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Showing papers on "Realism published in 2022"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors explored how realism of environmental presentations impact affective responses and participant perceptions and found that more realistic VR environments evoked more positive affective and serenity responses, as well as a greater sense of presence.

27 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined how realism of environmental presentations impact affective responses and participant perceptions and found that more realistic VR environments evoked more positive affective and serenity responses, as well as a greater sense of presence.

27 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
29 Apr 2022
TL;DR: In this article , the authors explore engaging diffractively with "lived data" to surface felt and prospective aspects of data as it is entangled in everyday lives of designers, and discuss the role of ambiguous, open-ended data interpretations to help surface different meanings and entanglements of data.
Abstract: Recent design research has shown an interest in diffraction and agential realism, which promise to offer generative alternatives when designing with data that resist treating data as objective or neutral. We explore engaging diffractively with ‘lived data’ to surface felt and prospective aspects of data as it is entangled in everyday lives of designers. This paper presents five biodata-based case studies demonstrating how design researchers can create knowledge about human bodies and behaviors via strategies that allow them to engage data diffractively. These studies suggest that designers can find insights for designing with data as it is lived by working with it in a slow, open-ended fashion that leaves room for messiness and time for discovering difference. Finally, we discuss the role of ambiguous, open-ended data interpretations to help surface different meanings and entanglements of data in everyday lives.

22 citations


MonographDOI
13 Jun 2022
TL;DR: The authors introduce the reader to the core commitments of metaphysical realism and illustrate how these commitments have changed over time by surveying some of the main families of views that realism has been contrasted with: such as (radical) scepticism, idealism, and anti-realism.
Abstract: Minimally, metaphysical realists hold that there exist some mind-independent entities. Metaphysical realists also (tend to) hold that we can speak meaningfully or truthfully about mind-independent entities. Those who reject metaphysical realism deny one or more of these commitments. This Element aims to introduce the reader to the core commitments of metaphysical realism and to illustrate how these commitments have changed over time by surveying some of the main families of views that realism has been contrasted with: such as (radical) scepticism, idealism, and anti-realism.

17 citations


Book ChapterDOI
23 Jun 2022
TL;DR: The view that scientific knowledge is always perspectival, namely historically and culturally situated, was introduced by Michela Massimi as discussed by the authors , who argued that the reliability of science is made possible by a plurality of historically and cultural situated scientific perspectives.
Abstract: What does it mean to be a realist about science if one takes seriously the view that scientific knowledge is always perspectival, namely historically and culturally situated? In Perspectival Realism, Michela Massimi articulates an original answer to this question. The result is a philosophical view that goes under the name of ‘perspectival realism’ and it offers a new lens for thinking about scientific knowledge, realism, and pluralism in science. Perspectival Realism begins with an exploration of how epistemic communities often resort to several models and a plurality of practices in some areas of inquiry, drawing on examples from nuclear physics, climate science, and developmental psychology. Taking this plurality in science as a starting point, Massimi explains the perspectival nature of scientific representation, the role of scientific models as inferential blueprints, and the variety of realism that naturally accompanies such a view. Perspectival realism is realism about phenomena (rather than about theories or unobservable entities). The result of this novel view is a portrait of scientific knowledge as a collaborative inquiry, where the reliability of science is made possible by a plurality of historically and culturally situated scientific perspectives. Along the way, Massimi offers insights into the nature of scientific modelling, scientific knowledge qua modal knowledge, data-to-phenomena inferences, and natural kinds as sortal concepts. Perspectival realism offers a realist view that takes the multicultural roots of science seriously and couples it with cosmopolitan duties about how one ought to think about scientific knowledge and the distribution of benefits gained from scientific advancements.

16 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors discuss how aspects of SBE activities are often manipulated, modified, or hidden from learners to facilitate the learning experience and present a simulation fidelity model encompassing the environmental, patient, semantical, and phenomenal dimensions.
Abstract: The level of performance of every clinician and of the overall multiprofessional team relies on the skills and expertise they have individually and collectively acquired through education, training, self-directed learning, and reflection. Simulation-based education (SBE) is playing an increasingly important role in that respect, and it is sometimes said that it is an art to facilitate. Many explanations can justify this assertion. Although there is generally an emphasis on making everything as realistic or "high-fidelity" as possible, it is often futile and this is where the art of simulation comes into play with an element of modulation of realism linked to the intended learning objectives. The atmosphere created by the educators; how the learners are made to engage and interact; how physical, technical, and contextual elements are simulated or represented; and what type of technology is used need to be appropriately adapted to contribute to the immersiveness of any SBE activity. Although it inevitably carries a negative connotation, some form of "deception" is more commonly used than one may think for the benefit of learners during SBE. High levels of realism are sometimes achieved by making learners believe something works or reacts as would be expected in real life, whereas it is achieved in a totally different manner. Learners do not need to know, see, or understand these "tricks of the trade", shortcuts, or artistic or technological aspects, and this can be considered a form of benevolent deception. Similarly, information may be withheld to recreate a realistic situation and push learners to demonstrate specific learning outcomes, but it needs to be practised with caution and be justifiable. These forms of "positive" deception are part of most SBE activities and are used to help learners bridge the reality gap so they can suspend disbelief more easily, exercise critical thinking, and treat the simulation more realistically without damaging the trust they place in their educators. This article will discuss how aspects of SBE activities are often manipulated, modified, or hidden from learners to facilitate the learning experience and present a simulation fidelity model encompassing the environmental, patient, semantical, and phenomenal dimensions.

10 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
29 Apr 2022
TL;DR: This paper conducted a systematic review using thematic synthesis to distinguish between types of realism currently found in the digital games literature and created a hierarchical taxonomy and mapping of realism dimensions in digital games as a conceptual foundation.
Abstract: Researchers reference realism in digital games without sufficient specificity. Without clarity about the dimensions of realism, we cannot assess how and when to aim for a higher degree of realism, when lower realism suffices, or when purposeful unrealism is ideal for a game and can benefit player experience (PX). To address this conceptual gap, we conducted a systematic review using thematic synthesis to distinguish between types of realism currently found in the digital games literature. We contribute qualitative themes that showcase contradictory design goals of realism/unrealism. From these themes, we created a framework (i.e., a hierarchical taxonomy and mapping) of realism dimensions in digital games as a conceptual foundation. Our themes and framework enable a workable specificity for designing or analyzing types of realism, equip future work to explore effects of specific realism types on PX, and offer a starting point for similar efforts in non-game applications.

9 citations


MonographDOI
04 Aug 2022
TL;DR: The history of political science is less one of scholars testing and improving theories by reference to data than of their appropriating and transforming ideas, often obscuring or obliterating former meanings, to serve new purposes in shifting political contexts as mentioned in this paper .
Abstract: This Element denaturalises political science, stressing the contestability and contingency of ideas, traditions, subfields, and even the discipline itself. The history of political science is less one of scholars testing and improving theories by reference to data than of their appropriating and transforming ideas, often obscuring or obliterating former meanings, to serve new purposes in shifting political contexts. Political science arose in the late nineteenth century as part of a wider modernism that replaced earlier developmental narratives with more formal explanations. It changed as some scholars yoked together behavioural topics, quantitative techniques, and positivist theory, and as other scholars rejected their doing so. Subfields such as International Relations remained semi-detached and focused on policy as much as theory. Furthermore, the shifting fashions within political science – modernism, behaviouralism, realism, neoliberalism, the new institutionalism – have informed the policies by which governments have tried to tame contingency and govern people.

8 citations


MonographDOI
17 Jan 2022
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors look at the problem of inter-translation between mathematical realism and anti-realism and argue that so far as realism is inter-translated with anti-Realism, there is a burden on the realist to show how her posited reality differs from that of the antirealist, and that an effective defence of just such a difference needs a commitment to the independence of mathematical reality, which in turn involves a commitment of how knowable mathematical truths are identifiable with a reality independent of us as knowers.
Abstract: This Element looks at the problem of inter-translation between mathematical realism and anti-realism and argues that so far as realism is inter-translatable with anti-realism, there is a burden on the realist to show how her posited reality differs from that of the anti-realist. It also argues that an effective defence of just such a difference needs a commitment to the independence of mathematical reality, which in turn involves a commitment to the ontological access problem – the problem of how knowable mathematical truths are identifiable with a reality independent of us as knowers. Specifically, if the only access problem acknowledged is the epistemological problem – i.e. the problem of how we come to know mathematical truths – then nothing is gained by the realist notion of an independent reality and in effect, nothing distinguishes realism from anti-realism in mathematics.

8 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , structural realism is defined as a form of metaphysics where the content of a physical theory is to be understood primarily in terms of its mathematical structure and the representational relations it bears to physical systems (a "math-first" approach).
Abstract: I respond to the frequent objection that structural realism fails to sharply state an alternative to the standard predicate-logic, object / prop-erty / relation, way of doing metaphysics. The approach I propose is based on what I call a ‘math-first’ approach to physical theories (close to the so-called ‘semantic view of theories’) where the content of a physical theory is to be understood primarily in terms of its mathematical structure and the representational relations it bears to physical systems, rather than as a collection of sentences that attempt to make true claims about those systems (a ‘language-first’ approach). I argue that adopting the math-first approach already amounts to a form of structural realism, and that the choice between epistemic and ontic versions of structural realism is then a choice between a language-first and math-first view of metaphysics ; I then explore the status of objects (and properties and relations) in fundamental and non-fundamental physics for both versions of math-first structural realism. ordinary-language semantics: satisfaction.

8 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors identify an important fallacy made by those defending instrumentalism about the free energy principle (FEP), which is the fallacy of inferring the truth of instrumentalism based on the claim that the properties of FEP models do not literally map onto realworld, target systems.
Abstract: Disagreement about how best to think of the relation between theories and the realities they represent has a longstanding and venerable history. We take up this debate in relation to the free energy principle (FEP) a contemporary framework in computational neuroscience, theoretical biology and the philosophy of cognitive science. The FEP is very ambitious, extending from the brain sciences to the biology of self-organisation. In this context, some find apparent discrepancies between the map (the FEP) and the territory (target systems) a compelling reason to defend instrumentalism about the FEP. We take this to be misguided. We identify an important fallacy made by those defending instrumentalism about the FEP. We call it the literalist fallacy: this is the fallacy of inferring the truth of instrumentalism based on the claim that the properties of FEP models do not literally map onto real-world, target systems. We conclude that scientific realism about the FEP is a live and tenable option.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The history of the debates on the foundational implications of the Bell non-locality theorem displayed very soon a tendency to put the theorem in a perspective that was not entirely motivated by its very assumptions, in particular in terms of a local-realistic narrative, according to which a major target of the theorem would be the very possibility to conceive quantum theory as a theory concerning 'real' stuff in the world out-there as mentioned in this paper .
Abstract: The history of the debates on the foundational implications of the Bell non-locality theorem displayed very soon a tendency to put the theorem in a perspective that was not entirely motivated by its very assumptions, in particular in terms of a 'local-realistic' narrative, according to which a major target of the theorem would be the very possibility to conceive quantum theory as a theory concerning 'real' stuff in the world out-there. I present here a historico-critical analysis of the stages, between 1963 and 1978, through which the locality condition of the original Bell theorem almost undiscernibly turned into a 'local realism' condition, a circumstance which too often has affected the analysis of how serious the consequences of the Bell theorem turn out to be. In particular, the analysis puts into focus the interpretive oscillations and inconsistencies surrounding 'local realism', that emerge in the very descriptions that many leading figures provided themselves of the deep work they devoted to the theorem and its consequences.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article argued that the CTP is an epistemic criterion of reflective (un)acceptability which is not strictly connected to the question of whether people are dominated or not, and showed that there are cases of non-domination that fail the epistemic requirements of the Critical Theory Principle.
Abstract: This article argues that Bernard Williams’ Critical Theory Principle (CTP) is in tension with his realist commitments, i.e., deriving political norms from practices that are inherent to political life. The Williamsian theory of legitimate state power is based on the central importance of the distinction between political rule and domination. Further, Williams supplements the normative force of his theory with the CTP, i.e., the principle that acceptance of a justification regarding power relations ought not to be created by the very same coercive power. I contend that the CTP is an epistemic criterion of reflective (un)acceptability which is not strictly connected to the question of whether people are dominated or not. I show that there are cases of non-domination that fail the epistemic requirements of the CTP.

MonographDOI
25 Jan 2022
TL;DR: In this article , the authors examine the many facets of ethical realism and the issues at stake in meta-ethical debates about it, both between realism and non-realist alternatives, and between different versions of realism itself.
Abstract: This Element examines the many facets of ethical realism and the issues at stake in metaethical debates about it—both between realism and non-realist alternatives, and between different versions of realism itself. Starting with a minimal core characterization of ethical realism focused on claims about meaning and truth, we go on to develop a narrower and more theoretically useful conception by adding further claims about objectivity and ontological commitment. Yet even this common understanding of ethical realism captures a surprisingly heterogeneous range of views. In fact, a strong case can be made for adding several more conditions in order to arrive at a proper paradigm of realism about ethics when understood in a non-deflationary way. We then develop this more robust realism, bringing out its distinctive take on ethical objectivity and normative authority, its unique ontological commitments, and both the support for it and some challenges it faces.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , a more practical approach to political theory would directly address judgments, by comparing the concrete possibilities for action faced by real political actors, rather than orienting action towards any state of affairs.
Abstract: This article challenges the association between realist methodology and ideals of legitimacy. Many who seek a more “realistic” or “political” approach to political theory replace the familiar orientation towards a state of (perfect) justice with a structurally similar orientation towards a state of (sufficient) legitimacy. As a result, they fail to provide more reliable practical guidance, and wrongly displace radical demands. Rather than orienting action towards any state of affairs, I suggest that a more practically useful approach to political theory would directly address judgments, by comparing the concrete possibilities for action faced by real political actors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors present the philosophical foundations of scientific realism and constructivism and examine the extent to which PLS aligns with them, finding that PLS does not align with scientific realism but aligns well with constructivism.
Abstract: Purpose This study aims to determine whether partial least squares path modeling (PLS) is fit for purpose for scholars holding scientific realist views. Design/methodology/approach The authors present the philosophical foundations of scientific realism and constructivism and examine the extent to which PLS aligns with them. Findings PLS does not align with scientific realism but aligns well with constructivism. Research limitations/implications Research is needed to assess PLS’s fit with instrumentalism and pragmatism. Practical implications PLS has no utility as a realist scientific tool but may be of interest to constructivists. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to assess PLS’s alignments and mismatches with constructivist and scientific realist perspectives.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A practical introduction for health and illness research is given in this paper , where the authors discuss the importance of realism in health and ill-health research and propose a set of guidelines to achieve it.
Abstract: Sociology of Health & IllnessVolume 44, Issue 4-5 p. 873-874 BOOK REVIEW Critical realism for health and illness research—A practical introduction Anna Terje, Corresponding Author Anna Terje Anna.Terje@uhi.ac.uk University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, United KingdomSearch for more papers by this author Anna Terje, Corresponding Author Anna Terje Anna.Terje@uhi.ac.uk University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, United KingdomSearch for more papers by this author First published: 22 February 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13454Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume44, Issue4-5April/May 2022Pages 873-874 RelatedInformation

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Theories are web of concepts that we use to guide empirical observations and to make sense of them as discussed by the authors , and they represent social phenomena by highlighting certain features and relating them in a logical system.
Abstract: Discussions in sociological theory often focus on ontological questions on the nature of social reality. Against the underlying epistemological realism, I argue for a constructivist notion of theory: Theories are webs of concepts that we use to guide empirical observations and to make sense of them. We cannot know the real features of the social world, only what our theoretical perspectives make us see. Theories therefore represent social phenomena by highlighting certain features and relating them in a logical system. In this system, theoretical sentences can be considered true if they meet two conditions: (1) They are consistent with the theory at hand and (2) adequately map empirically observable relations between objects denoted by theoretical constructs. Truth is therefore relative to a perspective; it is not objectively determinable. Theories should be assessed not for their ontologies but for what they allow us to see and how they connect to empirical observations.

BookDOI
10 Aug 2022
TL;DR: The authors investigates a number of central problems in the philosophy of Charles Peirce grouped around the realism of his semiotics: the issue of how sign systems are developed and used in the investigation of reality.
Abstract: This book investigates a number of central problems in the philosophy of Charles Peirce grouped around the realism of his semiotics: the issue of how sign systems are developed and used in the investigation of reality. Thus, it deals with the precise character of Peirce's realism; with Peirce's special notion of propositions as signs which, at the same time, denote and describe the same object. It deals with diagrams as signs which depict more or less abstract states-of-affairs, facilitating reasoning about them; with assertions as public claims about the truth of propositions. It deals with iconicity in logic, the issue of self-control in reasoning, dependences between phenomena in their realist descriptions. A number of chapters deal with applied semiotics: with biosemiotic sign use among pre-human organisms: the multimedia combination of pictorial and linguistic information in human semiotic genres like cartoons, posters, poetry, monuments. All in all, the book makes a strong case for the actual relevance of Peirce's realist semiotics.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examines the relationship between pragmatism and critical realism in the social study of monetary valuation and argues that both traditions are internally diverse, with substantial overlaps and real differences revealed in encounters between them.
Abstract: ABSTRACT This paper examines the relationship between pragmatism and critical realism, first as alternative philosophies for the social sciences in general, and second, as an illustration, in the social study of monetary valuation. The paper argues that both traditions are internally diverse. Hence, the relations between the two are complex, with both substantial overlaps and real differences revealed in encounters between them. Perhaps the most significant difference is pragmatism’s distrust of invocations of structural power in social explanations, whereas realism encourages them, in interaction with other explanatory elements. The paper problematizes claims that recent work in the study of value is predominantly pragmatist. Nevertheless, it argues that pragmatist influence has encouraged valuation studies to focus on the micro level at the expense of the macro. From a realist perspective, however, there is much to be gained from an approach that embraces both micro and macro levels and the relations between them.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors assess how much participants anthropomorphized the voice (by subjective human-likeness ratings, a name-giving task and an imagination task), how pleasant and how eerie they found it, and to what extent they would accept its use in various domains.
Abstract: The growing popularity of speech interfaces goes hand in hand with the creation of synthetic voices that sound ever more human. Previous research has been inconclusive about whether anthropomorphic design features of machines are more likely to be associated with positive user responses or, conversely, with uncanny experiences. To avoid detrimental effects of synthetic voice design, it is therefore crucial to explore what level of human realism human interactors prefer and whether their evaluations may vary across different domains of application. In a randomized laboratory experiment, 165 participants listened to one of five female-sounding robot voices, each with a different degree of human realism. We assessed how much participants anthropomorphized the voice (by subjective human-likeness ratings, a name-giving task and an imagination task), how pleasant and how eerie they found it, and to what extent they would accept its use in various domains. Additionally, participants completed Big Five personality measures and a tolerance of ambiguity scale. Our results indicate a positive relationship between human-likeness and user acceptance, with the most realistic sounding voice scoring highest in pleasantness and lowest in eeriness. Participants were also more likely to assign real human names to the voice (e.g., “Julia” instead of “T380”) if it sounded more realistic. In terms of application context, participants overall indicated lower acceptance of the use of speech interfaces in social domains (care, companionship) than in others (e.g., information & navigation), though the most human-like voice was rated significantly more acceptable in social applications than the remaining four. While most personality factors did not prove influential, openness to experience was found to moderate the relationship between voice type and user acceptance such that individuals with higher openness scores rated the most human-like voice even more positively. Study results are discussed in the light of the presented theory and in relation to open research questions in the field of synthetic voice design.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors present an expanded cue-response framework for predicting variation in behavioral responses to novel situations, which can be used when individuals have three behavioral options (approach, avoid, or ignore).
Abstract: Following rapid environmental change, why do some animals thrive, while others struggle? We present an expanded, cue-response framework for predicting variation in behavioral responses to novel situations. We show how signal detection theory can be used when individuals have three behavioral options (approach, avoid, or ignore). Based on this theory, we outline predictions about which animals are more likely to make mistakes around novel conditions (i.e., fall for a trap or fail to use an undervalued resource) and the intensity of that mismatch (i.e., severe versus moderate). Explicitly considering three options provides a more holistic perspective and allows us to distinguish between severe and moderate traps, which could guide management strategies in a changing world.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper , different versions of anatomical visualizations were compared regarding their effects on retention performance and the subjective cognitive load experienced during learning and the results suggest that the optimal level of realism might lie on the more realistic end of the spectrum for learning tasks focused on the memorization of shapes that are assessed using image-based tests.
Abstract: Abstract Realistic visualizations are abundantly used in digital education. However, the use of realism is still thought to risk a cognitive overload due to excessive details. Moreover, it is still not precisely known whether there is an optimal level of realism that benefits learners the most. In two experimental studies, different versions of anatomical visualizations were compared regarding their effects on retention performance and the subjective cognitive load experienced during learning. In Experiment 1 ( n = 73), four visualizations with minor variations in the geometry and shading of the model featured in the visualizations were used. Although neither the level of detail in the geometry nor the realism of the shading resulted in significant differences, a detailed model with simplified shading elicited the highest retention scores descriptively. In Experiment 2 ( n = 156), a schematic visualization was compared with an “idealized” model featuring only simplified shading and a highly realistic rendering. There most realistic version elicited the highest retention scores, but also the highest cognitive load ratings. Taken together, the results suggest that the optimal level of realism might lie on the more realistic end of the spectrum for learning tasks focused on the memorization of shapes that are assessed using image-based tests.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors evaluate how effective Neo-realist (structural) and ideational (constructivist) theories of international relations are in explaining the Turkish-Russian relationship and find more merit in accounts grounded in neo-realism that can capture aspects of both cooperation and conflict/competition.
Abstract: ABSTRACT In recent years, closer Turkish-Russian relations have captured the attention of both academics and policymakers, but also seem rather paradoxical as the two countries find themselves on opposite sides of conflicts in Syria, Libya, and the Caucuses. This paper evaluates how effective neo-realist (structural) and ideational (constructivist) theories of international relations are in explaining the Turkish-Russian relationship. Ultimately, this paper finds more merit in accounts grounded in neo-realism that can capture aspects of both cooperation and conflict/competition in the relationship.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A wide-ranging interview with Priscilla Alderson as discussed by the authors discusses how she came to research parental and childhood consent and became a sociologist and how, late in her career, she became convenor of the critical realism group started by Roy Bhaskar at the Institute for Education in London.
Abstract: In this wide-ranging interview Priscilla Alderson discusses how she came to research parental and childhood consent and became a sociologist and how, late in her career, she became convenor of the critical realism group started by Roy Bhaskar at the Institute for Education in London. She discusses aspects of her seminal research over the years on multiple subjects, such as the rights of children, and reflects on what critical realism has added to her social research.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
11 May 2022
TL;DR: Zhang et al. as mentioned in this paper explored the influence of hand realism on three subcomponents of users' embodiment in virtual reality, including body ownership, agency and self-location.
Abstract: Previous research has emphasized the significance of virtual hand representations to induce users’ embodiment, including three subcomponents: body ownership, agency and self-location. However, there are insufficient evidence and conflicting conclusions about agency and self-location with various hand representations in literature. This study aims to explore the influence of hand realism on three subcomponents of users’ embodiment in virtual reality. An experiment was conducted with three hand realism levels to collect participants’ perception data. The results revealed the lower embodiment in abstract hand from the self-report and eye behavior, and the correlation between agency and eye behavior from integrating the subjective and objective data. This study brings new insights to users’ embodiment with virtual hand by subjective measure through self-report and objective method of eye tracking.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , the authors argue that spy TV series are realistic not because they correspond to reality but because of their impact on reality, and identify three distinct types of realisms in the series.
Abstract: Abstract This article addresses the issue of realism in relationship to contemporary serial fiction. Drawing on The Bureau (Canal+, 2015–2020), it argues that spy TV series are “realistic” not because they correspond to reality but because of their impact on reality. It begins by giving an overview of the many ways in which “realism,” in the ordinary sense of a resemblance with reality, served as the working framework for The Bureau’s team. It then identifies three distinct types of realisms in the series. The first is a “fictional realism,” namely the ability of The Bureau to conform to the aesthetic and narrative conventions of realistic fictions. The second type of realism, which I qualify as “ordinary,” refers to the possibilities offered by the show’s aesthetics and the enmeshment of The Bureau with viewers’ ordinary experience. The third type of “performative realism” refers to the series’ impact on shared representations and reality. By providing a common language about the secret activities of the state, The Bureau has gone from being a framed version of reality to being one of the defining frameworks through which state secrecy is experienced both individually and collectively, by insiders and the public at large.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Overall, most of the studies reported that higher realism has a positive impact on user experience, allowing a better understanding of realism in IVEs, guiding future R&D.
Abstract: The adoption of immersive virtual experiences (IVEs) opened new research lines where the impact of realism is being studied, allowing developers to focus resources on realism factors proven to improve the user experience the most. We analyzed papers that compared different levels of realism and evaluated their impact on user experience. Exploratorily, we also synthesized the realism terms used by authors. From 1,300 initial documents, 79 met the eligibility criteria. Overall, most of the studies reported that higher realism has a positive impact on user experience. These data allow a better understanding of realism in IVEs, guiding future R&D.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , a forum on the theory of uneven and combined development (UCD) was held, where four presenters at that event discuss their views on UCD and disciplinarity, the need for pluralism in UCD methodology, UCD's potential contribution to ecological theory and practice.
Abstract: This forum arises from an online event on the theory of uneven and combined development (UCD). Following an introduction which proposes a ‘special affinity’ between UCD and International Relations (IR), four presenters at that event discuss their ‘view from outside’ UCD, including perspectives from Global Historical Sociology, Realism, Decolonial theory and Gramscian Marxism. Meanwhile four members of the audience add their views on UCD and disciplinarity, the need for pluralism in UCD methodology, UCD and ‘whiteness’, and its potential contribution to ecological theory and practice. Débattre du développement inégal et combiné/Débattre des relations internationales

MonographDOI
31 Jan 2022
TL;DR: Hans Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law as discussed by the authors is the most prominent example of legal normativism, and it has been widely used as a basis for modern legal realism.
Abstract: Hans Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law is the most prominent example of legal normativism. This text traces its origins and its genesis. In philosophy, normativism started with Hume's distinction between Is- and Ought-propositions. Kant distinguished practical from theoretical judgments, while resting even the latter on normativity. Following him, Lotze and the Baden neo-Kantians instrumentalized normativism to secure a sphere of knowledge which is not subject to the natural sciences. Even in his first major text, Kelsen claims that law is solely a matter of Ought or normativity. In the second phase of his writings, he places himself into the neo-Kantian tradition, holding legal norms to be Ought-judgments of legal science. In the third phase, he advocates a barely coherent naive normative realism. In the fourth phase, he supplements the realist view with a strict will-theory of norms, coupled with set-pieces from linguistic philosophy; classical normativism is more or less dismantled.