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Showing papers on "Realism published in 1986"


Book
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: Waltz as discussed by the authors proposed a theory of world politics based on structural realism and Neorealism, which he called "structural realism and beyond" and "the richness of the tradition of political realism".
Abstract: 1. Realism, Neorealism and the Study of World Politics, by Robert O. Keohane2. Laws and Theories, by Kenneth N. Waltz3. Reductionist and Systemic Theories, by Kenneth N. Waltz4. Political Structures, by Kenneth N. Waltz5. Anarchic Orders and Balances of Power, by Kenneth N. Waltz6. Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis, by John Gerard Ruggie7. Theory of World Politics: Structural Realism and Beyond, by Robert O. Keohane8. Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory, by Robert W. Cox9. The Poverty of Neorealism, by Richard K. Ashley10. The Richness of the Tradition of Political Realism, by Robert G. Gilpin11. Reflections on Theory of International Politics: A Response to My Critics, by Kenneth N. Waltz

927 citations


Book
01 Jan 1986

289 citations



Book
10 Apr 1986
TL;DR: In this article, a defence of a form of realism which stands closest to that upheld by the Nyaya-Vaisesika school in classical India is presented, and the authors present a novel approach based on realism.
Abstract: This book is a defence of a form of realism which stands closest to that upheld by the Nyaya-Vaisesika school in classical India.

190 citations


Book
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: The authors introduce a form of scientific realism that promises to do justice to the actual history and practice of science while avoiding the sterile and basically absurd, logic-chopping of traditional philosophy.
Abstract: Provocative and controversial introduces a form of scientific realism that promises to do justice to the actual history and practice of science while avoiding the sterile and basically absurd, logic-chopping of traditional philosophy' Times Literary Supplement

180 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The concept of magic realism was first introduced in the context of American painting in the mid-1950s as mentioned in this paper, and it was used in the work of Gabriel Garcia Marquez in the 1960s.
Abstract: The concept of "magic realism" raises many problems, both theoretical and historical. I first encountered it in the context of American painting in the mid-1950s; at about the same time, Angel Flores published an influential article (in English) in which the term was applied to the work of Borges;' but Alejo Carpentier's conception of the real maravilloso at once seemed to offer a related or alternative conception, while his own work and that of Miguel Angel Asturias seemed to demand an enlargement of its application.2 Finally, with the novels of Gabriel Garcia Marquez in the 1960s, a whole new realm of magic realism opened up whose exact relations to preceding theory and novelistic practice remained undetermined. These conceptual problems emerge most clearly when one juxtaposes the notion of magic realism with competing or overlapping terms. In the beginning, for instance, it was not clear how it was to be distinguished from that vaster category generally simply called fantastic literature; at this point, what is presumably at issue is a certain type of narrative or representation to be distinguished from realism. Carpentier, however, explicitly staged his version as a more authentic Latin American realization of what in the more reified European context took the form of surrealism: his emphasis would seem to have been on a certain poetic transfiguration of the object world itself-not so much a fantastic narrative, then, as a metamorphosis in perception and in things perceived (my own discussion, below, will retain some affiliations with this acceptation). In Garcia Marquez, finally, these two tendencies seemed to achieve a new kind of synthesis-a transfigured object world in which fantastic events

140 citations


Book
Tang Tsou1
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: Tsou, one of the country's senior and most widely respected China scholars, has for more than a generation been producing timely and deeply informed essays on Chinese politics as it develops as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: "Tsou, one of the country's senior and most widely respected China scholars, has for more than a generation been producing timely and deeply informed essays on Chinese politics as it develops. Eight of these (from a wide variety of sources) are gathered here with a substantial new introduction. Tsou considers events not simply from the point of view of a widely read political scientist (even political philosopher) and a concerned Chinese, but also in the light of history, the dynamics of Marxism-Leninism, individual personalities, and humane realism." Charles W. Hayford, "Library Journal""

99 citations


Book
30 Apr 1986
TL;DR: Varieties of Realism argues that it is not possible to represent the layout of objects and surfaces in space outside the dictates of formal visual geometry, the geometry of natural perspective, as true varieties of realism.
Abstract: Varieties of Realism argues that it is not possible to represent the layout of objects and surfaces in space outside the dictates of formal visual geometry, the geometry of natural perspective. The book examines most of the world's coherent representational art styles, both in terms of the geometry of their creation and in terms of their perceptual effects on the viewer. A lucid exposition of modern geometrical principles and relations, accessible to the nonmathematical reader, is followed by an analysis of all known styles as variants of natural perspective, as true varieties of realism. Delineating the physical and mechanical constraints that determine the act of visual representation in painting and drawing, the author traces the intimate relations among seemingly distant styles and considers the kind of perceptual information about the world each can carry. Margaret Hagen is a perceptual psychologist with an ecological point of view. Her rigorous but readable presentation of visual theory and research offers provocative new insights into the connections among vision, geometry, and art.

90 citations



Book
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: The paradigm of medicine Empiricism and realism, two opposing trends in medical thinking, and the ethical dimension of medical decisions.
Abstract: The paradigm of medicine Empiricism and realism: A philosophical problem Empiricism and realism: Two opposing trends in medical thinking The mechanical model Causality in medicine The disease classification: An indispensable tool Probability and belief The naturalistic approach to psychiatry Hermeneutics: The nature of man in a wider perspective Medicine and sociology Psychoanalysis: Natural science or hermeneutics? Medical ethics as a philosophical discipline The ethical dimension of medical decisions The mind and the body

80 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the theory of international relations, the work of Giddens et al. as discussed by the authors argues that realism neglected the impact of modernization upon the structure of world politics and the conduct of foreign policy, leading to a more systematic consideration of Marxist analyses of dominance and dependence in the world economy.
Abstract: In recent years, the critique of historical materialism elaborated in many foundational works in the theory of international politics has been advanced with renewed vigour in sociological interpretations of Marxism. It is ironic, however, that at the very moment when contemporary sociologists accuse historical materialism of failing to consider the impact of war and diplomacy upon social structure and historical change, the case for the partial rehabilitation of Marxism should be advanced with increasing frequency in the theory of international relations. Aware no doubt of the continuing vulnerability of historical materialism to the realist critique, few writers have ventured so far as to suggest that an unreconstructed Marxism possesses the resources to develop a superior account of international relations. But a growing literature does maintain that traditional arguments against Marxism obscured the extent to which historical materialism could respond with an equally powerful critique of realism and make a distinctive contribution to the construction of a perspective which went significantly beyond it.1 In the light of these developments, there is much to be said for the kind of debate or dialogue between advocates of realist and Marxist theories of world politics which Kubalkova and Cruickshank call for in their most recent publication.2 The appearance of their second work on Marxism and the theory of international politics and the publication of Giddens' new book on the nation-state and violence (which is an expression of the increased attention to international politics in contemporary sociology) enable us to begin to anticipate the likely outcome of that dialogue. Both works contribute to a pronounced tendency within recent sociology and the theory of international relations to deny, implicitly or explicitly, that either Marxism or realism can generate a complete account of world politics. For this literature, the realization of such an account entails the selection of a different theoretical strategy: one that is committed to absorbing the strengths of realism and Marxism within a new perspective which involves quite simply their simultaneous transcendence.3 In the theory of international relations, the re-emergence of liberal political economy, with its claim that realism neglected the impact of modernization upon the structure of world politics and the conduct of foreign policy, inevitably paved the way for the more systematic consideration of Marxist analyses of dominance and dependence in the world economy. Although early formulations of the liberal perspective displayed a degree of ambivalence towards historical materialism,4 they made it necessary to pose what has since become a crucial question in the theory of

Book
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: This book discusses Relativism as a Transcendental Issue, the nature and strategies ofrelativism, and Scepticism, Foundationalism, and Pragmatism.
Abstract: Preface Acknowledgements Prologue: A Sense of the Issue Introduction Part One: The Defence and Application of Relativism Chapter 1: The Nature and Strategies of Relativism Chapter 2: Historicism and Universalism Chapter 3: Objectivism and Relativism Chapter 4: Rationality and Realism Chapter 5: Relativism and Realism Part Two: Foundations and the Recovery of Pragmatism Chapter 6: The Legitimation of Realism Chapter 7: Pragmatism without Foundations Chapter 8: A Sense of Rapprochement between Analytic and Continental Philosophy Chapter 9: Cognitive Issues in the Realist/Idealist Dispute Chapter 10: Scepticism, Foundationalism, and Pragmatism Chapter 11: Scientific Realism as a Transcendental Issue.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The F-twist is giving way to the methodology of scientific research programs as discussed by the authors, and it retains its popularity among economists who want no truck with methodology, but among the increasing number of able economists who are writing on methodology, not so much because these writers have decided it is false, as because something better has finally come along.
Abstract: The F-twist is giving way to the methodology of scientific research programs. Milton Friedman's “Methodology for Economics” is being supplanted as the orthodox rationale for neoclassical economics by Imre Lakatos' account of scientific respectability. Friedman's instrumentalist thesis that theories are to be judged by the confirmation of their consequences and not the realism of their assumptions has long been widely endorsed by economists, under Paul Samuelson's catchy rubric “the F-twist.” It retains its popularity among economists who want no truck with methodology, but among the increasing number of able economists who are writing on methodology the F-twist has been surrendered, not so much because these writers have decided it is false, as because something better has finally come along.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Brecht's theory and practice have had a strong influence on the British theatre, dating from the first visit of the Berliner Ensemble in 1956 and the English publication in 1964 of John Willett's compilation of the theoretical writings, Brecht On Theatre as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Bertolt Brecht's theory and practice have had a strong influence on the British theatre, dating from the first visit of the Berliner Ensemble in 1956 and the English publication in 1964 of John Willett's compilation of the theoretical writings, Brecht On Theatre. Political theatre practice in England had benefited from the socialist movement as well as the impact of the Beveridge Report on the arts. Following Beveridge's mandated university grants, educated working-class men and women had found their theatrical voices in playwrights such as Shelagh Delaney, John Osborne, and Arnold Wesker. The continuing search for a political form and technique led to Brecht who, in shaping a dramaturgy specifically suited to social critique, provided a path beyond social realism to the epic theatre. Brechtian techniques provided a methodology for embedding a materialist critique within the theatrical medium. Political theatre requires the ability to isolate and manifest certain ideas and relationships that make ideology visible, in contrast with the styles of realism and naturalism, wherein ideology is hidden or covert. Brecht's theorization of the social gest, epic structure, and alienation effect provides the means to reveal material relations as the basis of social reality, to foreground and examine ideologically-determined beliefs and unconscious habitual perceptions, and to make visible those signs inscribed on the body which distinguish social behavior in relation to class, gender, and history. For feminists, Brechtian techniques offer a way to examine the material conditions of gender behavior (how they are internalized, opposed, and changed) and their interaction with other socio-political factors such as class.


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In considering the question of rationality, one could hardly do better than begin with the splendidly helpful paper that Steven Lukes published some fifteen years ago, which assembles many of the most important alternative conceptions in the anthropological and sociological literature but which is nearly entirely wrong about the theoretical constraints on rationality itself.
Abstract: In considering the question of rationality, one could hardly do better than begin with the splendidly helpful paper that Steven Lukes published some fifteen years ago — which assembles many of the most important alternative conceptions in the anthropological and sociological literature but which is nearly entirely wrong about the theoretical constraints on rationality itself;1 or, turn to the quite opposed but genuinely searching attempt to relativize the question in accord with the influential program of the sociology of knowledge, offered recently by Barry Barnes and David Bloor — which, nevertheless, is utterly preposterous.2 Luke’s paper errs instructively, because, although it raises the essential issues (which it would be a misfortune to lose a grip on), it draws all the wrong conclusions by a series of non sequiturs. The reason, in part at least, undoubtedly lies with Lukes’s strong opposition to all forms of cognitive relativism.3

Book
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of the 20th century literature in the English language: the novel 1900-1930, post-war 1940-1956, modernism and post-modernism, recent and contemporary.
Abstract: Part 1 The novel 1900-1930. Part 2 In the Thirties: between the acts - politics and literature in the 1930s new realism and the "mild Left" fantasy, Marxism and class satire and the Right Wing politics and beyond. Part 3 War and post-war 1940-1956: the wartime scene no directions innocence and experience good and evil dream worlds self-condemned conclusion - the death of the heart. Part 4 Recent and contemporary - the novel since the 1950s: "The angry decade" beyond fifties realism chronicles lost empire new women the ineluctable shadow old conflicts and new syntheses contemporary Gothic conclusion. Part 5 Modernism and post-modernism - the experimental novel since 1930: the autonomy of language literary reflections the game of mirrors the French connection free narrative Postscript - "English" fiction in the 20th century.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors contrast two opposed conceptions of modal phenomena: existential realism and antirealism, and argue that the existential realist with respect to universals holds that there really are such things as universals, and may add that the role said by some to be played by them is in fact played by entities of some other sort.
Abstract: Necessary and contingent propositions, objects with accidental and essential properties, possible worlds, individual essences-these are the phenomena of modality I shall contrast two opposed conceptions of modal phenomena1; one of them, as I see it, is properly thought of as modal realism; the other is modal reductionism 'Modal realism', as I use the term, has nothing to do with whether certain sentences or propositions have truth values; it has equally little to do with the question whether it is possible that our most cherished theories should in fact be false I speak rather of existential realism and antirealism2 The existential realist with respect to universals, for example, holds that there really are such things as universals; the antirealist holds that there are no such things, and may add that the role said by some to be played by them is in fact played by entities of some other sort The existential realist with respect to socalled theoretical entities in science-quarks or chromosomes, sayclaims that there really are things with at least roughly the properties scientists say such things have; the antirealist denies this In the first part of this paper, I shall sketch a version of modal realism; in the second I shall outline and briefly explain modal reductionism My chief example of reductionism will be the important modal theory of David Lewis: I shall argue that Lewis is a modal realist and/or a realist about possible worlds in approximately the sense in which William of Ockham is a realist about universals: namely, not at all

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider the implications of an ethnographic genre of realism and suggest that the current predicament of ethnography is to have purveyed a particular form of realism without awareness of the representational conventions with which it has done this, and foresee some reactions to any new awareness.
Abstract: This essay considers, from the vantage point of critical theory, some of the implications of an ethnographic genre of realism. Following Raymond Williams's discussion of the contemporary meanings of 'realism' in terms of attitudes towards the world and toward representations of it, I suggest that the current predicament of ethnography is to have purveyed a particular form of realism without awareness of the representational conventions with which it has done this, and foresee some reactions to any new awareness. To pursue this, I interpret Williams's discussion of the meanings of realism in the light of Benjamin's and Lukacs's critiques of ideology in literary discourse. Then I discuss two recent analyses of ethnography as a genre, and suggest that ethnographic realism has developed in the specific sense of a reifying and critically impotent naturalism, and that as a scientific discourse this has paralleled literary realism rather as an inversion or a negation of it. The implicit concern of the two recent...




Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that debates that draw on the policy making paradigm have been defended as both more realistic and more debatable than alternatives, and that conflict between the values of debatabilistic debates and debatable alternatives has been highlighted.
Abstract: Perspectives for evaluating debates that draw on the policy making paradigm have been defended as both more realistic and more debatable than alternatives. Conflict between the values of debatabili...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examines the generally neglected place of Lorenz von Stein in the paradigmatic bifurcation of social theory during the nineteenth century and proposes a fundamentally reformist political strategy in which the state guides the distribution of economic resources in a form that would prevent the class polarization envisioned by Marx.
Abstract: This paper examines the generally neglected place of Lorenz von Stein in the paradigmatic bifurcation of social theory during the nineteenth century. As a student of Hegel who rejected the idealist approach of his teacher, von Stein anticipated the major arguments of historical materialism; but, unlike Marx, he did not postulate axl inexorable proletarian revolution which would ultimately resolve societal contradictions. Instead, he proposed a fundamentally reformist political strategy in which the state guides the distribution of economic resources in a form that would prevent the class polarization envisioned by Marx. While von Stein is little known by contemporary social scientists in the English literature, he has been recognized in Europe beyond his time as a theorist and as a governmental consultant whose ideas became materialized in social reforms, offering a 'political realism' that was designed to prevent the consequences seen by hIarx in the development of capitalism, as well as to avoid the fallacies of the liberal belief in free and unregulated pursuit of individual self-interests.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: The role of the three types of theoretical entities represented by these examples are significantly different from one another, and that an examination of each will shed considerable light on Kant's philosophy of science as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Absolute space, pure earth, and fundamental forces of attraction and repulsion are among the theoretical entities invoked by Kant in his discussion of scientific and proto-scientific practice I call them theoretical entities just in the sense that they are not directly accessible to observation but are employed by natural philosophers in order to facilitate description, explanation, and prediction Absolute space, pure earth, and the fundamental forces share that much in common with one another Furthermore, some role for each of the three is said by Kant to be legitimate and contributory to the development of science; no one of the three is dismissed as useless I shall argue, however, that the roles of the three types of theoretical entity represented by these examples are significantly different from one another, and that an examination of each will shed considerable light on Kant’s philosophy of science The most important results to emerge will show that Kant’s views on scientific realism and his views on scientific methodology are absolutely inseparable His position, properly understood, has a great deal of strength and plausibility Both realists and anti-realists involved in the current debates can learn something from it



Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: The authors argue that the production of observation reports entails the interactive stabilisation of three elements: material experimental practice, instrumental modelling of that practice, and phenomenal modelling of the material world, and point instead to an anticorrespondence realism which requires a constructivist analysis of scientific practice for its full articulation.
Abstract: Contemporary philosophical debate on realism revolves around the interpretation of theories well confirmed by experiment. This paper seeks to rebalance the debate by focussing attention upon experimental practice itself. It argues that the production of observation reports entails the interactive stabilisation of three elements: material experimental practice, instrumental modelling of that practice, and phenomenal modelling of the material world. The entanglement of these three elements is exemplified in a historical case study. Such entanglements block correspondence realism and point, instead, to an anticorrespondence realism which requires a constructivist analysis of scientific practice for its full articulation.