Showing papers on "Reference Daily Intake published in 1989"

Nationwide survey on nutritional habits in elite athletes. Part II. Mineral and vitamin intake.

Abstract: The nutritional habits of elite athletes competing at a national and international top level were determined. Groups of endurance strength, and team sport athletes participated. All athletes trained at least 1-2 h daily. The purpose of the study was to quantify the mineral and vitamin intake and to identify the magnitude of the nutrient supplementation use. Information on food intake was obtained by a 4- or 7-day food diary. It was found that calcium and iron intake was positively related to energy intake. In low energy intakes (less than 10 MJ) iron intake might be insufficient. In general, vitamin intake with food was in agreement with the Dutch recommendations. However, if energy intake is high (greater than 20 MJ) the amount of refined carbohydrate is increased. Consequently, the nutrient density for vitamin B1 drops. Therefore, under these conditions, supplementation for vitamin B1 must be considered. The low vitamin intake found in lower energy intakes can be improved by proper nutritional advice. In body building and in professional cycling, high dosages of vitamins are used. The other groups of athletes used only moderate quantities of vitamin supplements. It is concluded that vitamin and mineral intake is sufficient, when energy intake ranges between 10 and 20 MJ/day.

The daily dietary selenium intake of West German adults.

Abstract: The selenium content of food consumed in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) was determined for the estimation of the dietary selenium intake of West German adults. The daily dietary selenium intake of men is 47 micrograms (micrograms) and that of women 38 micrograms, corresponding to 0.67 microgram/kg body weight per day for both men and women. Animal protein is the main source of dietary selenium, accounting for 65.5% of the total selenium intake. Pork contributes 25.1% to the total Se intake, reflecting the current consumption and the selenium supplementation of feedstock rather than the availability of selenium from natural dietary sources. The selenium intake of adults in West Germany is only slightly higher than in New Zealand, Finland, and Italy, nearly equal to that in Belgium and France, and distinctly lower than in Great Britain, the USA, Canada, and Japan.

Nutrition and aging: dietary intake of "apparently healthy" elderly (Dutch Nutrition Surveillance System).

Abstract: The dietary intake (assessed through dietary history) of 539 apparently healthy, independently living elderly aged 65-79 years, was evaluated in a nationwide random sample. Except for pyridoxine, the intake of vitamins, minerals, and water was adequate according to the Dutch recommended dietary allowances. Fat intake (40 energy%) as well as P/S ratio (0.41) was assessed as being unfavorable, whereas the intake of vitamin B6 was marginal. The prevalence of obesity was higher among the women, while food selection was healthier as reflected in the higher nutrient density than among the men. Food consumption of elderly men (26%) and women (33%) on a dietary regimen was more prudent and nutrient density higher than among the elderly not on a diet. Our results are in accordance with previous food consumption studies among elderly in The Netherlands, but differ substantially from dietary intake figures for American elderly. Although the intake of energy and nutrients was lower among elderly men than among younger men, we conclude that age per se is not an important determinant of dietary intake among Dutch apparently healthy elderly aged 65-79 years.

Efficacy of a Nonrestricted Fat Diet in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis

Abstract: • We sought to determine if an increased oral intake with a noninvasive nutrition program in patients with cystic fibrosis could influence growth, weight gain, and pulmonary function. Thirty-seven patients, aged 2 to 27 years, were instructed to consume a nonrestricted fat diet during an intervention period of 4 years. The results showed that patients increased the mean energy intake significantly to a level of more than 120% of the recommended daily allowance. The enhanced intake resulted in significant weight gain. Pulmonary function (forced expiratory flow25%75%) deteriorated during the 2-year preintervention period but stabilized during the 4-year intervention period. Both male and female patients were able to maintain their established height and weight scores during adolescence. The recommendation for a high-energy diet with no restrictions placed on the fat intake and the control of the steatorrhea by administration of an optimal enzyme dosage is supported by our data. individualized nutritional counseling should be attempted before implementing invasive nutritional intervention programs. (AJDC. 1989;143:458-464)

Rapid versus gradual refeeding in acute gastroenteritis in childhood: energy intake and weight gain.

Abstract: Fifty-two children aged 6-46 months (mean 19 months), hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis (GE), were randomized after oral rehydration to receive 7 days of either traditional gradual refeeding (GR) or rapid refeeding (RR), the latter consisting of a full-strength lactose-limited diet, including lactase-treated whole milk. The study focused on the effect of a high energy intake, excluding possible negative effects of lactose. Both dietary regimens were well tolerated, the only difference in the clinical symptoms between the two regimens being a higher stool frequency within the RR group (p less than 0.02). The total energy intake, as well as energy derived from fat and protein, was significantly higher in the RR than in the GR group (p less than 0.0001). The mean daily energy intake of the latter group never reached recommended daily allowance (RDA) levels, while that of the RR group did on day 5. Moreover, during the whole period of dietary regimen, the RR group exceeded the RDA protein requirements (mean intake ranged 175-252%), while the GR group did not reach this RDA level until day 4. Milk was a major source of energy in the RR group, providing 47-59% of the daily energy intake. The short- and long-term weight gains in the RR group were only a little higher than those of the GR group, the difference being insignificant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Selected indices of micronutrient status in adult patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA).

Abstract: In 24 adults with hemoglobin SS followed at the Duke University Comprehensive Sickle Cell Center, we have studied the following nutritional parameters: reduced ascorbic acid; dehydroascorbic acid; alpha and beta carotenes; cryptoxanthin; and alpha and gamma tocopherols in whole blood, washed red blood cells, plasma, or serum. In the same population we also examined reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Fifteen of these 24 patients also were interviewed for usual dietary intakes using a 28-day dietary history. Data obtained from patients with hemoglobin SS, sickle cell anemia (SCA) were compared to those found for seven healthy normal black adults of similar age. Plasma alpha tocopherol levels were significantly lower in SCA individuals than those of the controls (P less than 0.004). Alpha and gamma tocopherol levels in sickle RBCs were significantly higher than those from RBC suspensions of control subjects (P less than 0.007, and P less than 0.001, respectively). All serum values for carotenoids examined, specifically, beta carotene, alpha carotene, and cryptoxanthin were also markedly depressed when compared to those of healthy controls (P less than 0.001, P less than 0.002, and P less than 0.001, respectively). No other statistically significant differences were found between the two groups for any of the remaining variables, including dietary estimates. Dietary analyses suggest that dietary intakes of SCA individuals exceeded the recommended daily allowances (RDA) of all macro- and micronutrients measured, and intakes of most nutrients exceeded those of black controls interviewed. These results suggest that in individuals with SCA, several micronutrients vital to maintaining reducing capacity are present in diminished quantities in plasma/serum. These anomalies exist in SCA patients even though their intake of these micronutrients are similar to those of healthy black men and women.

Dietary protein requirements of physically active individuals.

Abstract: The dietary protein requirement of physically active individuals has received considerable scrutiny in recent years. Because the current United States Recommended Daily Allowance (USRDA) for protein (0.8 g/kg/day) already contains a safety margin (0.35 g/kg/day) to assure adequate protein intake, no increment in the USRDA was thought necessary to meet the demands of physical activity. Recently, collective evidence from research techniques utilising nitrogen balance, labelled amino acid isotopes, urea production and 3-methylhistidine excretion indicates that exercise (endurance and weightlifting) can significantly alter protein metabolism and that the dietary protein needs of physically active individuals may exceed the current USRDA. During endurance exercise, protein synthesis is depressed and protein degradation increases. Thus, amino acids become available for oxidation in energy-yielding processes. Amino acid catabolism has been estimated to contribute between 5 and 15% of the energy required during endurance exercise. Definitive conclusions regarding the changes that occur in protein synthesis and protein degradation during weightlifting exercise must await further research. The net contribution of amino acids to the energy required during weight-lifting exercise is unknown but, due to the anaerobic nature of the event, it is most likely less than during endurance exercise. However, following both endurance and weightlifting exercise, protein synthesis increases. Based on current research, it is not yet possible to make recommendations for the daily protein needs of exercising individuals. It does appear that physically active individuals require more dietary protein per kilogram of bodyweight than sedentary individuals. However, when protein intake is expressed as a percentage of daily energy intake, physically active and sedentary individuals have similar requirements (≈ 12 to 15% of total energy as protein). Therefore, to cover the protein requirements of both physically active individuals and sedentary individuals it is suggested that future protein allowances be based on a percentage of the daily energy requirements. Protein consumption in excess of the current USRDA may minimise changes in body nitrogen stores, particularly during the first few weeks of training. However, further research is needed before a definitive conclusion can be made regarding protein ingestion and athletic performance.

Zinc in the elderly.

Abstract: Zinc levels in plasma and leucocytes of elderly patients with and without cutaneous ulcers and in hospital were compared with those of a group of healthy elderly living at home and of a younger group. The groups in hospital had lower levels of plasma and leucocyte zinc than the control groups, but these were not associated with cutaneous ulcers. The zinc intake of the patients in hospital was well below the recommended daily allowance. Tissue zinc levels were found to be low in elderly patients in hospital, probably due to poor intake, but their contribution to the formation of skin ulcers was unproven.

Dietary Patterns and Nutrition in Pregnancy in Jamaica

Abstract: During a study of nutrition in pregnancy, the diets of 108 Jamaican pregnant women were assessed by single 24-hour recalls. The women were 16-45 years old, of mixed parity (0-9), attended private (23 per cent) and public (77 per cent) antenatal clinics and differed in stage of pregnancy at interview. Mean energy intake (2110 +/- 739 kcal/d) was low, 83 per cent of the average Recommended Dietary Allowance for the Caribbean (CFNI 1976). Most (76 per cent) women had low energy and dietary iron (75 per cent) intakes. Fewer women had low riboflavin (42 per cent) or protein intakes (29 per cent). Maternal age, parity, obstetric performance, and unusual cravings influenced maternal nutrition to some extent. Dietary assessments overestimated the risk of maternal malnutrition.

Current issues in the nutritional management of children with cystic fibrosis.

Abstract: Recent evidence suggests that malnutrition has a negative impact on pulmonary function in children with cystic fibrosis. In the past, dietary management has aimed at high energy low fat intake, but this has recently been shown to fall far short of the 120-150% of the recommended daily allowance for energy cystic fibrosis patients require. This paper outlines the current principles of nutritional management for children with cystic fibrosis. These include a high energy, high fat containing diet (within limits of individual tolerance); high carbohydrate intake; high salt intake; replacement of fat-soluble vitamins; appropriate use of pancreatic enzyme preparations; and supplemental feeding when indicated. It is vital that a nutrition education programme be established for each child and his or her family so that the emphasis shifts from treatment of malnutrition to prevention. The long-term aim must be to promote an independent, healthy lifestyle which incorporates good nutrition and other healthy pursuits such as exercise.

Gastrointestinal dysfunction and its effects on nutrition in CF.

Abstract: Prevention of malnutrition, a consequence of elevated energy requirements, increased losses and low caloric intake, is one of the main goals in the treatment of cystic fibrosis. Caloric stool losses, catch-up growth and an elevated energy expenditure, even in the absence of overt lung disease and malabsorption, have led to recommendations for a caloric intake of 120-150% of the recommended daily allowances. A high energy intake with a fat content of at least 40 calorie % and adequate pancreatic supplementation has shown to improve growth and median age of survival. As a rational treatment of the fundamental disturbance in cystic fibrosis, a decrease in chloride permeability across epithelia, is not yet available, treatment should be concentrated on adequate nutritional support in combination with optimal correction of those gastrointestinal abnormalities including faecal bile acid loss, small intestinal abnormalities, pancreatic insufficiency, hormonal abnormalities and disturbances in gastrointestinal motility, which may aggravate maldigestion and malabsorption.

Dietary patterns in three English towns in relation to dietary goals and RDAs

Abstract: The nutrient intakes of 1115 men and 1225 women aged 35–54 years living in three English towns were compared with recommended goal intakes and recommended daily allowances (RDA). The majority of subjects consumed more energy derived from fat, more sugar and less fibre than the goal levels. Less than 2% of subjects in any town or sex were meeting all the dietary goals. A third of the subjects stated that they had changed their diet in the last year. The most common reasons given for dietary change were to improve health and to lose weight. Comparison of nutrient intakes with the RDAs showed that most subjects were consuming levels which met the RDAs, although energy intake in women was low.

Dietary intake of men in Wembley, London, by weighed inventory: comparison with national recommendations, with particular emphasis on fat intake.

Abstract: To assess the extent to which current dietary habits conform with the national nutritional guidelines aimed at reducing the high national mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD), 203 of 275 men (74 per cent) aged 40-59 years in a London community provided a weighed record of all food and drink consumed over 5 d. Satisfactory records were returned by 170 men weighing at least 75 per cent of their intakes, including 43 on medical or self-imposed diets. Mean (s.d.) energy intake was 2476 (590) kcal (10.38 MJ), comprising 37 per cent fat, 42 per cent carbohydrate, 14.7 per cent protein and 6.3 per cent alcohol. Butter or butter spreads were used by 53 per cent, sunflower margarine by 29 per cent and low fat spreads by 13 per cent; lard or dripping was used by 23 per cent of households as the main cooking fat. Intakes of vitamins and trace elements were generally above recommended amounts. These results are closely comparable with the only similar studies for the UK undertaken in Wales and Scotland. Compared with national guidelines, only 32 per cent of men met the short-term goals for fat intake, and even fewer the long-term goals. Carbohydrate and fibre intake remained too low. Alcohol intake exceeded the short-term goal (5 per cent of energy of less) in 36 per cent of men. Greater public health effort will be needed to reduce fat intake further for primary prevention of CHD, particularly as habitual intake is probably underestimated by the weighed dietary record.

Fluoride intake in a community with low fluoride concentration in drinking water

Abstract: The fluoride content of representative samples of the drinking water and diet of the inhabitants of Tshikundamalema (Republic of Venda, southern Africa) was determined according to the potentiometric method of fluoride analysis. The mean daily intake of fluoride of the inhabitants was compared with the recommended daily intake of fluoride, as advocated by the Mayo Clinic (USA). Despite the low fluoride ion concentration ([F-]) of the drinking water (less than 0.05 mg/l), there exists an optimum to above optimum (3,54-5,32 mg F-) daily intake of fluoride for the adults in Tshikundamalema. The main source of fluoride intake was from beer and green leafy vegetables. The intake of fluoride for the children in Tshikundamalema is sub-optimal (0.598 mg F-/day).