Topic
Receptor
About: Receptor is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 159318 publications have been published within this topic receiving 8299881 citations.
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TL;DR: The characterization of corepressor and coactivator complexes, in concert with the identification of the specific interaction motifs in the receptors, has demonstrated the existence of a general molecular mechanism by which different receptors elicit their transcriptional responses in target genes.
Abstract: The nuclear hormone receptor superfamily includes receptors for thyroid and steroid hormones, retinoids and vitamin D, as well as different “orphan” receptors of unknown ligand. Ligands for some of...
1,552 citations
TL;DR: The key properties of IL-1 family members are reviewed, with emphasis on pathways of negative regulation and orchestration of innate and adaptive immunity.
1,545 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, CTLA-4 and PD-1 signaling inhibited Akt phosphorylation by preventing CD3/CD28-mediated upregulation of glucose metabolism and Akt activity, but each accomplished this regulation using separate mechanisms.
Abstract: CTLA-4 and PD-1 are receptors that negatively regulate T-cell activation. Ligation of both CTLA-4 and PD-1 blocked CD3/CD28-mediated upregulation of glucose metabolism and Akt activity, but each accomplished this regulation using separate mechanisms. CTLA-4-mediated inhibition of Akt phosphorylation is sensitive to okadaic acid, providing direct evidence that PP2A plays a prominent role in mediating CTLA-4 suppression of T-cell activation. In contrast, PD-1 signaling inhibits Akt phosphorylation by preventing CD28-mediated activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). The ability of PD-1 to suppress PI3K/AKT activation was dependent upon the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif located in its cytoplasmic tail, adding further importance to this domain in mediating PD-1 signal transduction. Lastly, PD-1 ligation is more effective in suppressing CD3/CD28-induced changes in the T-cell transcriptional profile, suggesting that differential regulation of PI3K activation by PD-1 and CTLA-4 ligation results in distinct cellular phenotypes. Together, these data suggest that CTLA-4 and PD-1 inhibit T-cell activation through distinct and potentially synergistic mechanisms.
1,541 citations
TL;DR: Interactions ofHMGB1 with TLR 2 and TLR 4 may provide an explanation for the ability of HMGB1 to generate inflammatory responses that are similar to those initiated by LPS.
1,536 citations
TL;DR: IL 1 is a highly inflammatory molecule and stimulates the production of arachidonic acid metabolites and acts synergistically with other cytokines, particularly tumor necrosis factor.
Abstract: Interleukin 1 (IL 1) is a polypeptide that is produced after infection, injury, or antigenic challenge. Although the macrophage is a primary source of IL 1, epidermal, epithelial, lymphoid, and vascular tissues synthesize IL 1. When IL 1 gains access to the circulation, it acts like a hormone and induces a broad spectrum of systemic changes in neurological, metabolic, hematologic, and endocrinologic systems. Some of the IL 1 that is synthesized remains associated with the plasma membrane and induces changes in local tissues without producing systemic responses. IL 1 affects mesenchymal tissue remodeling where it contributes to both destructive and repair processes. IL 1 activates lymphocytes and plays an important role in the initiation of the immune response. Receptors for IL 1 have been identified, but receptors are scarce and their affinities often do not match the potency of the biological response. The most consistent property of IL 1 is up-regulation of cellular metabolism and increased expression of several genes coding for biologically active molecules. IL 1 is a highly inflammatory molecule and stimulates the production of arachidonic acid metabolites. IL 1 also acts synergistically with other cytokines, particularly tumor necrosis factor. The multitude of biological responses to IL 1 is an example of the rapid adaptive changes that take place to increase the host's defensive mechanisms.
1,532 citations