Showing papers on "Realism published in 1991"

Thinking Through Cultures: Expeditions in Cultural Psychology

Abstract: Introduction: The Astonishment of Anthropology Part 1: Ideal of a Polytheistic Nature 1. Post-Nietzschean Anthropology: The Ideal of Multiple Objective Worlds 2. Cultural Psychology: What Is It? Part 2: Are People the Same Wherever You Go? 3. Does the Concept of the Person Vary Cross-Culturally? with Edmund J. Bourne 4. The Social Construction of the Person: How Is It Possible? with Joan G. Miller 5. Determinations of Meaning: Discourse and Moral Socialization with Nancy C. Much 6. Menstrual Pollution, Soul Loss, and the Comparative Study of Emotions Part III: Experiments in Criticism 7. Rethinking Culture and Personality Theory 8. Suffering in Style: On Arthur Kleinman 9. How to Look at Medusa without Turning to Stone: On Gananath Obeyesekere Conclusion: Artful Realism Notes References Acknowledgments Index

The ethnographic imagination: textual constructions of reality

Abstract: First published in 1990, The Ethnographic Imagination explores how sociologists use literary and rhetorical conventions to convey their findings and arguments, and to 'persuade' their colleagues and students of the authenticity of their accounts. Looking at selected sociological texts in the light of contemporary social theory, the author analyses how their arguments are constructed and illustrated, and gives many new insights into the literary convention of realism and factual accounts.

Realism in Research

Abstract: Disputes in educational research over the past few decades have resulted in part from an inadequate conception of the nature of science itself. Developments in the philosophy of science have led to a new understanding–scientific realism–that has promise of resolving many longstanding dilemmas. At the core of the "standard view" of science is the incorrect Humean notion of causation, which has had devastating effects on research in the social sciences. An adequate notion of causation may provide a framework for research that is at once scientific, that incorporates the perceptions and intentions of participants, and that advances critical values such as social justice.

Security in Anarchy: Utopian Realism in Theory and Practice

Abstract: Realism-the view that war is inescapable in a system where sovereign states compete for power and advantage to one another's detriment-still dominates thinking about international relations. Ken Booth argues that, as world politics continue to surprise us, a worldview in which war is seen as a rational policy choice is unacceptable. It is too soon in history to conclude that the international system is necessarily a 'war system'. As states become less important in what has been called the 'new medievalism', he arguesfor decentralizing power evenfurther towards a global civil society and a global community of communities. He quotes Oscar Wilde: 'A map of the world that does not include Utopia is not even worth glancing at.'

From Puritanism to Postmodernism: A History of American Literature

Abstract: Part 1 The literature of British America: the puritan legacy awakening and enlightenment. Part 2 From colonial outpost to cultural province: revolution and (in)depedence American naissance yea-saying and nay-saying. Part 3 Native and cosmopolitan crosscurrents - from local colour to realism and naturalism: secession and loyalty muckrakers and early moderns. Part 4 Modernism in the American grain: outland darts and homemade worlds the second flowering radical reassessments strange realities, adequate fictions.

American Fiction in the Cold War

Abstract: We tried as hard as we could to believe that politics might be idyl, only to discover that what we took to be a political pastoral was really a grim military campaign or a murderous betrayal of political allies. Thus Lionel Trilling summarized the experience of an entire generation of American liberal intellectuals who had watched with mounting disbelief and disillusion the rise of totalitarianism in the 1950s. In this book, the author makes it clear that Trilling's summary was in itself a mythic reconstruction, a prominent example of the way liberals came to terms with their own political past. Schaub's book analyzes their efforts to reshape an ""old"" liberalism alleged to hold naively optimistic views of human nature, scientific reason, and social progress into a ""new"", skeptical liberalism that recognized the persistence of human evil, the fragility of reason, and the ambiguity of moral decision. These liberal reassessments of history, politics, human nature, and distiny - what Schaub calls the ""liberal narrative"" - mediated the critical and imaginative production of the literary community after World War II. Schaub shows that the elements of this narrative in American history, political philosophy, and social criticism during the Cold War era. His analysis of the dominant critical communities of the '40s - led by critics such as Lionel Trilling and Irving Howe, Cleanth Brooks, and Allen Tates - recovers the political meanings embedded within their debates over the nature of literary realism, the definition of the novel, and speculations on its ""death"". In the second part of this study, Schaub turns to Ralph Ellison, Flannery O'Connor, Norman Mailer, and John Barth. His readings of their fictions isolate the political and cultural content of works often faulted for their apparent efforts to transcend social history.

Realism in mathematics

Abstract: Realism: Pre-theoretic realism Realism in philosophy Realism and truth Realism in mathematics Perception and intuition: What is the question? Perception Intuition Godelian Platonism Numbers: What numbers could not be Numbers as properties Frege numbers Axioms: Reals and sets of reals Axiomization Open problems Competing theories The challenge Monism and beyond: Monism Field's nominalism Structuralism.

The Radical Future of Realism: Feminist Subversions of IR Theory

Abstract: Zillah Eisenstein, to whom we owe some credit for the title of this piece, argues in The Radical Future of Liberal Feminism that the patriarchal roots of liberalism and the state inhibit the claims and goals of liberal feminism, which depends upon these constructs even as it seeks to critique them. She goes on to make the case, however, that precisely because of this contradiction, liberal feminism has a "'potentially' subversive quality,"1 or "radical future," as it seeks reforms and redress from the liberal state, which, ultimately, "cannot abide women's actual equality with men."2 She concludes that

The limits of realism : Chinese fiction in the revolutionary period

Abstract: Chinese intellectuals of the early twentieth century were attracted to realism primarily as a tool for social regeneration. Realism encouraged writers to adopt the stance of the independent cultural critic and drew into the compass of serious literature the disenfranchised "others" of Chinese society. As historical pressures forced new ideological commitments in the late twenties and thirties, however, writers grew suspicious both of the "individualism" implicit in the realist model and of the often superficial nature of the sympathies that their fiction evoked in the middle class. Anderson argues that realism must be defined negatively as a "discourse of limitations" and is of minimal utility in the Chinese search for political and cultural empowerment. He shows how hesitations about the realist model affect the fiction of four representative authors, Lu Xun, Ye Shaojun, Mao Dun, and Zhang Tianyi. He also considers the demise of critical realism in the face of a new collectivist understanding of Chinese reality.

Realism about what

Abstract: Preanalytically, we are all scientific realists. But both philosophers and scientists become uncomfortable when forced into analysis. In the case of scientists, this discomfort often arises from practical difficulties in setting out a carefully described set of objects which adequately account for the phenomena with which they are concerned. This paper offers a set of representative examples of these difficulties for contemporary physicists. These examples challenge the traditional realist vision of mature scientific activity as struggling toward an ontologically well-defined world picture. They challenge antirealist alternatives as well.

From Mythic to Linear: Time in Children's Literature

Abstract: Now available in paperback! In this radically new approach to text typology, Maria Nikolajeva examines the depiction of time in literature for children. Nikolajeva identifies a continuum of texts ranging from those that depict non-linear time, typical of archaic, or mythical, thought, to those that express linearity, typical of contemporary mainstream literature. The author argues that literature is a deconstruction, a displacement, of myth, and that it depicts a symbolic coming-of-age process rather than a strictly representational reflection of a concrete "reality." The texts are categorized by the degree to which the coming-of-age process is accomplished; the movement is from an initial condition of primary harmony (Arcadia, Paradise, Utopia) through different stages toward either a successful or a failed passage. From Mythic to Linear is a broad study, encompassing a number of children's novels from different epochs and countries: Scandinavian, British, American, Canadian, Australian, South African, and East European. The international character contributes a better knowledge of children's literature from different parts of the world-widening the horizons of children's literature research too often confined to one particular country. Nikolajeva's unique approach allows her to disregard the traditional, and some would argue obsolete, division of children's novels into realism and fantasy. With its unique approach and broad international scope, From Mythic to Linear will be of interest to all those interested in children's literature and in comparative literature in general. Includes bibliography and footnotes.

The necessity argument

Abstract: Jerrold Katz and Paul Postal (this issue) present three positive arguments for their 'Realist', non-psychological conception of linguistics. One of these, the Necessity Argument, is based on considerations that are special to semantics. Unfortunately, the version of the argument given in the text is flawed, and can be quite misleading. Although there is a modified version of the argument for which a qualified measure of success can be claimed, its significance for advancing 'Realism' and undermining 'Con ceptualism' seems to me to be highly restricted. Moreover, getting clear about what is, and what is not, established by this argument is useful in illustrating that there are defensible conceptions of linguistics which do not fit neatly into either the category of Chomskian Conceptualism or that of Katz-Postal Realism. The Necessity Argument given in the text by Katz and Postal is based on the observation that a semantic theory for a natural language must issue in claims of the sort illustrated by (1) and (2).

Children's Iconic Realism: Object Versus Property Realism

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the phenomenon of iconic realism in children, which is a real phenomenon; although by 3 years of age it is relatively weak. Nonetheless, in the children who evidence it, the phenomenon appears to be robust and resistant to counterevidence, at least as this knowledge bears on physical properties. The phenomenon appears to be related to knowledge of object properties that is most likely acquired through commerce with the world and by way of instruction. Thus, iconic realism is a type of property realism rather than a kind of object realism. Children at the ages tested appear to distinguish real from represented objects without difficulty, but they apparently do not distinguish between some real and represented properties.

Truth and Objectivity

Abstract: Part 1 Ontology: the scientific point of view the ontology of science scientific realism and empiricism. Part 2 Truth: the programme of analysis the bearers of truth redundancy theories. Part 3 Epistemology: naturalistic truth and epistemic evaluation the problem of induction realism and epistemic naturalism.

Rebecca Harding Davis and American Realism

Abstract: From the late 1860s until her death in 1910, Rebecca Harding Davis was one of the best-known writers in America. She broke into print as a young woman in the 1860s with "Life in the Iron Mills," which established her as one of the pioneers of American realism. She developed a literary theory of the "commonplace" nearly two decades before William Dean Howels shaped his own version of the concept. Yet, in spite of her importance to the literary and popular culture of her time, she has been, for the most part, ignored by scholars. Rebecca Harding Davis and American Realism helps to change that.

The Cambridge Companion to Marx

Abstract: List of contributors Chronology 1. Reading Marx: life and works Terrell Carver 2. Critical reception: Marx then and now Paul Thomas 3. Social and political theory: class, state, revolution Richard W. Miller 4. Science: realism, criticism, history James Farr 5. History: critique and irony Terence Ball 6. Moral philosophy: the critique of capitalism and the problem of ideology Jeffrey Reiman 7. Political philosophy: Marx and radical democracy Alan Gilbert 8. Reproduction and the materialist conception of history: a feminist critique Susan Himmelweit 9. Gender: biology, nature, and capitalism Jeff Hearn 10. Aesthetics: liberating the senses William Adams 11. Logic: dialectic and contradiction Lawrence Wilde 12. History of philosophy: the metaphysics of substance in Marx Scott Meikle 13. Religion: illusions and liberation Denys Turner Bibliography Index.

Realism, relativism, and constructivism

Abstract: This paper gives a critical evaluation of the philosophical presuppositions and implications of two current schools in the sociology of knowledge: the Strong Programme of Bloor and Barnes; and the Constructivism of Latour and Knorr-Cetina. Bloor's arguments for his externalist symmetry thesis (i.e., scientific beliefs must always be explained by social factors) are found to be incoherent or inconclusive. At best, they suggest a Weak Programme of the sociology of science: when theoretical preferences in a scientific community, SC, are first internally explained by appealing to the evidence, e, and the standards or values, V, accepted in SC, then a sociologist may sometimes step in to explain why e and V were accepted in SC. Latour's story about the ‘social construction’ of facts in scientific laboratories is found to be misleading or incredible. The idea that scientific reality is an artifact turns out to have some interesting affinities with classical pragmatism, instrumentalism, phenomenology, and internal realism. However, the constructivist account of theoretical entities in terms of negotiation and social consensus is less plausible than the alternative realist story which explains consensus by the preexistence of mind-independent real entities. The author concludes that critical scientific realism, developed with the concept of truthlikeness, is compatible with the thesis that scientific beliefs or knowledge claims may be relative to various types of cognitive and practical interests. However, the realist denies, with good reasons, the stronger type of relativism which takes reality and truth to be relative to persons, groups, or social interests.

In defense of southern fundamentalism

Abstract: In debate over the truth or falsity of folk psychology (henceforth, FP, a notation which also will go proxy for 'folk psychological'), the most influential players tend to line up on the U.S. coasts: friends of FP, like Jerry Fodor and William Lycan, on the East; foes, like Paul Churchland, Patricia Churchland, and Stephen Stich until recently, on the W e s t . 1 There are important voices in other locales and periodic geographic shifts among the principals, but by and large gravity seems to pull east or west. 2 This is unfortunate, we believe, for the proper perspective lies in unexplored Southern states, and in a faith in FP that borders on the evangelical. It's time for gravitational pull to Dixie? It's time, in short, for Southern Fundamentalism.

Conceiving the body: realism and medicine in Middlemarch:

Abstract: ’It was like &dquo;assisting at the creation a universe formed out of nothing!&dquo;&dquo; According to her partner, the philosopher and biologist George Henry Lewes, this remark pleased George Eliot above all other early comments on Middlemarch.2 The speaker was her real-life surgeon, Sir James Paget, and he refers to her creation of the fictional surgeon Tertius Lydgate, one of the novel’s two

Retreats from realism in recent English drama

Abstract: Illustrations 1. Introduction 2. Staging England 3. Shakespeare Left and Righted 4. Diversities of verse 5. Theatre framing theatre 6. Splitting images of the mind 7. Fictional histories 8. Bibliography 9. Index of plays and playwrights

Jerome Frank and the Legacy of Legal Realism

Abstract: It is a rather sad fact that jurisprudence, for those who follow the subject, has always been a name-game. Mention a movement positivism, utilitarianism, Scandinavian realism, whatever and, more often than not, certain core representatives of that movement can, as if automatically, be summoned to mind. In Britain, the core representatives of the movement which we call American legal realism are commonly considered to be Karl Llewellyn and Jerome Frank. Llewellyn's work has without doubt made its mark on British legal scholarship.1 To assert the same of Frank, however, would be rather more contentious. From his first formal introduction into British jurisprudence, Frank was characterized as the prime representative of the radical tendency in American legal realism the realist who turned his back on legal rules and declared them to be well nigh valueless.2 This characterization became official, as it were, with the publication of Hart's The Concept of Law in 1961. Distinguishing formalism and realist rule-scepticism, Hart criticizes the rule-sceptics for focusing only on the function of rules in judicial decisions and ignoring those secondary rules which confer judicial and legislative power.3 Hart considered Frank's work to be illustrative of the sceptical tradition in American legal realism,4 though Frank himself distinguished scepticism as to rules and scepticism as to facts, declaring himselfas we shall see to be a factsceptic. An unfortunate consequence of Hart's formalism-scepticism distinction, and his citation of Frank as an exemplary sceptic, I would argue, is that Frank's jurisprudence has come primarily to be conceived as a critical

The Reification-Realism-Positivism Controversy in Macromarketing: A Philosopher's View

Abstract: This article attempts to sort out the strands in the realism debate. Positivism is shown not to be realistic, and realism, properly understood, is defended. Overall, the standard empirical method i...

Reflections of Realism: Paradox, Norm, and Ideology in Nineteenth-century German Prose

Abstract: Spend your time even for only few minutes to read a book. Reading a book will never reduce and waste your time to be useless. Reading, for some people become a need that is to do every day such as spending time for eating. Now, what about you? Do you like to read a book? Now, we will show you a new book enPDFd reflections of realism paradox norm and ideology in nineteenth century german prose that can be a new way to explore the knowledge. When reading this book, you can get one thing to always remember in every reading time, even step by step.