Topic
Reciprocity (social psychology)
About: Reciprocity (social psychology) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 3235 publications have been published within this topic receiving 137766 citations. The topic is also known as: Reciprocity (social psychology) & Gift exchange.
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TL;DR: A considerable amount of research has examined trust since the 1995 publication of as discussed by the authors, and a number of the critical issues that we addressed and provided clarifications and extensions of the topics of levels of analysis, time, control systems, reciprocity, and measurement.
Abstract: A considerable amount of research has examined trust since our 1995 publication. We revisit some of the critical issues that we addressed and provide clarifications and extensions of the topics of levels of analysis, time, control systems, reciprocity, and measurement. We also recognize recent research in new areas of trust, such as affect, emotion, violation and repair, distrust, international and cross-cultural issues, and context-specific models, and we identify promising avenues for future research.
2,370 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss two major empirical findings that begin to show how individuals achieve results that are better than rational by building conditions where reciprocity, reputation, and trust can help to overcome the strong temptations of short-run self-interest.
Abstract: Extensive empirical evidence and theoretical developments in multiple disciplines stimulate a need to expand the range of rational choice models to be used as a foundation for the study of social dilemmas and collective action. After an introduction to the problem of overcoming social dilemmas through collective action, the remainder of this article is divided into six sections. The first briefly reviews the theoretical predictions of currently accepted rational choice theory related to social dilemmas. The second section summarizes the challenges to the sole reliance on a complete model of rationality presented by extensive experimental research. In the third section, I discuss two major empirical findings that begin to show how individuals achieve results that are “better than rational” by building conditions where reciprocity, reputation, and trust can help to overcome the strong temptations of short-run self-interest. The fourth section raises the possibility of developing second-generation models of rationality, the fifth section develops an initial theoretical scenario, and the final section concludes by examining the implications of placing reciprocity, reputation, and trust at the core of an empirically tested, behavioral theory of collective action.
2,265 citations
TL;DR: Langer as discussed by the authors reviewed a series of experimental studies that demonstrate that individuals mindlessly apply social rules and expecta-tions to computers and demonstrate that people exhibit overlearned social behaviors such as politeness and reciprocity toward comput-ers.
Abstract: Following Langer (1992), this article reviews a series of experimental studiesthat demonstrate that individuals mindlessly apply social rules and expecta-tions to computers. The first set of studies illustrates how individuals overusehuman social categories, applying gender stereotypes to computers and ethnicallyidentifying with computer agents. The second set demonstrates that people exhibitoverlearned social behaviors such as politeness and reciprocity toward comput-ers.Inthethirdsetofstudies,prematurecognitivecommitmentsaredemonstrated:Aspecialisttelevisionsetisperceivedasprovidingbettercontentthanageneralisttelevision set. A final series of studies demonstrates the depth of social responseswith respect to computer “personality.” Alternative explanations for these find -ings, such as anthropomorphism and intentional social responses, cannot explainthe results. We conclude with an agenda for future research.Computer users approach the personal computer in many different ways.Experienced word processors move smoothly from keyboard to mouse to menu,mixing prose and commands to the computer automatically; the distinctionbetween the hand and the tool blurs (Heidegger, 1977; Winograd & Flores, 1987).Novices cautiously strike each key, fearing that one false move will initiate anuncontrollable series of unwanted events. Game players view computers as
2,167 citations
TL;DR: The authors show that subjects are more concerned with increasing social welfare, sacrificing to increase the payoffs for all recipients, especially low-payoff recipients, than with reducing differences in payoffs.
Abstract: Departures from self-interest in economic experiments have recently inspired models of ?social preferences?. We design a range of simple experimental games that test these theories more directly than existing experiments. Our experiments show that subjects are more concerned with increasing social welfare?sacrificing to increase the payoffs for all recipients, especially low-payoff recipients?than with reducing differences in payoffs (as supposed in recent models). Subjects are also motivated by reciprocity: They withdraw willingness to sacrifice to achieve a fair outcome when others are themselves unwilling to sacrifice, and sometimes punish unfair behavior.
2,055 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a formal theory of reciprocity, which takes into account that people evaluate the kindness of an action not only by its consequences but also by its underlying intention.
1,912 citations