Showing papers on "Reference Daily Intake published in 1996"

Characteristics of fats in Japanese diets and current recommendations

Abstract: Although there is no firm evidence to support the "ideal" or even "appropriate" healthy level of dietary fat, the habitual fat consumption pattern in Japan seems to be a criterion for the recommended allowance both in the quantitative and qualitative points of view as judged from the life expectancy and the incidence of degenerative diseases. The new recommended dietary allowance of Japan, fifth revision effective for five years starting in 1995, adopted dietary fat levels of 20-25 energy percent, the ratio of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids at 1:1.5:1 and the ratio of n-6/n-3 at 4. The recommended fat level is similar to that previously consumed in Japan, and is even lower than that in diets used to treat hyperlipidemia in Western countries, current recommendations in those countries being 30 energy percent fat. Convincing data for the beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on human health, in particular for healthy people, have been presented in only a few reports. However, the recommended n-6/n-3 ratio of 4 seems reasonable compared with the ratio of around 10 in other developed countries. In this context, it is more important to fully understand the nutritional and physiological roles of fat in healthy people rather than in those with chronic disease. At present, the low-fat dietary pattern in Japan appears to be a healthy way of eating.

Deliberations and evaluations of the approaches, endpoints and paradigms for dietary recommendations about copper.

Abstract: Important aspects of copper nutrition were collected from all 10 editions of the Recommended Dietary Allowance along with the history of the paradigm concept according to Thomas Kuhn. Important anomalies in copper nutrition, such as the easy accessibility to diets containing considerably less copper than the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake are reviewed. Important experiments with animals are compared with copper depletion experiments with humans. Data support the belief that people respond to diets low in copper similarly to animals and that measurement of copper in blood plasma generally is useless in assessing nutritional status. If common diets low in copper are consumed regularly during pregnancy, maternal stores of copper will be depleted. Although there is some evidence of lower copper in heart and major blood vessels in elderly people, it is premature to suggest different intakes for adults of different ages. Although consideration of cardiovascular data in establishing an RDA for copper may seem to be a new paradigm, considerations of general health and well being have long contributed to establishing RDAs. Dietary copper can be increased by adhering to the advice symbolized by the food pyramid.

Use of Dietary Supplements by Patients in a Family Practice Clinic

Abstract: Background: Many Americans are using alternative medical therapies as well as nutritional or dietary supplements that include vitamins, minerals, herbal products, tissue extracts, protein solutions, and other chemicals. Potential for both good and harm exists in taking many of these preparations. Methods: We surveyed 200 consecutive patients older than 18 years attending a family practice clinic. In addition to demographic data, we asked them about their intake of dietary supplements during the past year, perceived benefits from supplements, source of information, estimated cost of products, and whether their physician knew that they were taking the product. Results: Fifty-two percent of the patients had taken 1 or more supplements during the past year, 18 percent used 2 to 5 supplements, and 3 percent took 6 to 13 different dietary supplements. Twenty-nine percent took them for diet and energy enhancement, and 24 percent for cancer prevention and immune system enhancement. The media was the principal source of patient information. Thirty-three percent of patients had not told their physician of their supplement use. The average estimated expenditure was $6.60 per month with a maximum of $68.90 per month. Eighty-two percent of the supplements taken were vitamins and minerals at recommended daily allowances (RDAs), whereas 18 percent were other supplements such as herbal products, megadose vitamins, and protein and amino acid preparations. Demographically, only educational level correlated significantly with supplement consumption. Patients with a high school education took significantly fewer supplements than those with more advanced education. Conclusions: Physicians should have a dialogue with their patients about dietary supplements because their use is widespread. Whereas many supplements are taken in safe doses, for others neither safety nor effectiveness has been proven, and for a few there are known toxicities. Additional research is needed to investigate both the safety and effectiveness of these products.

Dietary intake of food contaminants in the Netherlands (Dutch nutrition surveillance system)

Abstract: To assess the level of exposure to food contaminants (cadmium, lead, PCBs, DDT, hexachlorobenzene, nitrate and malathion) a total-diet study was carried out. A total of 226 food products were analysed individually; the concentration of contaminants in products not selected for analysis was estimated with the help of published data. The results of the analyses and estimations were used as input for the first Dutch National Food Consumption Survey (1987-1988) (n = 5898, age 1-85). Mean intakes of all contaminants analysed did not exceed the acceptable daily intake (ADI) or comparable values in any of the age-sex groups. Comparison of the results with those of previous total diet studies suggests that the intake of all contaminants analysed had declined between 1976-1978 and 1988-1989. In younger age groups an intake of lead and cadmium exceeding the tolerable daily intake (derived from the WHO/FAO provisional tolerable weekly intake) was found in 1.5% of individuals at most. For the older population groups and for the other contaminants in all population groups mean and maximum intakes were substantially below the ADI. However, individual intakes above the ADI for nitrate were found in 3-23% of individuals. For chronic exposure these percentages are likely to be overestimated because of the short time frame for food consumption measurement. In general, the difference between mean intake and tolerable daily intake was smallest for children aged 1-4. Therefore, it is recommended that future research is concentrated on the intake of contaminants in younger age groups.

Vitamin B-6 Status of Women with a Constant Intake of Vitamin B-6 Changes with Three Levels of Dietary Protein

Abstract: To determine the effect of varying levels of dietary protein with a constant intake of vitamin B-6 (B-6) on B-6 status, nine women were fed diets providing daily intakes of 1.25 mg B-6 and 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g protein/kg body weight. After an 8-d adjustment period, the women consumed each level of dietary protein for 14 d in a Latin-square design. Several direct and indirect B-6 status indicators were measured in blood and urine. Significant differences among protein levels were found for urinary 4-pyridoxic acid (4-PA) excretion (P < 0.01), plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) concentration (P < 0.05), and urinary excretion of volatile amines (VA, kynurenine plus acetylkynurenine) after a 2-g L-tryptophan load (P < 0.05). Nitrogen intake was significantly negatively correlated with urinary 4-PA excretion (r = -0.619, P < 0.001) and plasma PLP concentration (r = -0.549, P < 0.01), and positively correlated with erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase percentage stimulation (r = 0.418, P < 0.05) and urinary post-tryptophan load excretion of xanthurenic acid (r = 0.535, P < 0.05), kynurenic acid (r = 0.563, P < 0.05) and VA (r = 0.626, P < 0.01). Compared with men consuming diets with similar B-6 to protein ratios in a previous study, the women excreted a greater percentage of the B-6 intake as 4-PA, had lower plasma PLP concentrations and excreted greater amounts of postload urinary tryptophan metabolites at all three protein levels. If the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of vitamin B-6 is to be based on the dietary B-6 to protein ratio, gender differences in response to varying protein intakes should be considered. For the levels of protein intake used in this study and a B-6 intake of 1.25 mg/d, a B-6 to protein ratio of greater than 0.020 mg/g is required for adequate vitamin B-6 status in women.

Protein and calorie intake, nitrogen losses, and nitrogen balance in children undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis.

Abstract: We performed 22 nitrogen balance (NB) studies of three days' duration in 19 children (8.7 +/- 3.8 years) on chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD) for 19.4 +/- 16.4 months. The dietary intakes were assessed by the double weighing method. Total nitrogen, protein, urea, and creatinine were analyzed in the dialysate and urine collected daily. Total nitrogen was also determined in the feces collected over the whole NB study period, using vegetable charcoal as a marker. The protein intake was 1.64 +/- 0.50 g/kg/day, corresponding to 126 +/- 40% of the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for normal children of the same age, and the calorie intake (diet+glucose from dialysate) reached 75 +/- 26% of RDA. Nitrogen losses were: 0.177 +/- 0.052 g/kg/day with peritoneal fluid and urine, and 0.028 +/- 0.018 g/kg/day with feces. The NB, positive in 17 out of 22 studies, ranged from -116 to +167 mg/kg/day (mean 44.0 +/- 66.2 mg/kg/day). A direct and significant correlation between NB and nitrogen intake (g/kg/day) (r = 0.562, p < 0.05) and total calorie intake (cal/kg/day) (r = 0.483, p < 0.05) has been observed. These data confirm the need to ensure in children on CPD an adequate nutritional intake, and further support the efforts to improve calorie intake.

Estimation of food additive intake. Nordic approach

Abstract: Food additive intake has been estimated in Finland by means of a stepwise system using simultaneously two different methods. The first method, based on food consumption and food control analysis, can be classified into the group of Estimated Daily Intake methods (EDI). The second method, a questionnaire to food manufacturers concerning the use of food additives, has been employed five times. Estimates have been timed to reflect legislative changes and their influence on the intake. The intake of most food additives and sweeteners by Finnish diabetic adolescents was well below Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADIs). The average nitrite intake, especially by children and adolescents, was greater. Estimates of nitrite intake by children varied between 39% and 89% of ADIs depending on the method used and the new ADIs given by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). Diabetic children's and their mothers’ daily intake of nitrite was shown to be greater when compared with that of non‐diabetics and...

Fibre and nutrient intakes of chronic care elderly patients.

Abstract: It has been previously suggested that chronic care elderly patients are at increased nutritional risk. However dietary intake studies have not completely supported this statement. To determine usual dietary intakes, 32 elderly patients, mean (± SEM) age 84 ± 1 years, from two hospitals, had 3-day dietary intakes estimated or weighed and analyzed for nutrient composition. The group as a whole had low intakes of dietary fibre but intakes of other nutrients were equal to or greater than the Canadian recommendations. The distribution of macronutrients also met recommended guidelines. In general, this group of elderly patients appeared to be eating well, however some individual results suggest nutritional risk.

Zinc concentration of breast milk and its diurnal variation in Bangladeshi mothers.

Abstract: Deficient dietary zinc intake has been associated with diminished growth velocity Until the age of 4-6 months milk is the only dietary source of zinc for most infants This study investigated the zinc content of mature breast milk of low-income Bangladeshi mothers Enrolled were 34 exclusively breast-feeding mothers of low socioeconomic status in the 6th-36th week of lactation who submitted 3 samples of breast milk at different times (5-7 am 2-3 pm and 10 pm) within a single day Two-thirds of these mothers had a body mass index less than 20 Only 205% of the 102 total milk samples contained at least 3 mcg/ml of zinc the recommended daily intake The range was 017-438 mcg/ml The average zinc content was 210 mcg/ml in the early morning 174 mcg/ml at mid-afternoon and 184 mcg/ml at late evening There were significant differences between the morning and mid-afternoon samples Breast milks zinc content was not associated with maternal age parity maternal body mass index or age of the child The low zinc content of breast milk identified in this study raises serious concerns about the growth and development of the children of low-income women in Bangladesh and other developing countries

Impact of nutrition education on food and nutrient intake of pregnant women.

Abstract: Researchers compared data on 33 pregnant women attending nutrition education classes regularly over a 13-week period (nutrition education group) with data on 33 other pregnant women who did not receive such education (controls) to examine the impact of nutrition education on the pregnant womens food and nutrient intake. The 66 pregnant women were selected from two hospitals and two urban family welfare centers in Ludhiana city India. All were from the low socioeconomic group (i.e. per capita income of Rs. 369/month). A dietary survey was conducted at 20 weeks gestation and again at 36 weeks gestation. At 20 weeks the two groups were not statistically different. The intake of cereals pulses green leafy vegetables fats and oils and sugar and jagger were lower than the recommended daily intake (RDI). On the other hand intake was more than RDI for milk and milk products other vegetables and roots and tubers. Except thiamine and ascorbic acid intake of nutrients was inadequate. In both the nutrition education group and the control group nutrient intake was higher at 36 weeks than at 20 weeks due to the increased food requirements of pregnancy. Women in the nutrition education group were more likely than the control group to consume more protein vitamin A thiamine folic acid and vitamin C. This likely reflects a higher consumption of pulses milk and milk products fruits and vegetables as well as adopting favorable nutritional practices (e.g. use of sprouted grains). Nevertheless intake was below RDIs for many nutrients even for women in the nutrition education group. These findings suggest that nutrition education for pregnant women does improve nutrient intake but also that more needs to be done to bring intake levels up even higher.

Dietary Intake of At-Risk, Free-Living, Elderly Subjects Receiving Meals-on-Wheels and a Dietary Supplement

Abstract: LEARNING OUTCOME: To examine the effect of a dietary supplement on the nutrient intake of elderly persons, receiving Meals-on-Wheels (MOW), who are at nutritional risk. The effect of a dietary supplement was examined in a prospective study of elderly subjects receiving MOW, randomly assigned to one of two groups: an intervention group who received a nutrient dense supplement and a control group who received a fruit-flavored, fluid replacement beverage for 6 months. Participants were twenty-six free-living, elderly subjects who were applicants for MOW and determined to be at nutritional risk. At baseline, no significant differences were noted between the two groups for intake of calories, protein, vitamins A and C, B 12 folate, and minerals calcium and iron. When nutrient intake was compared between the control and intervention participants at 6 months, intervention subjects consumed significantly more calories, protein, B 12 , folate, calcium, and iron. Vitamins A and C intakes were not significantly different. Changes in nutrient intake from baseline to 6 months in the intervention group were significantly increased for protein, B 12 , folate, and calcium. No differences were noted for calories, vitamins A and C, and iron. In contrast, mean daily nutrient intake in the control group from baseline to 6 months, showed a significant decrease in intake for B 12 , and iron, although mean intake met the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA). No differences were noted in energy intake, protein, vitamins A and C, folate, and calcium. It can be concluded that nutrient intake was improved when nutritionally at-risk elderly persons on MOW also received a dietary supplement.

Intake Ratio of Water-insoluble Dietary Fiber to the Water-soluble One in Japanese: An Estimation on Dietary Records and the Secular Consideration on the National Nutrition Survey

Abstract: Thirty-four foods were analyzed in order to determine the content of water-soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF). Using the results with the standard table for 227 foods, the intake ratio of IDF/SDF of an average Japanese was calculated for the period 1946-1990. The ratio was 3.22 in 1990 as calculated on the food intakes shown in the national nutrition survey, and the secular change was not detected since 1946 when the ratio was 3.30. The ratio was also shown to be well preserved between types of households including the age of the head. Using dietary records of 60 healthy city workers (average 42.8 years) for 4 weeks, however, the weekly average ratio for an individual was found to vary in the range of 2.25-5.13 although the total average for 60 individuals was 3.33. Thus, the well preserved IDF/SDF intake ratio for an average Japanese showed, on the contrary, a wide variation of food selection between each person.

Nutritional adequacy of boys in orphanages.

Abstract: In India nutritionists gathered information on dietary intake measured the diet and calculated nutritional composition of the diet of 118 boys 4-12 years old living in all the orphanages in Udaipur to determine the adequacy of their diet The orphans consumed inadequate amounts of all food stuffs For example the boys consumed 762-915% of recommended intake for cereals 30% for pulses less than 50% for milk and 30-45% for fats and oils They consumed almost no leafy vegetables (0/75 g for 4-6 year olds; 15/75 g for 7-9 year olds; and 08/100 g for 10-12 year olds) but they consumed more than the recommended intake of other vegetables The orphans were not provided fruits meat fish or eggs Only those 4-6 years old had adequate intake of protein Energy and calcium intakes were significantly low in all age groups (p < 001 except for calcium intake in 4-6 year olds [p < 005]) In all age groups phosphorous intake was adequate while iron intake was significantly lower than the recommended daily intake (p < 001) Beta-carotene intake was insufficient in all age groups (p < 001) In fact beta-carotene intake in 7-9 year olds did not even reach 20% of the recommended daily intake Only the 4-6 year olds had adequate intake of niacin Vitamin C intake was 30% of recommended levels These findings show that these school age orphans had inadequate intake of almost all nutrients due to a daily diet limited in cereals pulses milk and milk products leafy vegetable fats and oils and sugar The orphanages should include seasonal green vegetables and other low-cost nutritious foods in the diet of orphan boys

Intake of contaminants, heavy metals and nutrients with potential toxicity via total diet in four geographical areas of Spain

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to monitor the intake of potentially toxic contaminants, heavy metals and nutrients. Lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, molybdenum, copper, iron, zinc and manganese were studied. Intakes of four populations were estimated from their daily diets and compared with the Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADI) or the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes (PTWE) as established by the FAO/WHO to estimate the risk of toxicity and recommended Spanish Intake (RI) or the US Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA) or the US Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes (ESADDI). Representative market basket diets (foods providing the 95% of the total energy intake) from four Spanish regions, Andalucia, Galicia, Madrid and Valencia, were collected and determined for trace element contents. Data on the contribution of food groups to the total daily intake of trace elements were also obtained. Daily lead intakes from the diets ranged from 37 and 521 μg/day, with the Madrid population having the highest average Pb intake and exceeding the PTWI. Average total dietary cadmium intakes were about 25-45 % of the PTWI. The intake of mercury, which is mainly derived from the fish group (66-90%), was about 9-17% of the PTWI. Daily intakes of iron and zinc in the four areas were below the ADI. In Madrid the intake of copper was within the range of the maximum acceptable daily intake of this element. A database listing the contents of heavy metals in 234 food items was created. Content of minerals in the total diets was also determined by means of a computerized program with a database containing the Spanish Food Composition Tables. In the case of elements, the variation in the results between our database and direct analysis suggests the need to analyse total diets when the safety margin between RI and ADI is smaller than the coefficient of variation.

Dietary survey heureka 1991 : dietary intake of a swiss collective assessed by a self-administered 24-hour recall questionnaire

Abstract: Food consumption (divided into 10 food groups) as well as energy and main nutrient intake of a Swiss collective (n = 3653) aged 7 years and older was studied. The caloric density was much improved for all five age groups considered as compared with findings in former studies. Carbohydrates gained and alcohol lost significance as main energy suppliers. These results indicate a positive trend in the dietary habits of the collective and suggest an improvement in the dietary habits of the Swiss population as a whole.

Daily intake of carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophylls) from total diet and the carotenoid content of selected vegetables and fuit

Abstract: The recommended daily intake is currently either 2 mg of beta-carotene (recommended by DGE, Germany, in addition to 1.0 (0.8) mg retinol-equivalents for vitamin A requirement) or 5-6 mg of beta-carotene (recommended by NCI, USA). The present studies were carried out to investigate to what extent a balanced diet prepared using household or cafeteria methods contributes to achieve the desired intake. Beta-carotene and other carotenoids in the total daily diet samples were determined by RP-HPLC. In addition to beta-carotene, in decreasing quantity lutein, alpha-carotene, antheraxanthin, lycopene, zeaxanthin, neoxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-cryptoxanthin and violaxanthin were estimated. The intake of beta-carotene (carotenoids) ranged from 0.2 to 9.7 mg/d (0.7-16.5 mg/d) with mean values (median) of 1.1 mg/d for beta-carotene and 3.9 mg/d for carotenoids based on results from investigations of 39 total daily diet samples. The recommended daily intake can only be achieved by consuming (100-200 g/d) of vegetables und fruits with a particularly high carotenoid content. Kale (34.8), red peppers (27.4), parsley (25.7), spinach (17.3), lamb's lettuce (16.0), carrots (15.8) and tomatoes (12.7) headed the list of vegetables with more than 10 mg/100 g. In the case of fruit, papayas (3.8), grapefruits (3.6), nectarines (2.9) and apricots (2.6) were pre-eminent with more than 2 mg/ 100 g. The results distinguish between provitamin A and non-provitamin A carotenoids. In addition the contents of beta-carotene and lutein are shown.

Analysis of Food and Nutrient Intake of Menu for Elementary School Foodservices in Seoul

Abstract: This study was carried on the analysis of food and nutrient intake for elementary school foodservices in Seoul. The survey was conducted through the 200 menus submitted by the 5 elementary schools in Seoul. Energy and all nutrient intakes exceeded the Recommended Daily Allowances of Koreans. Carbohydrate provided 56.32% of total energy intake; protein accounted for 16.06%; fat provided 27.62%. Total intake of food was 549 g on the average, which consisted of 90.04 g cereals, 130.17 g vegetables, 31.56 g meats, 21.63 g fishes and 200.00 g milks. The basic menu patterns were Rice+Soup (or Stew)+Kimchi, and 2 other side dishes including milk. These data underscore the necessity of developing the 'Standard Menu' for elementary school foodservices.

Dietary Intake of College Students: Attitudes, Knowledge and Dietary Quality

Abstract: The objectives of this study were to identify the degree to which dietary intakes of college students met current dietary recommendations and to assess relationships between knowledge of food compo...

Food intake and nutrient adequacy of rural population of Guntur District (Andra Pradesh)

Abstract: The study reported here was undertaken to investigate the food intake and nutrient adequacy of rural population in Guntur District of Andhra Pradesh. A total of 1200 pre-school children were covered under the study from three divisions of Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh. A 3 day dietary survey was conducted by a weighed method for estimating the food intake. Nutritional Value of the food consumed was calculated. Nutritional status was assessed by anthropometry. The consumption of milk was very inadequate. Most of the protein and energy were derived from cereals. It is also revealed that ascorbic acid and beta-carotene deficiency seem to be most predominant followed by riboflavin, thiamine, iron and niacin.

Evaluation of Nutritional Deficit Status in Hemodialysis Patients Based on Usual Dietary Intake, Anthropometric and Biochemical Parameters.

Abstract: Long-term hemodialysis(HD) patients manifest various signs of protein and caloric malutrition due to poor intake of nutrients and other causes. Poor nutritional status increases the mortality and morbidity rates in HD patients. Thus, mataintnance of adequate nutritional status has been a major task in taking care of patients receiving HD. This study was to evaluate the nutritional status of HD patients and to clarify the degree of nutritional deficit based on usual dietary intake, anthropometric and biochemical indicators. Sixty HD patients comprised a HD group, while the control group consisted of 60 healthy adults whose age and sex matched those of the HD group. Nutritional status was evaluated by dietrary intake using instant nutritional scale, anthropometric measures, serum protein concentrations and the number of lymphocytes. The data were analyzed by using Chi-square test and unpaired t-test. The results are as follows. 1. Regarding usual dietary intake of HD group. 1) Estimated caloric intake was significantly lower than the recommended daily allowance(RDA) and among them, 35% were taking calories less than 85% of the RDA. 2) Estimated protein intake was significantly higher than the RDA and among them 40% were taking protein more than 115% of the RDA. 3) Estimated fat intake was lower than the RDA. 4) Vitamin A, B, , C and niacin in take was lower than the RDA respectively. 5) Estimated ferrous intake was within the normal limit the RDA while estimated calcium intake was higher than the RDA. 6) Both calorie and protein intake were higher for the 10 patients who had been under continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis than for the patients under HD from the beginning. 2. Regarding anthropometric measures : 1) Body mass index(BMI), midarm circumference(MAC), and triceps skinfold thickness(TSF) were lower in the HD group than in the control group. 2) Among HD group, 47.1% were within the normal limit of BMI, while 86.7% were within the same limit in the control group. 3) Among HD group, 35.0% were within the normal limit of MAC, while 83.3% were within the same limit in the control group. 4) Among HD group, only 8.3% were normal, 30.3% were mild deficit status of TSF, while 50% were normal and 48.3% were mild deficit status in the control group. 3. Regarding biochemical laboratory tests 1) Albumin, transferrin concentrations and the number of lymphocytes were lower in HD group than in the control group. 2) Among HD group, 98.3% were within the normal limit of albumin concentration and all were within the same limit in the control group. 3) Among HD group, only 11.7% were within the normal limit of transferrin concentration, while 81.7% were within the same limit in the control group. 4) Among HD group, 25% were within the normal limit, while 93.3% were within the same limit in the control group. The above findings suggest that HD patients were in nutritional deficit status. Adequate diet therapy and periodical evaluation of the nutritional status in HD patients are needed. Accordingly, it turned out that anthropometric measures were very reliable parameters and easy to use to evaluate nutritional status. So nurses are encouraged to adopt anthropometric measures to examine nutritional deficit status of HD patients.

Selected factors related to calcium intake and change in calcium intake resulting from a Health Belief Model and health locus of control-based intervention among 45-54 year old women

Abstract: CHAPTER L INTRODUCTION Theoretical Base CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Menopause Effects of declining estrogen levels Osteoporosis Risk factors for osteoporosis Impact of Dietary Factors on Osteoporosis Calcium intake Vitamin D intake Other dietary factors Theoretical Models for Behavior Changes The Health Belief Model Locus of control The Effect of Short-term Education on Changes in Dietary Behavior CHAPTERS. METHODS Study Design Instrument Development Pre-test questionnaire Post-test questionnaire Expert Review and Pilot Testing Participant Recruitment Data Collection Data Reduction and Analysis CHAPTER 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Descriptive Characteristics of Participants Participants' Locus of Control Scores Participants' Attitudes Related to the Health Belief Model Calcium Intake Estimates from Food and Supplements Regression Analysis Pre-intervention regression models Post-intervention regression models 77 Health belief attitudes as a predictor of calcium intake 82 Multidimensional health locus of control as a predictor of calcium intake... 84 Demographic characteristics as predictors of calcium intake 85 Effects of the Educational Intervention 85 CHAPTER 5. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 87 Summary 87 Limitations 90 Conclusions and Implications 91 Practical Applications for Interventions 96 Recommendations for Future Research 98 APPENDIX A: PRE-INTERVENTION QUESTIONNAIRE 99 APPENDIX B; POSTINTERVENTION QUESTIONNAIRE 108 APPENDIX C: TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS 116 REFERENCES 118 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 131

Daily Intake of Carotenoids (Carotenes and Xanthophylls) From Total Diet and the Carotenoid Content of Selected Vegetables and Fuit

Abstract: The recommended daily intake is currently either 2 mg of beta-carotene (recommended by DGE, Germany, in addition to 1.0 (0.8) mg retinol-equivalents for vitamin A requirement) or 5-6 mg of beta-carotene (recommended by NCI, USA). The present studies were carried out to investigate to what extent a balanced diet prepared using household or cafeteria methods contributes to achieve the desired intake. Beta-carotene and other carotenoids in the total daily diet samples were determined by RP-HPLC. In addition to beta-carotene, in decreasing quantity lutein, alpha-carotene, antheraxanthin, lycopene, zeaxanthin, neoxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-cryptoxanthin and violaxanthin were estimated. The intake of beta-carotene (carotenoids) ranged from 0.2 to 9.7 mg/d (0.7-16.5 mg/d) with mean values (median) of 1.1 mg/d for beta-carotene and 3.9 mg/d for carotenoids based on results from investigations of 39 total daily diet samples. The recommended daily intake can only be achieved by consuming (100-200 g/d) of vegetables und fruits with a particularly high carotenoid content. Kale (34.8), red peppers (27.4), parsley (25.7), spinach (17.3), lamb's lettuce (16.0), carrots (15.8) and tomatoes (12.7) headed the list of vegetables with more than 10 mg/100 g. In the case of fruit, papayas (3.8), grapefruits (3.6), nectarines (2.9) and apricots (2.6) were pre-eminent with more than 2 mg/ 100 g. The results distinguish between provitamin A and non-provitamin A carotenoids. In addition the contents of beta-carotene and lutein are shown.

Magnesium, calcium and phosphorus contents in daily food rations in primary school children: questionnaire and analytic studies.

Abstract: Aims of the performed studies included working out a technique of determining representative rations on the basis of questionnaire studies on school children in Wielkopolska west region of Poland. The reconstructed representative daily food rations provided grounds for analytic studies. The studies were performed in the four seasons of the year. The studied food rations failed to cover the recommended daily intake of Mg and Ca. On the other hand, the daily intake of P transgressed the food norms. The inadequate Ca to Mg and Ca to P ratios were interpreted as deserving special concern when confronted with the market situation in Poland and as creating particular health hazards for the studied school children. The employed statistical analysis demonstrated that the suggested technique of determining representative rations may be employed in evaluation of Mg, Ca and P intake.

Reguliere vitamine A-supplementen veilig voor zwangeren die spaarzaam leverproducten gebruiken [Dutch vitamin A additives (1200 RE/day) safe for pregnant women consuming little liver products]

Abstract: Objective. To determine how much vitamin A is consumed through liver and liver products by non-pregnant and pregnant women aged 16-50 years, and to determine the implications for the use of multivitamin products. Design. Secondary analysis on data from representative database Dutch National Food Consumption Survey. Method. Data were obtained from a Dutch National Food Consumption Survey (1992, method published earlier) regarding 1725 non-pregnant and 58 pregnant women aged 16-50 years who did or did not consume liver and (or) liver products. Results. Average daily vitamin A intake (two consecutive days), was 850 retinol equivalents (RE) for non-pregnant and 990 RE for pregnant women, respectively (recommended daily allowances are 800 RE and 1000 RE). Average intakes of those not eating liver or liver products were 540 RE and 720 RE per day. In about 70% and 50% of the women respectively the intake was below the minimal requirement of 6oo RE per day. The use of a vitamin A supplement providing 1200 RE per day among the non-liver users would in none of the cases have resulted in intakes higher than the threshold level of 7500 RE for teratogenic risks. Occasionally in 2-3% of the women, not using liver or liver products, maximum intake would exceed 5000 RE per day (the upper safe limit of intake according to the Dutch Health Council/Nutrition Council Committee). However, women using liver or liver products would be at risk of having too high intakes, above the treshold level of 7500 RE, irrespective of the use of vitamin supplements. Conclusion. Regular vitamin A supplements may be safely used by pregnant women who consume little or no liver or 1iver products. Chemicals/CAS: Teratogens; Vitamin A, 11103-57-4