Showing papers on "Real image published in 1984"

Image Segmentation Techniques

Abstract: There are now a wide Abstract There are now a wide variety of image segmentation techniques, some considered general purpose and some designed for specific classes of images. These techniques can be classified as: measurement space guided spatial clustering, single linkage region growing schemes, hybrid linkage region growing schemes, centroid linkage region growing schemes, spatial clustering schemes, and split-and-merge schemes. In this paper, we define each of the major classes of image segmentation techniques and describe several specific examples of each class of algorithm. We illustrate some of the techniques with examples of segmentations performed on real images.

Night vision instrument with electronic image converter

Abstract: A night vision instrument with an electronic image converter, comprising for example an image intensifier tube or a similar device. This night vision instrument (FIG. 3) may be located beside an ordinary telescope, sight, TV-camera or similar device (6) so that this same device may be used during night time. The combined system (FIG. 3) thus arranged is very compact, with the center of gravity close to the user during handheld operation. The lightgathering objective lens consists moreover of only one mirror (1) and the image emerging on the screen (3) of the electronic image converter is facing the corresponding object being viewed. The image on the screen (3) is finally collimated so that it may pass into the entrance aperture of some other instrument (6) in parallel, and this image transfer is accomplished with three reflections or less and without any intermediate real image.

Infrared image pickup image

Abstract: In an infrared image pickup device, an infrared image signal and a visible image signal are picked up from an object to be photographed, the infrared signal, the visible image signal and/or a visible profile image signal are transmitted in a time-division manner and are separated from each other, and an infrared image, a visible image, a visible profile image, an image obtained by superposing the visible image on the infrared image, and an image obtained by superposing the visible profile image on the infrared image are selectively displayed on different display monitors or a single display monitor in a synchronized manner or on said single display monitor in a separate manner.

Algorithms for Fast Image Registration

Abstract: The automatic determination of local similarity between two images (image registration) is one of the most fundamental problems of image processing and pattern recognition. A class of registration algorithms that are reasonably efficient and robust for translational displacement has been considered to determine relative shift between reference and search images. Stochastic image models defined on a rectangular region of support are used to determine feature vectors associated with reference and search images. A new measure, namely, coefficient of variation, is defined to take into account effects of contrast and sharpness of the images. Based upon this measure, a computationally efficient two-stage algorithm is obtained by combining the image-model based algorithm with a template matching technique. Simulation results with several synthetic and real images are presented to evaluate the performance of the algorithms.

The dependence of the image quality of holographic real images on the reconstruction geometry

Abstract: The effect of changes in plate orientation on the resolution of holographic real images is studied experimentally. Resolution of 64 line pairs per mm was observed in the reconstructed real image from a hologram (NA 0.12, reconstruction beam angle 11 degrees ). Attainment of this performance required alignment of the plate to within 5 minutes of arc. Calculation of the aberration produced by a change in reference beam angle correlated with observed astigmatism and resolution.

Rectification of single and multiple frames of satellite scanner imagery using points and edges as control

Abstract: Rectification of single and overlapping multiple scanner frames produced by such satellite-borne scanners as the LANDSAT MSS was carried out using a newly developed comprehensive parametric model. Tests with both simulated and real image data demonstrate conclusively that this model in general is superior to the widely used polynomial model, and that the simultaneous rectification of overlapping frames using least squares techniques yields a high accuracy than sngle frame rectification due to the inclusion of tie points between the image frames. Used to control, edges or lines, whic are much more likely to be found in images, can replace conventional control points and can easily be implemented into the least squares approach. An efficient algorithm for findng corresponding points in image paris was developed which can be used for determining tie points between image frames and thus increase the ecnomy of the whole rectification procedure.

X-Ray image pick-up device

Abstract: An X-ray image pick-up device includes an X-ray source for radiating X-rays onto an object including a region of interest, an image intensifier for converting to an optical image an X-ray image obtained when the X-rays radiated from the X-ray source are transmitted through the object, an image pick-up camera for converting to an image pick-up signal the optical image which is generated from the image intensifier, and an optical diaphragm arranged between the image intensifier and the image pick-up camera for adjusting an amount of optical image light incident on the image pick-up camera. The X-ray image pick-up device further includes an exposure controller for detecting both the maximum value of image pick-up signals from the pick-up camera and the average value of the image pick-up signals in the region of interest at a time of fluoroscopic examination, for calculating the density resolutions of the output pick-up signals from the image pick-up camera with respect to the various combinations of tube voltages, tube currents and optical diaphragm values, and for determining a tube voltage and a tube current of an X-ray source, along with an optical diaphragm value so as to provide a maximum density resolution which permits the device to always operate under optimal exposure conditions.

Fast light interconnected processor

Abstract: A fast light interconnected processor device for image processing includes an image sensor for producing a line scan signal, a one-dimensional line display for producing a light having an intensity representative of the scan signal and an array of light detectors for producing a two-dimensional convolution of the image with a blurring function performed simultaneously with the scanning of the image scene The image sensor is, for example, a thermal imager (forward looking infrared system) which outputs electrical signals representative of thermal energy emanating from a scene The one-dimensional line display is, for example, a one-dimensional array of light emitting diodes which converts the electrical signals of the thermal image to a light image And the array of light detectors is, for example, an array of charge transfer devices positioned to receive the light image and produce the two-dimensional convolution of the image with a blurring function performed simultaneously with the scanning of the image scene for a contrast map A zero crossing detector may be connected to the light detector array for producing an outline of the image Also, the one-dimensional line display may be positioned as to the detector array to provide an in-focus image for an automatic low frequency gain leveling device for controlling the incoming signal dynamic range to match the display dynamic range

Device for remote viewing

Abstract: A device for observing pictures of an object is proposed which has an image transmission line (11) fortransmitting an image, an optical system (10) for forming the image of the object at the front end of the image transmission line (11), a reflex mirror (2) for reflecting the light from the object and directing it toward the optical system (10), a flexible cable (3) accommodating the image transmission line (11), and an image receiving means (14) provided at the other end of the image transmission line for observing the image transmitted, the image transmission line (11) having an image fiber comprising a bundle of picture element fibers.

Natural Color Holographic Stereograms By Superimposing Three Rainbow Holograms

Abstract: A single-wavelength laser and a set of color-separated, black-and-white, two-dimensional photographs are used to produce three holographic stereograms, each containing a lightness scale corresponding to an appropriate concentration of the original primary color. The real images are individually projected and exposed onto a single holographic emulsion. This hologram, when reconstructed in white light, produces the overlapping spectra of three rainbow holograms. In image areas of equal density, these superimposed spectra create a shade of gray proportional to their combined intensities. All mixtures of colors and tones are found in other image areas. Detailed studies of the primary-color, viewing zones reveal misalignments and curvatures due to chromatic, spherical aberrations. The resulting color misregistration limits image depth to a few centimeters. However, within a restricted viewing area, three-dimensional images do appear in full natural color.

Geometric Modeling With Image Plane Integral (IPI) Holography

Abstract: Holography has long been considered to be an ideal method of visually presenting three-dimensional data which has been either experimentally acquired or mathematically calculated with a preconceived form in mind. Unfortunately, holograms have not had the image quality and accuracy to gain scientific acceptability outside the field of interferometric analysis. This paper will describe the use of an advanced composite holographic technique to give a clear, autostereoscopic image of a computer designed automotive part and a computer graphics concept of a molecule. The holograms were manufactured using Image Plane Integral (IPI) holography on an Argon laser printer designed and built by the author. The final holograms exhibited bright, achromatic, real images with high resolution and a minimum amount of controllable distortion. Additionally, because the IPI method uses a 35mm microfilmstrip for input, it could be universally applied as a hard copy format for presentation of almost any type of three-dimensional data base.

Flexible detection optics for light scattering

Abstract: We have designed and built a compact, modular apparatus for the collection, viewing, and detection of scattered light for less than $1200, based on a commercially available optical bench. The novelty of our instrument is that it has the flexibility of modular design while allowing the user to see exactly what is happening: both the real image of the sample and the spatial coherence of the scattered light can be examined. There is built‐in control over polarization, filtering, magnification, and other parameters.

Light measurement device for single lens reflex camera

Abstract: In the disclosed apparatus, a photographic optical system passes light to an image plane on which a film or other sensor is to be arranged, and an optical member between the optical system and the image plane allows light from the optical system to pass while it directs light from the image plane toward a light sensor. The light sensor is outside of the light path from the optical system to the image plane.

Wide angle lens for picking up image

Abstract: PURPOSE:To enlarge the incident picture angle of an image fiber, by forming the real image of an object just before the end face of the image fiber by means of the 1st lens, and then, forming the image on the end face of the image fiber by means of the 2nd lens. CONSTITUTION:The image of an object is formed on the end face 10a of an image fiber 10 by means of a lens 1 in an image pickup system for an optical system having a small image receiving section, such as, an image fiber. In this case, in the first place, the real image l2 is formed by the lens 1 and the virtual image l1 is formed by a lens 3, and then, the real image with respect to the virtual image l1 is formed on the end face 10a of the image fiber 10. With such an arrangement, it is not necessary to make the focal length of the lens 1 shorter and, since the real image l2 (virtual image when looked from the lens 2) is sufficiently small, it is neither necessary to make the focal length of the lens 2 to be used for forming the image on the end face of the image fiber shorter.

Area measuring device

Abstract: PURPOSE:To improve accuracy, by forming the real image of an object, converting the intensity of light into an electric signal, quantizing the sensor output of the real image of a boundary line between the object and the background into multiple values, storing the result, and computing an area by using the number of picture elements. CONSTITUTION:The real image of a material 1 is formed at the position of one- dimensional array sensor 5 by a lens system 4 wherein a camera 3 is included. The output of the one-dimensional array sensor 5 is converted into multiple values by a multiple converting circuit 15. When the continued region of picture elements having quantized values other than 0 is sufficiently small in a stain removing circuit 16, the values are converted into 0. The picture with multiple values of the entire surface of the material 1 is stored in a multiple-value-picture memory device 17. A group of the picture elements having the continuous quantized values other than 0 is cut out by a continuous- region cutting out circuit 18. The picture element values within the continuous region, which are not passed when a contour line is traced, are converted into the maximum value in a circuit 19, which makes the inner values constant. The picture element values within the continuous region are all added in a multiple-value adding circuit 20. Then the output 21 of the highly accurate measured area is outputted.

Rearward monitor for vehicle

Abstract: PURPOSE:To enable to maintain a rearward field of vision easily and reliably, by a method wherein an object lens provided on the rear end of a vehicle is connected through optical fiber with a projection lens and a screen on which an image from the projection lens is projected is provided within a car room. CONSTITUTION:A substance in the rear of a vehicle is grasped by an object lens 2b which forcuses the substance into a real image on an end face of optical fiber 3. Then image of the substance transmitting within the optical fiber 3 and arriving at a projection lens 5b is reproduced as the real image on a screen 9 provided within a car room through reflectors 7 and 8 from the projection lens 5b.

Differential Rectification of SLR Images Using Map-Derived and Radar-Generated Digital Elevation Models

Abstract: : A multi-step approach to rectify radar images geometrically and radiometrically is presented. The method uses digital elevation models (DEMs) and an image simulator to establish the relation between radar image coordinates and ortho image locations. The simulation serves to create a synthetic gray value image similar in its geometry to the real radar image, associating with each image pixel a backscatter value dependent on the incidence angle and a DEM address. Correlation between simulated and real and real image results in a relation between radar backscatter values and DEM addresses and produces an ortho-image in an additional step. Stereo-derived and map-derived elevation models were used to demonstrate the rectification process for air- and spaceborne radar images. (Author)

Projection Optical System and Optical Scanning Apparatus Comprising a Plurality of Projection Optical Systems

Abstract: A projection optical system for projecting an enlarged image of an object including an optical fiber lens array and convex and concave lenses arranged in object and image spaces, respectively of the optical fiber lens array. The optical fiber lens array and convex and concave lenses are so arranged that a conjugated image of the object with respect to the convex lens and a conjugate image of the enlarged image with respect to the concave lens are formed at such positions that conditions of the optical fiber lens array necessary for projecting an erecting real image of unit magnification are satisfied. When the convex and concave lenses are arranged in the image and object spaces of the optical fiber lens array, a reduced image of the object is projected. An optical scanning apparatus is formed by arranging a plurality of projection optical systems side by side to form a long continuous scanning line.

Stereoscopic image projecting method

Abstract: PURPOSE:To project an image of a planar structure as a natural stereoscopic image by projecting real images to a left and a right eye and a complementary- color image alternately and periodically CONSTITUTION:An odd left-eye image field 1 and an even left-eye image field 3 constitute one left-eye image photodetected by the left eye, and an odd right-eye image field 2 and an even right-eye image field 4 constitute one right-eye image photodetected by the right eye The left and right-eye images have a parallax and a one-frame image consists of four fields The respective fields are projected at intervals of 1/60sec and projected repeatedly in the order of the fields 1, 2, 3, and 4 Each field is fractionized into specific sections and consists of fine square areas 5; real images are formed in alternate areas 5, and complementary-color images are formed in the other alternate areas 5

Device for nondestructive radiographic testing with X-rays or gamma rays

Abstract: In this device, consisting of an image converter (6) with an input and an output screen (5 and 9) for converting the X-ray or gamma-ray image on the input screen (5) into an image within the band of wavelengths of approximately the visible light on the output screen (9) and a camera (12), arranged in the beam path behind the output screen (9), for the direct recording of the image on the output screen (9), the image quality is improved by the fact that the camera is a television camera and at least one manipulating means (24) for focusing the electron beam of the television camera (12) onto its recording plane (16) and one manipulating means (25) for adjusting the contrast gain are brought outside through an opening (26) in the camera housing (27), where they are arranged and can be operated in an operating panel (28)

Time reversal and vector phase conjugation

Abstract: The time-reversal of a monochromatic, electromagnetic-wave field is accomplished by applying a conjugate-unitary operatort to the positive time-frequency boundary fields. This produces, in general, a «directional splitting» corresponding to the evanescent and homogeneous components of the wave field. If we denote byf0 andf b those components of a boundary field ƒ which generate these respective components, then this splitting is best expressed by the relation (D z f) t =D z * ft0+B z * f tb , where «t» is the time-reversal operator,Dz is the diffraction operator (D z * the adjoint) andBz the unitary operator which propagates the homogenous wave field. This generalizes a previous relation which we used to explain the pseudoscopic real image of holography. We apply these results to our previously obtained general solution to diffraction by a perfectly conducting plane screen of arbitrary configuration. We prove that, when such a screen is placed between a radiation source and an ideal-phase conjugate mirror, the screen can become «invisible». That is, the radiation reflected back from the phase-conjugate mirror is the same whether or not the screen is present. We prove that this result holds for any ideal, reversible, additive scatterer. This invisibility is sometimes referred to as «distortion correction».

Producing an animated image.

Abstract: A deformable screen (1), e.g. of foam rubber, bears an image surface (3), e.g. a white plastics sheet bonded to it. A TV camera (71) views the image surface (3). A character (11) may be drawn on the image surface (3). An operator can deform the image surface and so animate the image produced by the camera. A slit (5) in the image surface (3) is fitted with a mitten (9) extending through a hole (7) in the screen. By manipulation of the mitten (9) in the manner of a glove puppet, the slit (5) can act as a mouth for the drawn character (11). Apparent eyeball movement can be provided by mounting elements (13) for the pupils spaced in front of the image surface (3) so that sideways movement of the image surface (3) relative to the camera (71) results in apparent movement of the pupils relative to the drawn character (11) as seen from the camera (71). The screen (1) may be movably mounted in a surround unit (37) which provides an independent light environment for the image surface (3). The camera (71) may be a black-and-white one, and its output combined with output from a colour camera to give a colour image signal.

Device for scanning image originals

Abstract: A device for scanning roll films is provided with projection optics, with a projection screen and with a rotating prism, provided between the projection optics and the screen, for rotating the image of the image original. A carrier for an opto-electronic image scanning device can be adjusted by means of the rotating prism via geared means in such a manner that the opto-electronically scanned film image processed as a video signal is adjusted in the same manner as the film image which is projected by purely optical means.

Method of lensless, no-aperture, one-step rainbow holography : theory, practice and applications

Abstract: We introduce an innovative modification in the technique for making rainbow holograms based upon synthesization of a modulation equivalent to a slit in the object wave. Such a simulation of the slit function is achieved by imparting a suitable in-plane motion to the diffusing background of the object transparency. It is shown that the plane of localization of the synthesized aperture can be positioned anywhere with respect to the object by using a properly shaped illuminating wave. Thus, the object itself rather than its real image is directly responsible for the rainbow hologram formation making the imaging lens unnecessary. A converging or a diverging spherical wave is used to illuminate the object transparency backed by a ground glass. The image reconstruction takes place in accordance with the conventional rainbow holographic process, with the synthesized aperture occupying the plane of convergence or divergence of the object wave as the case may be. We present a theoretical analysis of this novel met...

Method for offset/deep printing conversion

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for offset/deep printing conversion, the raster image being transformed by Fourier transformation into the local frequency space, the local frequencies corresponding to the raster being filtered out in a narrow band fashion, and the local frequency spectrum thereby produced being transformed back into a real image This method facilitates conversion to a non-raster image with minimum loss of image sharpness