Showing papers on "Reference Daily Intake published in 1985"

Zinc in the Fetus and Newborn

Abstract: The growing fetus and infant are at risk of becoming deficient of zinc, an adequate supply of which is essential for normal growth and development. Mild maternal zinc depletion was strongly associated with intrauterine growth retardation. Low levels of zinc in maternal plasma and poor placental perfusion reduced the materno-fetal transfer of zinc. Mean maternal dietary intake of zinc was 60% recommended daily allowance and mothers of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) babies consumed significantly less zinc than mothers of appropriate-for-gestational-age babies. In addition, iron/folate supplements, which are often routinely prescribed during pregnancy, despite dietary intakes of iron and folate being adequate, significantly decreased the oral bio-availability of zinc in pregnant women. Zinc supplementation may be beneficial to women at risk of delivering SGA babies. Zinc requirements and interactions are also important to consider when designing mineral supplements for preterm babies, infant formulae and food fortification in developing countries.

Dietary Fluoride Intake of 15-19-year-old Male Adults Residing in the United States

Abstract: The average daily dietary fluoride intakes of 15-to-19-year-old males were estimated from the analysis of 24 FDA "market basket" food collections made from 1975 to 1982. The data indicate that 15-to-19-year-old males residing in fluoridated (greater than 0.7 ppm) cities had an average daily dietary fluoride intake of 1.85 mg/day when the diet provided an estimated caloric intake of 11.72 megajoules (2800 calories). In non-fluoridated cities, with less than 0.3 ppm in the drinking water, the average dietary fluoride intake was 0.86 mg/day. The beverages and drinking water contributed an average of 75 +/- 2% of the daily dietary fluoride intake.

Nutrient Intake of Elite Male and Female Nordic Skiers.

Abstract: In brief: This study of 13 male and 14 female members of the US Nordic Ski Team was conducted to analyze the nutrient content of their diet. The skiers recorded four sets of three-day dietary data during a year of training and competition. The results showed high calorie intake, as expected. However, fat intake was higher and carbohydrate intake lower than recommended amounts for optimal health and athletic performance. Iron intake by female skiers consistently failed to meet recommended levels, while cholesterol intake exceeded levels considered optimal. Intake of other nutrients reviewed in this report easily met recommended levels.

Dietary assessment of pregnant adolescents participating in a supplemental-food program.

Abstract: We analyzed the energy-, nutrient- and food-intake patterns of pregnant adolescents before and during participation in a supplemental-food program. The dietary data on the pregnant adolescents were compared to those on older pregnant women and non-pregnant adolescents. Weight gain per trimester, hemoglobin and hematocrit values were reported. In general, the mean energy and nutrient values calculated from the diets of diet-supplemented, low-income pregnant adolescents as compared to other groups from the same area were not significantly different; however, the values calculated as a percentage of the recommended daily allowances (RDA) were significantly higher for the other groups. Mean weight gain per trimester for all the pregnant groups was within the recommended ranges. Mean hemoglobin and hematocrit values were within normal limits and comparable to values reported in other studies. The energy and nutrient values for the diets of the supplemented group were less than the RDA for several nutrients. However, when compared to the findings of most earlier studies, the mean values were greater.

Factors Related to the Dietary Adequacy of Noninstitutionalized Elderly

Abstract: The dietary intake and factors relating to the dietary intake of 100 noninstitutionalized individuals age 65 and older was assessed. Although mean nutrient intakes for the group were considered adequate, two-thirds of the individual diets were rated inadequate with calcium and vitamin A most likely to be below 67% of the RDA. Vitamin and/or mineral supplementation or total food energy intake had the greatest influence on dietary adequacy while social, economic, and health factors had only a slight influence.

Nutrition evaluation of published weight-reducing diets.

Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional adequacy of some of the popular published diet plans. Diet analyses were made using the University of Massachusetts Nutrient Data Bank. Not one of the 11 diets evaluated provided 100% of the U.S. Recommended Daily Allowances for the 13 vitamins and minerals studied. The nutrients most often below recommended levels were thiamin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, calcium, iron, zinc, and magnesium. Vitamin and mineral supplementation may be warranted for individuals following some diet plans.

Nutrient intake in the United States during the first 12 months of life

Abstract: Nutrient intakes of 463 infants ranging in age from 1 week to 12 months from the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1977-78 were evaluated according to different foods (milk and milk products, noniron-fortified formula, iron-fortified formula, infant cereal, commercial baby foods, and table foods). Breast-fed infants and infants fed a combination of cow's milk and formula were excluded. Results indicated that iron was the nutrient most often consumed in amounts less than the RDA. Infants fed a diet that included either cow's milk or noniron-fortified formula had a median iron intake less than the recommended allowance. In comparison, infants who were fed an iron-fortified formula had a median iron intake well above the RDA. The relative proportion of iron derived from different foods is discussed.

Low iron intakes among young women in Britain.

Abstract: A large survey by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food of people aged 15 to 25 showed that the women, and especially the participants "on a diet" or "watching their weight," generally had iron intakes well below the recommended daily allowance. Reduced iron intake appeared to result from diets of reduced iron concentration as well as from energy restriction. Further research is needed to establish whether this population is compromised or whether the current recommended daily allowances are unnecessarily high.

The nutritional state and nutrition.

Abstract: Cystic fibrosis children tend to have a low birth weight and their mean height and weight during childhood is below that for the general population. They also tend to have a delayed bone age and puberty. The degree of underweight correlates more closely with the respiratory condition than with the degree of malabsorption. There is evidence that their nutritional requirements are increased, perhaps up to 150% of the recommended daily allowance, but in later childhood their food intake is frequently low and maybe the major reasons for their poor growth and development. Specific deficiencies of vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids occasionally present as clinical problems. New approaches to nutrition include increasing dietary fat, which was traditionally low because of malabsorption, and this change has been made possible with the development of modern pancreatic supplements. Supplementary nutrition with elemental diets or intravenous hyperalimentation have given promising results in some studies and might be expected to improve the patient's resistance to infection as well as his nutritional state. The place of oral essential fatty acid supplements is still being evaluated, but intravenous infusions of fat emulsion are not justifiable in themselves.