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Realism
About: Realism is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 10799 publications have been published within this topic receiving 175785 citations.
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13 Jan 2005
TL;DR: Ryckman as discussed by the authors argues that the path actually taken, which became logical empiricist philosophy of science, greatly contributed to the current impasse over realism, whereas new possibilities are opened in revisiting and reviving the spirit of the more sophisticated tendency, a cluster of viewpoints broadly termed transcendental idealism, and furthering its articulation.
Abstract: Universally recognized as bringing about a revolutionary transformation of the notions of space, time, and motion in physics, Einstein's theory of gravitation, known as "general relativity," was also a defining event for 20th century philosophy of science. During the decisive first ten years of the theory's existence, two main tendencies dominated its philosophical reception. This book is an extended argument that the path actually taken, which became logical empiricist philosophy of science, greatly contributed to the current impasse over realism, whereas new possibilities are opened in revisiting and reviving the spirit of the more sophisticated tendency, a cluster of viewpoints broadly termed transcendental idealism, and furthering its articulation. It also emerges that Einstein, while paying lip service to the emerging philosophy of logical empiricism, ended up siding de facto with the latter tendency. Ryckman's work speaks to several groups, among them philosophers of science and historians of relativity. Equations are displayed as necessary, but Ryckman gives the non-mathematical reader enough background to understand their occurrence in the context of his wider philosophical project.
93 citations
TL;DR: This article argued that realism has nothing to say about change in the actors, identities, social practices, and institutions that constitute the present or any future global order, and that realism is the very antithesis of constructivist theorizing.
Abstract: oes realism have nothing to say about change in the actors, identities, social practices, and institutions that constitute the present or any future global order? Constructivism has given renewed impetus to this perspective on realism due to its almost universal characterization as a challenge to realism's emphasis on structure at the expense of history.1 Because the reintroduction of "change" as an analytical concept into international relations (IR) theorizing proper is the constructivist goal, many constructivists believe realism is the very antithesis of constructivist theorizing. If the widely accepted claim that realism is incapable of accounting for dynamism in global politics is correct, it is hard to fathom how realism has managed to survive so long as a general theoretical category, let alone dominate the field, as its critics continue to claim.
93 citations
TL;DR: FREEMAN and JIANIKOUN as mentioned in this paper found that the tendency to stop including a handle in the copy and to start including the flower occurred between 7 and 8 years of age.
Abstract: FREEMAN, N. H., and JIANIKOUN, R. Intellectual Realism in Children's Drawings of a Familiar Object with Distinctive Features. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1972, 43, 1116-1121. It has long been maintained that the child "draws what he knows rather than what he sees": Piaget argues that the mental image is a dominant factor in intellectual realism in drawing and copying up to about 7 or 8 years of age. Intellectual realism was investigated by using an object with long-term familiarity as a model. A cup was presented to children with the defining feature (the handle) not visible, and a nondefining feature (a painted flower) visible. There was a developmental trend in the tendency to stop including a handle in the copy and to start including the flower. This change from intellectual to visual realism occurred between 7 and 8 years of age. There may be several factors contributing to intellectual realism.
93 citations
93 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors look to other social sciences such as sociology, as well as to history and the philosophy of science to shift the focus away from 'entrepreneurs' and onto the much broader phenomenon of entrepreneurial action or "entrepreneuring" in its societal and institutional contexts.
Abstract: Entrepreneurship studies are dominated by the disciplines of economics and psychology and work within a limiting methodological frame of reference; a ‘scientistic’ and individualistic framework that dominates the US-led mainstream of research. To achieve a more balanced scholarship, it is helpful to look at an alternative style of research and analysis which has deep and intertwined European and American roots. This looks to other social sciences such as sociology, as well as to history and the philosophy of science. Its adoption would encourage to shift the focus away from ‘entrepreneurs’ and onto the much broader phenomenon of entrepreneurial action or ‘entrepreneuring’ in its societal and institutional contexts. Such a shift would open up a greatly expanded range of research questions and enable a better balance to be achieved between attention to individual entrepreneurial actors and their organizational, societal and institutional contexts. A pragmatist and realist frame of reference, which recognize...
92 citations