Reciprocal

About: Reciprocal is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2185 publications have been published within this topic receiving 34845 citations.

Reciprocal Teaching of Comprehension-Fostering and Comprehension-Monitoring Activities

Abstract: Two instructional studies directed at the comprehension-fostering and comprehension-monitoring activities of seventh grade poor comprehenders are reported. The four study activities were summarizing (self-review), questioning, clarifying, and predicting. The training method was that of reciprocal teaching, where the tutor and students took turns leading a dialogue centered on pertinent features of the text. In Study 1, a comparison between the reciprocal teaching method and a second intervention modeled on typical classroom practice resulted in greater gains and maintenance over time for the reciprocal procedure. Reciprocal teaching, with an adult model guiding the student to interact with the text in more sophisticated ways, led to a significant improvement in the quality of the summaries and questions. It also led to sizable gains on criterion tests of comprehension, reliable maintenance over time, generalization to classroom comprehension tests, transfer to novel tasks that tapped the trained skills of...

A fully automatic program for finding the unit cell from powder data

Abstract: A description is given of a fully automatic program, written in ALGOL 60, that finds the constants of the reciprocal lattice from powder data. The progress of the program is illustrated with the (nearly) complete computer output for one selected case. Planes through the origin of the reciprocal lattice (zones) are found first. After evaluating these, the program selects pairs of zones with a common row in order to find reciprocal lattices, which are then reduced in a simple way. Each solution is compared with the experimental data and a figure of merit is calculated. The program is most suited for compounds of orthorhombic or lower symmetry.

Expected reciprocal rank for graded relevance

Abstract: While numerous metrics for information retrieval are available in the case of binary relevance, there is only one commonly used metric for graded relevance, namely the Discounted Cumulative Gain (DCG). A drawback of DCG is its additive nature and the underlying independence assumption: a document in a given position has always the same gain and discount independently of the documents shown above it. Inspired by the "cascade" user model, we present a new editorial metric for graded relevance which overcomes this difficulty and implicitly discounts documents which are shown below very relevant documents. More precisely, this new metric is defined as the expected reciprocal length of time that the user will take to find a relevant document. This can be seen as an extension of the classical reciprocal rank to the graded relevance case and we call this metric Expected Reciprocal Rank (ERR). We conduct an extensive evaluation on the query logs of a commercial search engine and show that ERR correlates better with clicks metrics than other editorial metrics.