with its conjugated reference wave is scanned by a movable image dissector camera without imaging optics and serves as analog 3-D picture input storage to the computer. This scheme has been developed to analyze automatically fast moving bubble fields in liquids recorded by high speed holographic techniques. A computer code has been written combining standard methods like gradient filtering from the field of image processing with specially developed algorithms for speckle noise suppression to locate and count the bubbles in the image volume and to determine their morphological data.

Synthetic formation of defect-free images - by superimposed blurring images of defect on reconstituted multiple perspective images

Abstract: A method and arrangement for tomographic synthetic image formation involve passing light through the object (6) from several positions to form perspective images (11) on a recording medium (10). The images are smapled by placing a lens at the source positions so as to superimpose them on a light sensitive layer, thus recording the visual image. The arrangement is designed to produce a natural locking image without defects. The perspective image is partially overlayed by a blurred image derived from the perspective image and of an intensity corresp. to that of the defect present in the image. The blurred image may be conducted by superimposing several visual images lying in front of and/or behind the layer image. This may involve moving the recording medium, lens and/or light sensitive film along the optical system axis.

Improved techniques for multicolour reflection holograms

Abstract: It is shown that much brighter images are obtained with bleached reflection holograms recorded on separate plates with each of the wavelengths used and put together in register. A further improvement in image luminance is possible if holograms are recorded of a real image of the object projected by an optical system whose effective aperture is limited in the vertical plane by a suitably shaped stop.

Using Digital Terrain Data To Model Image Formation In Remote Sensing

Abstract: Computer-based image analysis requires explicit models of the image-forming process in order to deal with the effects of variations in viewing direction, incident illumination, surface slope and surface material. A fixed illumination, surface material and imaging geometry is incorporated into a single model, called a reflectance map, that allows observed brightness to be written as a function of surface orientation. The reflectance map is used to generate synthetic images from digital terrain models. Synthetic images are used to predict properties of real images. This technique is illustrated using Landsat imagery. Accurate shadow regions are determined from a digital terrain model by calculating which surface elements are visible from the light source. Once shadows are determined, the effect of sky illumination and atmospheric haze is estimated.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Neutron holography using Fresnel zone plate encoding

Abstract: Zone plate shadow casting is a complementary technique to the Leith–Upatnieks modification of Gabor's interferometric method for producing holograms1,2. Suggested originally by Mertz3 in 1961 for use in X-ray astronomy, the technique has received considerable attention in nuclear medicine4 for imaging radioactive organs via emitted X-rays and γ-rays and, more recently, for examining in a tomographic sense the microscopic spatial source distributions of X rays and charged particles in laser-produced plasmas5. A series of simple experiments are described here which demonstrate that zone plate encoded neutron holography can be used to image objects. An object placed in a cold neutron beam from a research reactor scatters neutrons through a Fresnel zone plate, with alternate zones of gadolinium and aluminium, which produces a hologram of the object on an X-ray film. The image is constructed by placing the hologram, linearly reduced in size, in a converging laser beam which produces a real image of the original object. Results are presented for two objects, a pair of 0.01 m diameter rubber spheres and a 0.04 m square Maltese cross made from poly-tetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).

Some Experiments with Mosaic Models for Images

Abstract: Experimental results are presented on some properties of random mosaic models for textures. These observations are compared with the theoretically predicted values. The predictions are also compared with observations on a real Image.

Focal plate in reflex camera

Abstract: PURPOSE:To make focusing faster and easier by aggregating and forming matt surfaces and transmission surfaces in forming the focal plate CONSTITUTION:Ring-form matt surfaces 3 and transmission surfaces 4 centering at an optical axis 2 are alternately and concentrically disposed to form a focal plate 1 Then, when the light entering from a photographing lens 6 is reflected by a reflection mirror 7 and reaches the focal plate 1, the subject image is formed on the matt surfaces 3 where said image is visible In the portions of the transmission surfaces 4, the image is visible as an aerial image Hence, the subject image in the matt surfaces 3 and the aerial real image in the transmission surfaces 4 are visible simultaneously adjacently and from the partial deviations of the subject image in the finder, even an unskilled person can readily know the out-of-focus state and is able to match focus rapidly

Telescope with distance measuring device

Abstract: PURPOSE:To enable distance to be measured with ease by engraving scale within the visual field of the telescope, reading the size of the real image being the target with said scale and inputting the same to a computer which has been built in with necessary data. CONSTITUTION:A computer which has been incorporated with the program of calculating the distance L between the target and the real image from the size Y of the target and the size Y' of the real image measured with a scale 7 and the program of calculating the size Y of the target from the distance L between the target and real image and the size Y' of the real image is provided to part of a lens-barrel 2, whereby the respective calculations may be performed readily and rapidly according to the need of measurement.

Focused, single strand, optical fiber rotational alignment image-sensing and comparing system

Abstract: This system permits the detection of rotational mis-alignment (i.e., twist) of two initially aligned, but separated, members. The two aligned members are linked by a single strand of focused optical fiber which, in combination with other co-acting components of the system, allows the user to detect rotational mis-alignment (i.e., twist) of the members, based upon the phenomenon that a single strand of focused optical fiber is functionally capable of conveying a formed, completed, and real image from one end of the fiber to the other end. Accordingly, one end of the fiber is attached to one member where an image is formed, and that formed image is transmitted to the other end which is attached to the other member where the transmitted image is sensed and compared to what the image should be if the members are still rotationally aligned. If the image that is received at the other end is positionally different (i.e., twisted), then the members are rotationally mis-aligned.

Scattered-light imaging system

Abstract: A system and method of obtaining the maximum amount of information availa in photographs or other objects in which the optical density is far below normal. The system makes use of an unconventional system of illumination combined with conventional projection imaging optics to form a real image of the object using only light scattered by the individual particles which form the object.

Pattern spectroanalysis device

Abstract: PURPOSE:To arrange so that the surfacial temperature, material composition, etc inside a living body and an atomic reactor may easily and safely be spectroanalyzed by combinging an image forming lens, a broad band image fiber, a wave divider and a TV camera CONSTITUTION:The surfacial image of an object to be detected 1 is formed on the tip surface of a broad band image fiber 5 by means of an image forming lens 7 and this image is transmitted to the rear end surface of the broad band image fiber 5 Following this process, said image has its specific wave-length light divided by means of a wave divider and this wave-divided image is sent to a TV camera 4 so that the surfacial image of an object to be detected 1 is projected onto a screen 3 Thus the surfacial status is detected For instance, when the temperature of an object to be detected 1 is detected, the image pattern of an object to be detected 1 can be detected using the prearranged interference filter of the filters 6a, 6b, 6c in view of the fact that a light irradiated from an object to be detected at a certain temperature has a specific spectral distribution

Optical system of singleelens reflex camera

Abstract: PURPOSE:To simplify the constitution of a finder optical system by designing the optical system while associating the both of the photographing lens optical system and finder optical system. CONSTITUTION:The aberration condition of the 1st lens group 1 being the zoom lens system in the photographing lens optical system is so set that its axial chromatic aberrations in its inside becomes correction excess. As a result of this, the light past the 1st lens group 1 is split by an optical path aplitting member 2, is imaged as a primary real image 8 by the objective lens 5 constituting a real image system finder optical system and is further imaged as a secondary real image 9 on a focal plate 9 by the erecting lens system 6 of positive refracting power and at the time when the eye 10 observes the virtual image of the secondary real image 9 through an eyepiece system 7, the correction excess at the 1st group 1 offsets the axial chromatic aberrations occuring in the positive lens elements 5, 6. Hence, the required number of lens elements in the real image system finder system decreases.

Determination of Bubble Size Spectra by Digital Processing of Holograms

Abstract: Bubble fields in water which are recorded on holograms with the help of a pulsed ruby laser are automatically analyzed under control of a computer. The evaluation takes place directly at the real image of the hologram.

Experimental comparison of reduced update Kalman filters and Wiener filters for two-dimensional LMMSE estimation

Abstract: This paper compares the steady-state reduced update Kalman filter to the unrealizable Wiener filter for the two-dimensional LMMSE estimation of imaqes and random fields. The comparison is composed of three parts: experimental MSE performance, subjective quality of the estimates, and computational complexity. The performance comparison is conducted on both real and synthetic image data. The Wiener filters are designed using both estimated power density spectra and the AR models necessary for the Kalman filter. These AR models are determined using 2-D linear prediction techniques on real image data. The computational comparison considers both multiplies and adds as well as amount and type of required memory.

The performance evaluations of the correlations of digital images - using figures of merit

Abstract: The performance of two dimensional correlations applied to a set of images of a scene, each exhibiting a different characteristic of it, is presented. The probability density function for the correlation output is assumed to be Gaussian. Both edge and area correla-tions are used. The Bayes probability of error, Chernoff and Bhattacharyya error bounds and Fisher's criteria are used as figures of merit to characterize the performance of the matching algorithm. Empirical results are given for a set of four images of a scene, i.e., down-looking, target-looking, real and synthetic images. These results show that for real images the target-looking view has better performance than the down-looking view and for synthetic images the down-looking view outperforms the target-looking view.

Composite model of a 3-D image

Abstract: This paper presents a composite model of a moving (3-D) image especially useful for the sequential image processing and encoding A non-linear predictor based on the composite model is described The performance of this predictor is used as a measure of the validity of the model for a real image source The minimization of a total mean square prediction error provides an inequality which determines a condition for the profitable use of the composite model and can serve as a decision device for the selection of the number of subsources within the model The paper also describes statistical properties of the prediction error and contains results of computer simulation of two non-linear predictors in the case of perfect classification between subsources

Color image pickup apparatus

Abstract: PURPOSE:To enable color signals to be obtained with the single solid state image sensing element by letting imaging on the image sensing element be effected by the use of the element forming the images which have caused lateral deviation owing to wavelengths. CONSTITUTION:The image of the object 1 is formed on parallel and equally-spaced slit plates 6 by an objective lens system 4 constituted by condenser lens systems 2, 3 and becomes a real image 5. Of the real image 5, the components having passed through the slit plates 6 are formed on a solid state image sensing element 10 by way of a release lens system 7 and prism 8 and become a real image 9. Since the refractive index of a prism 8 is usually larger for the light of short wavelengths, the angle that the light passing through the prism 8 is bent through refraction becomes larger with the light of shorter wavelengths. As a result, images 9 mutually deviate laterally in the positions differing with wavelengths. In this way, the color signals are obtained in the outputs of the element 10.

Particle Analysis By Digital Processing Of Three-Dimensional Hologram Reconstructions

Abstract: The real image of an "off-axis" hologram recorded with a separate reference beam reproduces the spatial structure of the recorded. objects. The application of this real image as an "analogue 3-D picture storage" to digital image processing has been successfully applied to the computer-controlled analysis of fast moving particle distributions.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Fiberscope for microscope

Abstract: PURPOSE:To miniaturize the titled unit and to improve its operation by connecting a microscope to a monitor system with an image fiber so as to monitor the real image of the microscope. CONSTITUTION:The end surface of an image fiber 6 is connected to the eyepiece 9 of a microscope 1 and the other end surface is connected to a television camera 2. The real image of a substance on the sample stand of microscope 1 is image- formed on one end surface, transmitted through the image fiber 6 and then image- formed on the photoelectric surface 10 of television camera 2. The image is photographed by the televison camera 2 and projected on the screen of a monitor television 3 to monitor it. Since only the one end of light-weighted and miniaturized image fiber 6 is connected to the eyepiece 9 of microscope 1, the unit can be miniaturized without a supporting board and the operation can be improved.

Image speed measuring unit

Abstract: PURPOSE:To simplify a measuring system by detecting the position of the image of an object, which moves continuously, at every prescribed time. CONSTITUTION:Luminescence of light point 1 which moves in parallel with the ground is focused into a real image through focusing lens 2. Semiconductor line sensor S for photoelectric conversion is arranged on the focusing face. Signal processing circuit system 5 to process electric signals generated by photoelectric conversion and driving circuit 6 to supply a required operating voltage to photodetector row and charge transfer part are provided outside silicon substrate 3 of line sensor S. Since semiconductor line sensor S repeats a cycle of storage-transfer-transfer at a fixed period, the moving speed of light point 1 can be measured by obtaining the position of the light point image at every one cycle.

Image pickup apparatus

Abstract: PURPOSE:To increase the brightness of incident light of the film plane or image pickup plane by providing the second lens in the specified position between a short focal length lens and the film plane of the camera or the image pickup plane of the impage pickup tube. CONSTITUTION:Light from the subject 12 enters an objective lens 8 to be made as divergent luminous flux which then enters the second lens 11, by which the virtual image obtained by the objective lens 8 is made to the real image by the second lens 11, thus the enlarged inverted real image is formed on the image pickup plane 6. Now, the diameter D2 of the incident luminous flux of the lens 11 intersecting with its first main plane and the distance l1 from the second main plane of the lens 11 up to the image pickup plane 6 ar so costituted as to satisfy inequality I with respect to the diameter D of the incident luminous flux on the first main plane of the objective lens 8 and the distance l from the second main plane of the lens 8 up to the image pickup plane, whereby the bright subject enlarged image may be obtained.