Showing papers on "Reference Daily Intake published in 1983"

Use of a dietary diary and interview to estimate the food intake of children.

Abstract: A recently completed large-scale longitudinal dietary survey is described. The diary and interview method was used within the normal school organisation and proved to be a very acceptable and efficient means of collecting dietary data. Very few problems were encountered with the technique and a relatively low volunteer rate was compensated for by a very low dropout rate. Useful quantitative dietary data is thought to have been obtained and this will be reported at a later date. The data required were primarily concerned with frequency of eating and macronutrient intake; the diary and interview method may be less acceptable for other uses and with other age groups.

An assessment of the relative validity of retrospective interviewing for measuring dietary intake

Abstract: Van Leeuwen, F. E., H. C. W. de Vet, R. B. Hayes, W. A. van Staveren (Dept. of Human Nutrition, Agricultural University, The Netherlands), C. E. West and J. G. A. J. Hautvast. An assessment of the relative validity of retrospective interviewing for measuring dietary intake. Am J Epidemiol 1983; 118: 752-8.The relative validity of a method for determining dietary Intake four years previously was assessed. In May 1981, 79 people (46 women and 33 men, aged 29-69 years) were interviewed by use of the dietary history method concerning dietary intake in 1977. These results were compared with those obtained in this same group by means of a seven-day record in February 1977. For daily intake of energy and selected nutrients, the differences in mean intake were generally below 10%, while for six examined food groups, larger differences in the median estimates were noted. The results provide evidence that retrospectively collected dietary data have some meaningfulness, although questions remain concerning whether the retrospective dietary history method is sufficiently valid for use in a particular epidemiologic study.

Dietary lead intake of preschool children.

Abstract: A nationwide, seven-day food consumption survey of 371 preschool children between the ages of birth and five years indicated that a direct linear relationship existed between age and increased dietary lead intake from foods consumed. Daily dietary lead intake averaged 62 micrograms and ranged from 15 micrograms to 234 micrograms. The various levels of lead intake were attributed to frequency of consumption of food items, quantity of food consumed, and the lead content of particular food items. To account for variation in the quantity of food consumed by the various children, average lead intake per 500 kilocalories consumed and per 500 g of food consumed was calculated. When these standardization procedures were followed, an equalization in the average daily dietary lead intake values was observed among the various aged children.

Folate content of various Nigerian foods.

Abstract: Various raw and processed food items commonly consumed in three selected communities around Zaria, in northern Nigeria, have been examined for their folate contents using Lactobacillus casei. The folate levels of most of the foodstuffs were low. The estimated folate intake by individuals consuming these foodstuffs, calculated on a normal three-meals-a-day basis, was less than recommended daily intake levels.

Nutritional intakes of socioculturally mentally retarded children vs. children of low and average socioeconomic status.

Abstract: The adequacy of dietary intakes of socioculturally mentally retarded children, nonretarded children of low socioeconomic status (SES), and nonretarded children of average SES were studied. The socioculturally retarded children showed significantly lower daily intakes of almost all basic nutritional substances than did the nonretarded children in either the low- or average-SES groups. We also found that the socioculturally retarded group's intake of iron, calcium, thiamine, and ascorbic acid was below National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council recommended daily allowance levels, a finding that did not occur for either of the other groups. Although the precise developmental significance of these findings is somewhat unclear, it seems prudent to incorporate a focus on dietary provisions (as well as on other home conditions) in future intervention programs for children at high-risk for sociocultural mental retardation.

Nutritional risks of adolescent pregnancy and their management.

Abstract: Nutritional care of the pregnant adolescent needs to focus on the health of the mother and infant and requires knowledge of the role of nutrients in physiologic processes and basic principles of adolescent growth and development. This chapter synthesizes what is known about prenatal nutritional care from the disciplines of adolescent medicine obstetrics and nutrition into a system adaptable to the prenatal care of pregnant adolescents. Nutritional assessment and intervention need to be an integral part of adolescent prenatal care. Pregnancy places the adolescent and her child at increased nutritional risk. Prior nutritional status reflected grossly in the prepregnancy weight and height and interpartum status measured as weight gain have been shown to be risk factors predicting the percentage of low birth weight infants. Prepregnancy nutritional status should be assessed and intrapartum weight gain should be closely monitored using a standard grid such as that provided by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council and shown in a figure. The nutritional role of fast foods junk foods and erratic or unconventional food habits among teenagers continues to be controversial. Before restrictions are attempted in food habits for the pregnant adolescent adjustment assessment is required. The energy protein vitamin and mineral needs of pregnant adolescents are discussed followed by an overview of the data on nutritional supplementation. For a long time it has been known that energy is a critical factor in malnutrition and that no amount of protein can result in an anabolic state if calories are inadequate. Since pregnancy is an anabolic event in all probability the same thing holds true. Recent work tends to support this thesis. The few studies that have concentrated on the energy needs of pregnant teenagers generally report that the teenagers frequently do not achieve the National Research Councils recommendations for caloric intake. Pregnant adolescents 11-14 years of age need 2500 kcal and pregnant teenagers 15-18 years old need 2400 kcal. On a weight basis 40 kcal/kg body weight/day is recommended. Most studies of the diets of pregnant teenagers in the US indicate that protein intake is usually adequate. In mixed US diets of adequate caloric intake vitamin supplements are unnecessary for the nonpregnant adolescent. Yet dietary surveys of adolescents have revealed caloric restrictions to be commonplace and in pregnant adolescents other nutrient intakes have been shown to be low. During pregnancy the daily requirement for many nutrients is increased. Iron and folacin discussed in detail cannot be adequately supplied by diet and should be supplemented. The remaining nutrients may be low in certain diets and require individual assessment. The Recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs) of many nutrients are higher for adolescents than for children or adults. These nutrients are discussed individually to emphasize their metabolic role signs of deficiency dietary sources and RDAs: fat soluble vitamins (vitamin A vitamin D vitamin E and vitamin K); water soluble vitamins (vitamin C thiamin riboflavin niacin vitamin B6 vitamin B12 and folacin); and minerals (iron calcium and sodium). The effect of nutritional supplementation on behavior has been difficult to establish.

The effect of rises in food costs on food intake of three year olds in Jerusalem.

Abstract: The food intake of two samples of children born five years apart were determined in 1975 and 1980 at three years of age in a low and middle class neighbourhood of Jerusalem. The 24-hour recall method was used. No deficiency in caloric intake was noted. The protein intake was twice the recommended dietary allowance (RDA), 3.7 gr/kg in the study group interviewed in 1975 and 3.3 gr/kg in those interviewed in 1980. The mean daily iron intake was only 40% of the RDA. The main sources for protein were milk and milk products, poultry and eggs. Significantly higher mean caloric and protein intakes were noted for the upper as compared to middle and low social class in 1980. Children from Asian origin had the lowest caloric and protein intake in 1975 and 1980 whereas those of European-American origin had the highest. Severe inflation and the resulting tenfold increase in food prices in Israel were not reflected in marked changes in dietary intake. The percentage expenditure on food was 25% of total income during both periods. The possible factors influencing the stability in dietary intake are governmental subsidy for the essential foods, correction of wages and increase in social security payments thus maintaining the buying power, as well as the educational effect of the preventive services--the Mother and Child Health Stations on feeding practices.