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Showing papers on "Realism published in 1999"


Book
28 Oct 1999
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce Critical Realism and the limits to critical social science Ethics, and discuss the importance of space and space in social science and space and social theory.
Abstract: PART ONE: INTRODUCING CRITICAL REALISM Introduction Key Features of Critical Realism in Practice A Brief Introduction PART TWO: POSTMODERN-REALIST ENCOUNTERS Introduction Realism for Sceptics Postmodernism and the Three 'PoMo' Flips Essentialism, Social Constructionism and Beyond PART THREE: Social Science and Space Introduction Space and Social Theory Geohistorical Explanation and Problems of Narrative PART FOUR: CRITICAL REALISM: FROM CRITIQUE TO NORMATIVE THEORY Introduction Critical Realism and the Limits to Critical Social Science Ethics Unbound For a Normative Turn in Social Theory

2,637 citations


Book
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: Tutu as mentioned in this paper put forward a bold spirituality that recognizes the horrors people can inflict upon one another and yet retains a sense of idealism and realism about reconciliation, and shared profound lessons of forgiveness from his own life and from the people of South Africa.
Abstract: Nobel Peace Prize recipient Archbishop Desmond Tutu shares profound lessons of forgiveness from his own life and from the people of South Africa. He puts forward a bold spirituality that recognizes the horrors people can inflict upon one another and yet retains a sense of idealism and realism about reconciliation.

1,731 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Realism, the oldest and most prominent theoretical paradigm in international relations, is in trouble as discussed by the authors, and the problem is not lack of interest, but the lack of empirical support for simple realist predictions, such as recurrent balancing; or the absence of plausible realist explanations of certain salient phenomena.
Abstract: Realism, the oldest and most prominent theoretical paradigm in international relations, is in trouble. The problem is not lack of interest. Realism remains the primary or alternative theory in virtually every major book and article addressing general theories of world politics, particularly in security affairs. Controversies between neorealism and its critics continue to dominate international relations theory debates. Nor is the problem realism’s purported inability to make point predictions. Many speciac realist theories are testable, and there remains much global conoict about which realism offers powerful insights. Nor is the problem the lack of empirical support for simple realist predictions, such as recurrent balancing; or the absence of plausible realist explanations of certain salient phenomena, such as the Cold War, the “end of history,”1or systemic change in general. Research programs advance, after all, by the reanement and improvement of previous theories to account for anomalies. There can be little doubt that realist theories rightfully retain a salient position in international relations theory.

537 citations


Book
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: Realism, Science, and Society References, Indexes, and references can be found in this article, where the Varieties of Realism of Ontology, Semantics, Epistemology, Theory Construction, and Internal Realism are discussed.
Abstract: 1 The Varieties of Realism 2 Realism in Ontology 3 Realism in Semantics 4 Realism in Epistemology 5 Realism in Theory Construction 6 Realism in Methodology 7 Internal Realism 8 8 Relativism 9 Social Constructivism 10 Realism, Science, and Society References, Indexes

420 citations


Book
06 Aug 1999
TL;DR: This book differs from other recent collections in two ways: it is more explicitly integrative and analytical, centering on issues of general significance such as pluralism and realism about species, and draws on a broader range of disciplines.
Abstract: The concept of species has played a central role in both evolutionary biology and the philosophy of biology, and has been the focus of a number of books in recent years. This book differs from other recent collections in two ways. It is more explicitly integrative and analytical, centering on issues of general significance such as pluralism and realism about species. It also draws on a broader range of disciplines and brings neglected cognitive, anthropological, and historical dimensions to philosophical debates over species. The chapters are organized around five themes: unity, integration, and pluralism; species realism; historical dimensions; cognitive underpinnings; and practical import. The contributors include prominent researchers from anthropology, botany, developmental psychology, the philosophy of biology and science, protozoology, and zoology. Contributors: Scott Atran, Richard Boyd, Kevin de Queiroz, John Dupr, Marc Ereshefsky, Paul E. Griffiths, David L. Hull, Frank C. Keil, Brent D. Mishler, David L. Nanney, Daniel C. Richardson, Kim Sterelny, Robert A. Wilson

393 citations


Book
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the relationship between narrative and scientific knowledge in the context of management and organization, and discuss the absence of plot in organization studies and the importance of narrative in detective stories.
Abstract: 1. Management and Organization 2. The Narrative in Organization Studies 3. Combining Narrative and Scientific Knowledge 4. Realism in the Novel and Social Sciences 5. On the Absence of Plot in Organization Studies 6. Organization Studies and Detective Stories 7. Polyphony in Organization Studies 8. References

384 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that the realist-neoliberal disagreement over conoict is not about its extent but about whether it is unnecessary, given states' goals, and distinguish between the offensive and defensive variants of realism.
Abstract: The study of conoict and cooperation has been an enduring task of scholars, with the most recent arguments being between realists and neoliberal institutionalists.1 Most students of the subject believe that realists argue that international politics is characterized by great conoict and that institutions play only a small role. They also believe that neoliberals claim that cooperation is more extensive, in large part because institutions are potent. I do not think that this formulation of the debate is correct. In the arst section of this article, I argue that the realist-neoliberal disagreement over conoict is not about its extent but about whether it is unnecessary, given states’ goals. In this context we cannot treat realism as monolithic, but must distinguish between the offensive and defensive variants.2 In the second section, I explain

336 citations


01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors address the issue of scientific paradigms in marketing research and present an overview of a "rapprochement" model suggested for network research by Borch and Arthur (1995) which attempts to integrate objective and subjective research.
Abstract: This paper addresses the issue of scientific paradigms in marketing research. It begins with an overview of a 'rapprochement' model suggested for network research by Borch and Arthur ( 1995) which attempts to integrate objective and subjective research. We argue that their two-dimensional approach that separates the objective, positivist dimension and the subjective, interpretative dimension could be extended to include the realism paradigm. Characteristics of that paradigm are described and its appropriateness for case study research is established.

270 citations


Book
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the importance of IR as an academic subject, and discuss the issues in IR and its relation to liberalism and international political economy, as well as its application in international political debate.
Abstract: 1. Why Study IR? 2. IR as an Academic Subject 3. Realism 4. Liberalism and International Society 5. International Political Economy 6. Methodological Debates 7. New Issues in IR

248 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 1999

129 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Constructivism in the study of world politics is little more than a decade old, yet in that short time it has risen to challenge realism and liberalism as a leading approach in international relations.
Abstract: Constructivism in the study of world politics is little more than a decade old, yet in that short time it has risen to challenge realism and liberalism as a leading approach in international relations. Its ascent has been dramatic. One prominent theorist recently suggested that constructivism has now replaced Marxism as the main paradigmatic rival to realism and liberalism. While this particular judgment might be debated—other scholars may wish to defend the continued relevance of a revived Marxist or socialist approach, for example—the fact remains that constructivism has reshaped many core debates in international relations theory.

Book
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: The authors showed that the codes most closely identified with realism were actually the invention of sentimentality, although Balzac and Stendhal trivialized sentimental works by associating them with "frivolous" women writers and readers.
Abstract: The nineteenth-century French novel has long been seen as the heroic production of great men, who confronted in their works the social consequences of the French Revolution, it is true that French realism, as developed by Balzac and Stendhal, was one of the most influential novelistic forms invented. Margaret Cohen, however, challenges the traditional account of the genesis of realism by returning Balzac and Stendhal to the forgotten novelistic contexts of their time. Reconstructing a key formative period for the novel, she shows how realist codes emerged in a "hostile takeover" of a prestigious contemporary sentimental practice of the novel, which was dominated by women writers. Cohen draws on impressive archival research to demonstrate that the codes most closely identified with realism were actually the invention of sentimentality, although Balzac and Stendhal trivialized sentimental works by associating them with "frivolous" women writers and readers.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article pointed out that the main stream Romantic criticism was not criticism at all, but the application of literary/aesthetic criteria to a period of literary history that that period had itself generated: "the scholarship and criticism of Romanticism and its works are dominated by a Romantic Ideology, by an uncritical absorption in Romanticism's own self-representations."
Abstract: In The Romantic Ideology, Jerome McGann famously proclaimed that the criticism of literary Romanticism (that of M. H. Abrams in particular) was more concerned with promulgating the worldview of its topic than subjecting it to rigorous critique. For McGann, main stream Romantic criticism was not criticism at all, but the application of literary/aesthetic criteria to a period of literary history that that period had itself generated: "the scholarship and criticism of Romanticism and its works are dominated by a Romantic Ideology, by an uncritical absorption in Romanticism's own self-representations."2 I want to bor row McGann's terms, if not his entire methodology, to make some similar inquiries into the criticism of First World War poetry. I see a comparable genealogy operating within this critical discourse: the mainstream criticism of First World War poetry, most conspicuously Paul Fussell's The Great War and Modern Memory, has formed itself around a certain set of aesthetic and ethical principles that it garners from its own subject.3 In other words, the scholarship in question does not so much criticize the poetry which forms its subject as replicate the poetry's ideology. I see this ideology primarily in two forms: an aesthetic criterion of realism and an ethical criterion of a humanism of passivity. Further more, these criteria are combined by both the poets and their critics to create an ideology of what I term "combat gnosticism," the belief that combat represents a qualitatively separate order of experience that is difficult if not impossible to communicate to any who have not under gone an identical experience. Such an ideology has served both to limit severely the canon of texts that mainstream First World War criticism has seen as legitimate war writing and has simultaneously promoted war literature's status as a discrete body of work with almost no relation to non-war writing. The critical tradition that I identify as mainstream and dominant is

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the tendency of dominant groups unthinkingly to universalize their own values and practices can be traced to the fact that many feminists have appeared inclined to criticize almost any practice of generalizing, a development that has proven problematic for feminist epistemological and emancipatory projects.
Abstract: Feminists have drawn attention to, and rightly criticized, the tendency of dominant groups unthinkingly to universalize their own values and practices. In so doing, however, many feminists have appeared inclined to criticize almost any practice of generalizing, a development that has proven problematic for feminist epistemological and emancipatory projects. Such considerations invite a questioning of how, if at all, the general and the particular are, or might legitimately be, combined in any context. The argument here is that addressing this sort of question can benefit from a more explicit attention to ontology than is to be found in much of the feminist literature. Illustrations of how ontology can make a difference are developed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, Prestige and the origins of war: returning to realism's roots, the authors focus on the role of prestige in the creation of war and its origins in the history of the modern world.
Abstract: (1999). Prestige and the origins of war: Returning to realism's roots. Security Studies: Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 126-172.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors make a compelling case that it is only naive realism that feminist social scientists and philosophers need to avoid, not any and all realist arguments, leaving mysterious why so many feminists have preferred epistemological to ontological arguments and, on the other hand, why naive realism can appear to be a good scientific/epistemic strategy.
Abstract: Tony Lawson makes a compelling case that it is only naive realism that feminist social scientists and philosophers need to avoid, not any and all realist arguments. However, he leaves mysterious, on the one hand, why so many feminists have preferred epistemological to ontological arguments and, on the other hand, why naive realism, which is indeed problematic, can appear to be a good scientific/epistemic strategy. The essay below tries to demystify these phenomena, notes a possible misleading aspect of his use of the term "epistemological relativism", and argues for a somewhat more limited value of the ontological argument he proposes for standpoint epistemologies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The role that ideology played in the Cold War has been extensively discussed by scholars as mentioned in this paper, but no consensus is likely to emerge, and even if all the archives are eventually opened, the new evidence will not provide full vindication for either realism or an ideology-based approach.
Abstract: Western scholars have long disagreed about the role that ideology played in the Cold War. The release of crucial documentation from the former East-bloc archives has shed new light on this question, but no consensus is likely to emerge. Even if all the archives are eventually opened, the new evidence will not—and cannot—provide full vindication for either realism or an ideology-based approach. A key task for scholars will be to reexamine the broad and often unspoken assumptions on which specific US and Soviet policies were based.

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: This article reviewed four problematic rhetorical balancing strategies in relativism before turning to the contribution of critical realism, exposing positivist psychology's pretensions to model itself on what it imagines the natural sciences to be, and grounding discursive accounts of mentation in social practices.
Abstract: Relativism in psychology unravels the truth claims and oppressive practices of the discipline, but simply relativizing psychological knowledge has not been sufficient to comprehend and combat the discipline as part of the ‘psy-complex’. For that, a balanced review of the contribution and problems of relativism needs to work dialectically, and so this chapter reviews four problematic rhetorical balancing strategies in relativism before turning to the contribution of critical realism. Critical realism exposes positivist psychology’s pretensions to model itself on what it imagines the natural sciences to be, and it grounds discursive accounts of mentation in social practices. The problem is that those sympathetic to mainstream psychology are also appealing to ‘realism’ to warrant it as a science and to discredit critical research which situates psychological phenomena. Our use of critical realism calls for an account of how psychological facts are socially constructed within present social arrangements and for an analysis of the underlying historical conditions that gave rise to the ‘psy-complex’. Only by understanding how the discipline of psychology reproduces notions of individuality and human nature, a critical realist endeavour, will it be possible to transform it, and to socially construct it as something different.

Book
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: The author explains how Wittgensteinian Instrumentalism transformed into Realism and how Deductivism versus Psychologism changed the nature of realism from a positive to a negative perspective.
Abstract: Preface. Part I: REALISM Chapter 1: Explanation, Description and Scientific Realism Chapter 2: The Myth of Astronomical Instrumentalism Chapter 3: The Ultimate Argument for Scientific Realism Chapter 4: Wittgensteinian Instrumentalism Chapter 5: Realism Versus Constructive Empiricism Chapter 6: Realism and Idealisation Chapter 7: Unreal Assumptions in Economic Theory: The F-twist untwisted Chapter 8: NOA's Ark - Fine For Realism Chapter 9: Conceptual Idealism and Stove's Gem Chapter 10: The T-Scheme Plus Epistemic Truth Equals Idealism Part II: RATIONALISM Chapter 11: Falsification and its Critics Chapter 12: Logical versus Historical Theories of Confirmation Chapter 13: Facts and Values in Science Studies Chapter 14: Deductivism versus Psychologism Chapter 15: Deductive Heuristics Chapter 16: Critical Rationalism References Index of names

Book ChapterDOI
01 Oct 1999
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the implications of models for the epistemology of scientific knowledge, and discuss how models provide theories with genuine empirical content, by filling in the abstract descriptions afforded by theory, hence making it possible to apply theories to natural phenomena.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION The theme of this book is reflected in the slogan ‘scientific models mediate between theory and the real world’. It is a theme with, at least, two aspects. One aspect is methodological. Model building is a pervasive feature of the methodology (or methodologies) employed by scientists to arrive at theoretical representations of real systems, and to manipulate reality. Many of the contributors to this book engage with the methodological issues, and they all agree that the activity of model building is central to scientific practice. The methodological implications of the slogan are clear: much of scientific practice, perhaps the totality of it, would be impossible without models. Another aspect of the theme relates to issues such as the nature of explanation, the form of scientific confirmation and the debate over scientific realism. These are traditional philosophical issues, and in this paper I concentrate on one of them: models provide theories with genuine empirical content, by ‘filling in’ the abstract descriptions afforded by theory, hence making it possible to apply theories to natural phenomena. How do models perform this role? What are the consequences for the realism issue? The focus of this paper is on the implications of models for the epistemology of scientific knowledge.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the appeal to emergence is merely a disguised regression into reification and the only genuine path out of these antinomies is the adoption of a fully hermeneutic social theory in line with the positions of Winch and Gadamer.
Abstract: From the publication of The Possibility of Naturalism, Bhaskar’s critical naturalism or realism has argued for a dualistic social ontology of interpreting individuals and objective, ‘real’ social structures. In arguing for a dualistic ontology, Bhaskar commits himself to two antinomies; he insists that society is dependent on individuals but also independent of them, and that social action is always intentional but it also has non-intentional, material features. These antinomies are apparently resolved by appeals to emergence. In fact, the appeal to emergence is merely a disguised regression into reification and the only genuine path out of these antinomies is the adoption of a fully hermeneutic social theory in line with the positions of Winch and Gadamer.

Book
01 Sep 1999
TL;DR: In this article, Gutkin brings together work on the subject of Soviet aesthetic ideology to argue that socialist realism encompassed a philosophical world view that marked thinking in the Soviet Union on all levels, political, social, and linguistic.
Abstract: In this text, Irina Gutkin brings together work on the subject of Soviet aesthetic ideology to argue that socialist realism encompassed a philosophical world view that marked thinking in the Soviet Union on all levels, political, social, and linguistic. Using a wealth of diverse cultural material, the book traces the emergence of central operative in socialist realist theory and praxis from Symbolism to pre- and post- revolutionary Futurism, through the 1920s and 1930s. Rich in both cultural and philosophical analysis, this book should appeal to Russian scholars and historians, as well as the general reader.

BookDOI
TL;DR: The "Socialist Realism without Shores" survey as mentioned in this paper offers an international perspective on the aesthetics of socialist realism, an aesthetic that, contrary to expectations, survived the death of its originators and the demise of its original domain.
Abstract: "Socialist Realism without Shores" offers an international perspective on the aesthetics of socialist realism - an aesthetic that, contrary to expectations, survived the death of its originators and the demise of its original domain. This expanded edition of a special issue of the "South Atlantic Quarterly" brings together scholars from various parts of the globe to discuss socialist realism as it appears across genres in art, architecture, film, and literature and across geographic divides - from the 'centre,' Russia, to various points at the 'periphery' - China, Germany, France, Poland, remote republics of the former USSR, and the United States.The contributors argue that socialist realism has never been a monolithic art form and demonstrate, among other things, that its literature could accommodate psychoanalytic criticism; that its art and architecture could affect the aesthetic dictates of Moscow that made 'Soviet' art paradoxically heterogeneous; and that its aesthetics could accommodate both high art and crafted kitsch. "Socialist Realism without Shores" also addresses the critical discourse provoked by socialist realism - Stalinist aesthetics, 'anthropological' readings; ideology critique and censorship; and the sublimely ironic approaches adapted from sots art, the Soviet version of postmodernism. The contributors include: Antoine Baudin, Svetlana Boym, Greg Castillo, Katerina Clark, Evgeny Dobrenko, Boris Groys, Hans Gunther, Julia Hell, Leonid Heller, Mikhail Iampolski, Thomas Lahusen, Regine Robin, Yuri Slezkine, Lily Wiatrowski Phillips, Xudong Zhang, and Sergei Zimovets.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that it is coherent to believe that science can in principle give us access to the functional components of the universe as they are in themselves in distinction from how they appear to us on the basis of our quotidian concerns or sensory capacities.
Abstract: Against Davidsonian (or deflationary) realism, it is argued that it is coherent to believe that science can in principle give us access to the functional components of the universe as they are in themselves in distinction from how they appear to us on the basis of our quotidian concerns or sensory capacities. The first section presents the deflationary realist's argument against independence. The second section then shows that, although Heidegger pioneered the deflationary realist account of the everyday, he sought to establish a robust realist account of science. Next, the third section develops two different sides of Heidegger's thinking. Resources developed by Thomas Kuhn are drawn on to work out Heidegger's account of plural worlds. This argument shows that it makes sense to talk about things-in-themselves independent of our practices, but falls short of the robust realist claim that we can have access to things as they are in themselves independent of our practices. So, secondly, Saul Kripke's accoun...

Book
15 Sep 1999
TL;DR: A History of Russian Literature as discussed by the authors covers the beginning of Russian fiction, the Age of Classicism, the age of Gogol, and the poets, journalists, novelists, and playwrights of the epoch of Realism.
Abstract: Russian literature has always been inseparable from Russian history. D. S. Mirsky constantly keeps in mind the ever-colorful and ever-changing aspects of the one in discussing the other. Sound in judgment, luminescent, and exquisitely written, Mirsky's book is essential reading for anyone interested in one of the world's great literatures. "A History of Russian Literature" covers the beginning of Russian fiction, the Age of Classicism, the Age of Gogol, and the poets, journalists, novelists, and playwrights of the Age of Realism.


01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: In this article, Desch's survey and critique of the new cultural literature in security studies is a welcome addition to the debate about the potential contributions of this research program to the problem of explaining state behavior in the realm of international relations.
Abstract: Michael Desch’s survey and critique of the new cultural literature in security studies is a welcome addition to the debate about the potential contributions of this research program to the problem of explaining state behavior in the realm of international relations.1 At a minimum, his article should prompt culturalists to make greater efforts to deane their terms as well as to clarify what they have in common and how their individual approaches differ. Nevertheless, Desch’s analysis is marred by six oaws that undermine his contention that “the best case that can be made for these new cultural theories is that they are sometimes useful as a supplement to realist theories” (p. 142). First, Desch mischaracterizes the issues at stake in the debate between realism and culturalism. He repeatedly describes the crucial question as “whether these new theories merely supplement realist theories or actually threaten to supplant them” (pp. 141, pp. 143, 144). This dichotomous characterization, however, needlessly oversimpliaes and distorts the debate, because one can easily imagine a variety of other possible relationships between culturalism and realism. One equally plausible alternative is that neither approach is in any sense superior, but that both may be indispensable to any fully satisfactory understanding of security affairs. Second, Desch employs a double standard in assessing the relative merits of cultural and realist approaches, one that necessarily skews the outcome in favor of realism. He argues that “to make the case that cultural theories should supplant realist theories, the new culturalists would have to demonstrate that their theories outperform realist theories in ‘hard cases’ for cultural theories” (p. 144). If we are to have conadence in


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The question of whether there has been any significant convergence among historians writing on the Rape of Nanjing, or the Nanjing Massacre, which is often considered the single most notorious Japanese atrocity during the entire Asian-Pacific War is addressed.
Abstract: As AN "EVENT AT THE LIMITS," the Nazi Holocaust highlights one of the fundamental dilemmas for historians at the end of the twentieth century: if historical inquiry is admittedly a subjective endeavor, are historians still capable of establishing some form of stable truth and rejecting certain emplotments such as denial? Recent years have seen a proliferation of works that attempt to wrestle with such issues in historiography and memory, including their moral implications. Historian Martin Jay, among others, has called attention to the mechanism that militates against the unfettered freedoms of historians to narrate arbitrarily, arguing that history is not so much a single historian emplotting the past "but rather the institution of historians, now more often credentialed than not, trying to convince each other about the plausibility of their reconstruction."1 The "common, if not universal, acceptance" of a historical narrative, in his view, depends on the "intersubjective judgment of the community rather than on any congruence with the 'truth' of what really happened."2 Advocating "practical realism," Joyce Appleby and others characterize historians as "seekers of a workable truth communicable within an improved society."3 In this sense, consensus or even convergence in the community of historians may take on the significance of a reasonable measure of truthfulness. Obviously, whether a strategy of intersubjective judgment can satisfactorily reconcile the contradiction in historical inquiry concerns historians in all fields. In view of its wider implication for the issue of historical truth, this essay addresses the question of whether there has been any significant convergence among historians writing on the Rape of Nanjing, or the Nanjing Massacre, which is often considered the single most notorious Japanese atrocity during the entire Asian-Pacific War.4