Showing papers on "Reference Daily Intake published in 1998"

Assessing dietary intake : Who, what and why of under-reporting

Abstract: Under-reporting of food intake is one of the fundamental obstacles preventing the collection of accurate habitual dietary intake data. The prevalence of under-reporting in large nutritional surveys ranges from 18 to 54% of the whole sample, but can be as high as 70% in particular subgroups. This wide variation between studies is partly due to different criteria used to identify under-reporters and also to non-uniformity of under-reporting across populations. The most consistent differences found are between men and women and between groups differing in body mass index. Women are more likely to under-report than men, and under-reporting is more common among overweight and obese individuals. Other associated characteristics, for which there is less consistent evidence, include age, smoking habits, level of education, social class, physical activity and dietary restraint. Determining whether under-reporting is specific to macronutrients or food is problematic, as most methods identify only low energy intakes. Studies that have attempted to measure under-reporting specific to macronutrients express nutrients as percentage of energy and have tended to find carbohydrate under-reported and protein over-reported. However, care must be taken when interpreting these results, especially when data are expressed as percentages. A logical conclusion is that food items with a negative health image (e.g. cakes, sweets, confectionery) are more likely to be under-reported, whereas those with a positive health image are more likely to be over-reported (e.g. fruits and vegetables). This also suggests that dietary fat is likely to be under-reported. However, it is necessary to distinguish between under-reporting and genuine under-eating for the duration of data collection. The key to understanding this problem, but one that has been widely neglected, concerns the processes that cause people to under-report their food intakes. The little work that has been done has simply confirmed the complexity of this issue. The importance of obtaining accurate estimates of habitual dietary intakes so as to assess health correlates of food consumption can be contrasted with the poor quality of data collected. This phenomenon should be considered a priority research area. Moreover, misreporting is not simply a nutritionist's problem, but requires a multidisciplinary approach (including psychology, sociology and physiology) to advance the understanding of under-reporting in dietary intake studies.

Dietary Reference Intakes: The New Basis for Recommendations for Calcium and Related Nutrients, B Vitamins, and Choline

Abstract: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) represent the new approach adopted by the Food and Nutrition Board to providing quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes for use in a variety of settings, replacing and expanding on the past 50 years of periodic updates and revisions of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) The DRI activity is a comprehensive effort undertaken to include current concepts about the role of nutrients and food components in long-term health, going beyond deficiency diseases The DRIs consist of 4 reference intakes: the RDA, which is to be used as a goal for the individual; the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), which is given to assist in advising individuals what levels of intake may result in adverse effects if habitually exceeded; the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), the intake level at which the data indicate that the needs for 50% of those consuming it will not be met; and the Adequate Intake (AI), a level judged by the experts developing the reference intakes to meet the needs of all individuals in a group, but which is based on much less data and substantially more judgment than that used in establishing an EAR and subsequently the RDA When an RDA cannot be set, an AI is given Both are to be used as goals for an individual Two reports have been issued providing DRIs for nutrients and food components reviewed to date: these include calcium and its related nutrients: phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride; and most recently, folate, the B vitamins, and choline The approaches used to determine the DRIs, the reference values themselves, and the plans for future nutrients and food components are discussed

The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: People Aged 65 Years and Over

Abstract: Commissioned by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, the Department of Health and carried out by Social and Community Planning Research and MRC Dunn Nutrition Unit, the dental hospitals of the Universities of Newcastle and Birmingham and the Department of Epidemiology of the University of London, this research forms part of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. Set up in 1992 the surveys cover representative groups of the population and examine the diet of the over‐65s in terms of actual dietary intake, habits, energy and nutrient intakes, physical measurements. Regional and socio‐economic comparisons are made.

Household Participation in the Food Stamp and WIC Programs Increases the Nutrient Intakes of Preschool Children

Abstract: We examined the effects of household participation in the Food Stamp and WIC Nutrition Programs on the nutrient intakes of preschoolers using data from the 1989-1991 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals. Nonbreastfeeding children, 1-4 y of age, with 3 d of dietary data and whose households had incomes < 130% of the poverty level were included in the study sample (n = 499). Nutrient adequacy ratios for each of 15 nutrients were the dependent variables in multiple regression models that controlled for the following: age, sex and ethnicity of the individual; income, size and location of the household; schooling of the household head; home ownership; school lunch and breakfast participation; and season in which the interview was conducted. WIC benefits positively influenced (P < 0. 05) the intakes of 10 nutrients. For iron and zinc, the average increase due to WIC represented 16.6 and 10.6%, respectively, of the preschooler recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for these nutrients. The same analyses of the Food Stamp Program revealed increases in five nutrients. For iron and zinc, the average increase due to Food Stamps represented 12.3 and 9.2%, respectively, of the preschooler RDA. The effects of the WIC Program on the intakes of iron and zinc were greater than that of cash income, and neither program affected the intakes of fat, saturated fat or cholesterol.

Dietary pattern, nutrient intake and growth of adolescent school girls in urban Bangladesh.

Abstract: Objective: To investigate the dietary pattern and nutritional status of adolescent girls attending schools in Dhaka city and to examine the association with various social factors. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Girls high schools in Dhaka city. Subjects: A total of 384 girls, aged from 10 to 16 years, who were students of classes VI to IX of 12 girls high schools in Dhaka city were selected by systematic random sampling. Nutrient intake was assessed using the 24-h recall method and the usual pattern of food intake was examined using a 7-day food frequency questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of undernutrition among the participants assessed as stunting was 10% overall with younger girls being less stunted (2%) than older girls (16%), whereas 16% were thin with relatively more of the younger girls (21%) being thin than of the older girls (1Ph). Based on the usual pattern of food intake, a substantial proportion of the girls did not consume eggs (26%), milk (35%) or dark green leafy vegetables (20%). By comparison, larger proportions consumed meat (50%) and fish (65%) at least four times a week. For the intake of energy and protein, only 9 and 17% of the girls, respectively, met the recommended daily allowance (RDA). For nearly 77% of the girls, the intake of fat was less than the recommendation. Intakes less than the RDA were found for iron (77% of the girls), calcium (79%), vitamin A (62%), vitamin C (67%), and riboflavin (96%). Based on the food consumption data, cereals were the major source of energy (57%), thiamin (67%), niacin (63%) and iron (37%). Animal sources supplied 50% of dietary protein. Cooking fats were the principal source of fat (67%) in the diet. Milk was the major contributor for riboflavin and preformed vitamin A (retinol). Leafy vegetables and fruits were the main sources of provitamin A (carotenes). The girls from families with less educated parents were more likely to be thin and short for their age. Those girls from families with lower incomes and less educated parents had a dietary pattern which tended to be poor with regard to egg, milk, meat and fruit, with lower intakes of protein, fat and riboflavin. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the diets of these girls tended to be inadequate both for macronutrients and micronutrients, with significant health implications. There was also a relationship between the family income and the education of the parents with the nutritional status of the girls.

A randomized clinical trial comparing the efficacy of mandibular implant-supported overdentures and conventional dentures in diabetic patients. Part II. Comparisons of masticatory performance.

Abstract: Statement of problem. It is unclear whether the replacement of conventional mandibular dentures with implant-supported overdentures alters the diet and thus improves the nutritional intake of edentulous persons. Purpose. The purpose of this study was to compare the pretreatment and posttreatment diets of edentulous diabetic patients who received new dentures with either a conventional complete mandibular denture (CD) or a mandibular implant-supported overdenture (IOD). Material and methods. New dentures were made for 89 edentulous diabetic patients with acceptable metabolic control without insulin (NIT) or with insulin (IT). A randomized approach was used to assign 37 patients a mandibular CD and 52 patients a mandibular IOD supported by 2 cylindrical implants. Of the 89 patients, 58 submitted a dietary log for 7 consecutive days before treatment (PT) and 6 months after treatment completion (PTC). An average daily intake of 28 essential nutrients was determined for each patient at each time interval. Separate 2 × 2 × 2 repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were performed for each nutrient to compare the means of the 2 denture groups (CD and IOD), 2 diabetic groups (NIT and IT), and 2 time intervals (PT and PTC). The intakes were also compared with the recommended daily allowance (RDA). Results. ANOVAs for all 28 nutritional variables showed no main effect for either denture type or diabetic treatment. Time effects were seen for magnesium, potassium, copper, and monounsaturated fats. The PTC mean intake of the total sample (N = 58) decreased for all 3 minerals and increased for monounsaturated fats with study dentures. Post hoc tests showed the differences between PT and PTC means to be statistically significant for only magnesium ( P =.043) and potassium ( P =.015). The percentage of patients with PT intake 25% or more below the RDA ranged from 33% to 85% in the CD group and from 24% to 100% in the IOD group for the same 11 nutrients. PTC fiber intake deficiency was noted in almost all participants. Carbohydrate consumption was markedly lower than that recommended by the American Diabetic Association. Conclusion. As is often the case with elderly groups, this group of edentulous diabetic patients showed highly comprised nutritional intakes of fiber, vitamins, and minerals. The replacement of old dentures with new dentures that included either a mandibular CD or IOD did not alter patient diets such that the patients improved their nutritional intakes of essential micronutrients and macronutrients. (J Prosthet Dent 2001;85:53-60.)

The contribution of various foods to intake of vitamin A and carotenoids in The Netherlands

Abstract: This study presents data on dietary intake of specific carotenoids in the Netherlands, based on a recently developed food composition database for carotenoids. Regularly eaten vegetables, the main dietary source of carotenoids, were sampled comprehensively and analysed with modern analytic methods. The database was complemented with data from recent literature and information from food manufacturers. In addition, data on intake of vitamin A are presented, which are based on the most recent update of the Dutch Food Composition Table. Intake of vitamin A was calculated for adult participants of the second Dutch National Food Consumption Survey in 1992, whereas intake of carotenoids was calculated for participants of the Dutch Cohort Study on diet and cancer, aged 55 to 69 in 1986. Mean intake of vitamin A amounted to 1.1 and 0.9 mg RE/day for men and women, respectively; the contributions of meat, fats and oils, vegetables and dairy products to total intake were 35%, 24%, 16%, and 16%, respectively. Mean intake of α-carotene, β-carotene and lutein plus zeaxanthin was 0.7, 3.0, and 2.5 mg/day respectively for both men and women, while mean intake of lycopene was 1.0 mg/day for men and 1.3 mg/day for women. The most important foods contributing to intake of β-carotene and lutein plus zeaxanthin were carrots β-carotene only), spinach, endive and kale.

Multicountry estimation of dietary boron intake.

Abstract: Dietary Reference Intakes are not yet established for boron (B), a naturally occurring trace element in the human diet. Estimated dietary B intakes provide useful information for planning and assessing diets in healthy populations. The countries selected for this study represent a wide variety of dietary patterns and have adequate nutrient databases (with the exception of B) and food consumption data. Large-scale nationwide survey data were provided by the US (1989–1991) and Germany (1985–1989). Survey data from rural agricultural communities of Mexico and Kenya were provided by the Human Nutrition Collaborative Research Support Program (1983–1986). A B nutrient database was created to include B concentrations for the foods consumed in each country. It incorporates B analytical data from various sources in the US, Finland, UK, Italy, Japan, and China. Each person’s average daily B intake was estimated by linking the B database with the survey food records. Average dietary intake estimates were then generated for various age and sex groups. The estimates for adults in the US, Germany, Mexico and Kenya, respectively, are 1.11, 1.72, 2.12, and 1.95 mg B/d for males and 0.89, 1.62, 1.75, and 1.80 mg B/d for females. Foods that are major contributors to the B intake of each country were also identified.

Consumo de energía y nutrimentos en mujeres mexicanas en edad reproductiva

Abstract: Objective. To analyze energy and nutrient consumption in Mexican women from 12 to 49 years of age. Material and methods. Dietetic information was gathered by a 24 h recall from 9 101 women who participated in the National Nutrition Survey conducted in 1988. These data were compared with sociodemographic and physiologic characteristics. Nutrient consumption was compared with the Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA). Variance analysis and t-test were used to evaluate group differences. Results. Mean energy consumption was 1 721 kcal per day. The diet consisted of 15% protein, 60% carbohydrates and 25% fat. The proportion of women with dietary intakes lower than 50% of the RDA was 70% for vitamin A, 75% for vitamin B6, 56% for vitamin C, 33% for vitamin B12, 69% for folate, 33% for calcium and 22% for iron. Conclusion. Results show important deficiencies in the diet, predominantly in pregnant and lactating women, in women from low socioeconomic levels and in rural and indigenous women of south of the Mexican republic.

Dietary folate intake in US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Abstract: To estimate the dietary intake of folate in the US population, we used data from the first phase of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) conducted from 1988 through 1991. Using data from a single 24-hour dietary recall, the mean intake for the population aged 17 years and older was 283.4 microg/day (standard error [SE] 3.8). After correcting for a single 24-hour dietary recall, 70.0% (SE 1.1%) met the current recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for folate. Because data on intake of nutritional supplements were not available, it is likely that a higher proportion of the United States population met the RDA for folate. Folate intake was not uniform in the population: men had higher intakes than women, and African Americans had lower intakes than persons of other races. African-American men had lower absolute folate intakes than white men (P=0.001) or Mexican-American men (P=0.002). African-American women had the lowest folate intakes among women (P<0.001 for white women, P=0.006 for Mexican-American women, and P=0.003 for other women). When folate intakes were expressed as mg per 1,000 calories, the results were very similar. Because of methodologic differences in administering the 24-hour dietary recalls in NHANES II and NHANES III, it is unclear whether increases in dietary folate consumption have occurred since NHANES II, which was conducted during 1976-80, and the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals, which was conducted during 1985-86. The low dietary consumption of folate by African Americans, if confirmed, suggests the need for public health strategies to increase consumption of folate among this group.

Nutritional survey of children and adolescents with myelomeningocele (MMC): Overweight associated with reduced energy intake

Abstract: UNLABELLED In patients affected by MMC both neurological and systemic dysfunctions may cause obesity and malnutrition. The aim of this study is a nutritional survey, with anthropometric assessment and dietary evaluation, of patients affected by MMC. CLINICAL MATERIALS AND METHODS Anthropometric assessment, dietary evaluation, and a comprehensive assessment of motor impairment degree (MID) were performed in 100 patients (54 males, 46 females) affected by MMC aged from 6 to 228 months (median 91 months). RESULTS Fifty-five/100 children and adolescents with MMC were classified as normal or wellnourished and 5 at risk of malnutrition or malnourished, while another 40/100 patients were classified as marked overweight (weight-for-height or BMI above the 95th percentile). Deficit in height-for-age was observed in 34/100 patients; 12 of these patients presented with obesity. Dietary assessment evidenced that the majority of wellnourished patients (48/55) were consuming less than 80% or between 80% to 100% of recommended daily allowances (RDA) of energy. Overweight patients had an energy intake lower than their own RDA: 5 below 80%, 25 between 80% to 100%, and only 10 over 100% of RDA of energy for age and sex. No statistical correlation was found between nutritional status and MID, while there was a statistically significant difference between nutritional status and dietary intake (p = 0.005). DISCUSSION Overweight is the most frequent nutritional disease in patients affected by MMC. Since in our experience on correlation with MID was found, we can speculate that childhood and adolescent obesity in patients with MMC occurs as a result of complex interactive factors, not strictly related to energy intake and MID. Nutritional surveillance and specific treatment programs for overweight MMC patients are essential to enhance their quality of life.

Determination of the daily selenium intake in slovakia

Abstract: Three models were used to determine the daily dietary Selenium intake in Slovakia. The Selenium content of food produced and consumed in the Slovak Republic was used to estimate and calculate the daily Selenium intake based on food consumption data per capita and seven days, (24 h) eating protocol models. In a duplicate portion model, Selenium was analyzed in a whole day hospital diet during an eight-day period. According to these models the daily dietary Selenium intake was 38.2 μg; 43.3 ±6.5 μg for men and 32.6 ±6.6 μg for women; 27.1 ±7.8 μg for normal and 32.3 ±4.8 μg for nourishing hospital diets. The main contributors of Selenium to daily intake were the following: eggs, pork, and poultry. The obtained results indicate that the daily dietary intake of Selenium of the Slovak people is below the recommended values.

Implications of the Weaning Pattern on Macronutrient Intake, Food Volume and Energy Density in Non-Breastfed Infants During the First Year of Life

Abstract: Objectives: To evaluate the implications of the patterns of weaning on the intake of macronutrients, energy intake, food volume and the energy density in healthy infants in the Mediterranean area of Spain.Subjects and study design: Cross-sectional study of 120 clinically-healthy, non-breastfed infants at the ages of 4, 6, 9 and 12 months randomly recruited from three pediatric out-patient clinics. Nutrition data were obtained from the infant’s food preparer using the 24-hour dietary recall method.Results: Energy intake/kg body weight was within the recommended daily allowance and did not vary significantly with age (423 kJ/kg body weight at 4 months and 443.7 kJ/kg at 12 months). There was a progressive decrease in the intake volume (p<0.001) in which carbohydrate-rich foodstuffs were the major factors, and an increase in the energy density (p<0.001) in which the protein-rich items were the principal contributors. Lipid intake diminished progressively (p<0.01) to a nadir of 26.4% of energy intake at 9 mon...

Protein Intake and Osteoporosis

Abstract: The amount of bone present at a given age is determined by the mass acquired during growth (the so-called peak bone mass) and by the subsequent rate of bone loss. The attainment of peak bone mass appears to be highly affected by the state of protein supply and intake during childhood and adolescence. Indeed, in childhood and adolescence, the need for protein is increased to meet the demand required by body growth. For instance, in animal studies, rats treated with growth hormone spontaneously select a high protein diet (1). Thus, during growth, the adaptation to lower protein intake should be much more difficult than later on in life. Protein undernutrition results in a reduction of height, weight, and overall body protein (2). The recommended daily allowance for protein varies between 2.0 in children to 1.0 in adolescents, and 0.75 g/kg per day in adults (3). On the other hand, a sufficient protein intake is also mandatory for the maintenance of bone homeostasis in the elderly. Indeed, malnutrition can be considered as a risk factor for hip fracture because it can be expected to accelerate age-dependent bone loss, to increase the propensity to fall by impairing movement coordination, to affect protective mechanisms, such as reaction time and muscle strength, and thus to reduce the energy required to fracture an osteoporotic proximal femur.

Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Methods for Setting Dietary Allowances and Exposure Limits for Essential Minerals

Abstract: For each essential trace element, there are two ranges of intake associated with adverse health effects: intakes that are too low and can lead to nutritional deficits and intakes that are too high and can lead to toxicity. Between these two ranges, there is a range of safe and adequate intakes that is compatible with good health; the challenge is to define that range quantitatively. The exposure limit for toxicity traditionally has been determined by dividing a no-observed-adverse-effect level, often from studies in experimental animals, by a series of uncertainty factors. Dietary allowances to meet nutritional requirements, on the other hand, have been based primarily on data in humans. Uncertainty, variability and limitations in the data base tend to increase estimates of nutritional requirements and decrease estimated toxic exposure limits, driving the values closer together. Chromium (III) and zinc are contrasting cases. Other factors, such as bioavailability, selection of the critical effect and interactions also can play important roles. Close coordination between the nutrition and toxicology communities, as envisioned in the NRC Food and Nutrition Board initiative on Dietary Reference Intakes, is essential in establishing acceptable ranges of intake for trace elements.

Longitudinal study of iodine in market milk and infant formula via epiboron neutron activation analysis

Abstract: Iodine is an essential nutrient in the human diet. Its primary role is expressed as a component of thyroxine (T4) and the corresponding deiodinated triiodothyronine (T3) hormones produced by the thyroid as part of the system that regulates growth, mental development and metabolism. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) for iodine ranges from 50 μg/day for infants to 150 μg/day for adults. Reports over the last 15 years have indicated that the U.S. diet provides 2 to 7 times the iodine RDA and that dairy products typically provide 20 to 60 percent of the dietary iodine intake. Measurements of iodine in dietary components and composites reported in FDA studies have been done calorimetrically. These studies have, according to the authors, both under reports (by up to −50%) and over reports (by up to +80%) the iodine, depending on food type, compared to a radiochemical NAA reference method. Milk is typically under reported by −20%. The objective of this study was to utilize epiboron neutron activation analysis (EBNAA) to study the iodine concentrations, and seasonal variations of iodine, and market milk and infant formula, collected 15 years apart, in comparison with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) market-basket reports.

Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes

Abstract: The correct reference value must be used for its intended purpose, which usually involves either planning for an adequate intake or the assessment of adequacy of intake. It is anticipated that future publications will address the interpretation and uses of DRIs in more detail in order to assist both the health professional and those interested in nutrition policy and analysis.

Energy and nutrient consumption in Mexican women in reproductive age

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze energy and nutrient consumption in Mexican women from 12 to 49 years of age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Dietetic information was gathered by a 24 h recall from 9,101 women who participated in the National Nutrition Survey conducted in 1988. These data were compared with sociodemographic and physiologic characteristics. Nutrient consumption was compared with the Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA). Variance analysis and t-test were used to evaluate group differences. RESULTS: Mean energy consumption was 1,721 kcal per day. The diet consisted of 15% protein, 60% carbohydrates and 25% fat. The proportion of women with dietary intakes lower than 50% of the RDA was 70% for vitamin A, 75% for vitamin B6, 56% for vitamin C, 33% for vitamin B12, 69% for folate, 33% for calcium and 22% for iron. CONCLUSION: Results show important deficiencies in the diet, predominantly in pregnant and lactating women, in women from low socioeconomic levels and in rural and indigenous women of south of the Mexican republic.

Functional Status and Nutrient Intake from the Council on Aging Meal and Total Daily Intake of Congregate, Adult Day Care and Homebound Program Participants

Abstract: Functional status and nutrient intake among 52 congregate, 30 day care and 31 homebound Council on Aging (COA) participants were evaluated by data from three 24-hour dietary recalls, ADLs and IADLs along with demographic variables and analyzed by analysis of variance. Congregate subjects had fewer functional status limitations. The COA meals provided one-third of the RDA for most nutrients; however, total daily intake was inadequate in several nutrients. Those living with younger relatives and homebound/day care men had significantly (p < 0.05) highest total daily intake. Positive benefits from the COA meals were supported. Service providers need to monitor both total day's intake and the COA meals.

Errors in Food Intake Article

Abstract: To the Editor We have discovered some errors in the data we presented in the September issue1 and would like the opportunity to rectify them here These errors primarily concern the way servings were quantified for the youngest children and the recommendations against which they were compared The effect of this is that the results are changed by a matter of degree rather than direction; hence, the overall conclusions remain the same The major differences stem from errors in the programming that compared the 2- to 11-year-old children's intakes of dairy foods to a recommendation …

Supplements as a source of micronutrient intake in middle-aged men in southern Germany : Results of the MONICA dietary survey 1994/95

Abstract: Survey data on contemporary supplement intake in Germany are scarce, and the contribution of supplements to nutrient intake is especially unclear. In the MONICA Project Augsburg a dietary survey using 7-day weighed records was carried out in a subsample of 607 eligible men aged 45–64 years from the city of Augsburg (participation 430 men=71%) in 1994/95. Participants also reported their intake of supplements. The German national food data base BLS (version 2.1), which was used to code the records and calculate the nutrients, had to be complemented by nutrient data of supplements and fortified foods. On a group level the maximum mean percentage contribution of supplements to the intake of a micronutrient was 4.0% (vitamin C). On an individual level, however, up to 4.0% of the men were found to receive more than 50% of their intake of selected micronutrients from supplements. It is, therefore, recommended to ask for supplement intake in future dietary surveys within Germany.

Improvement in nutrient intake by elderly meals-on-wheels participants receiving a liquid nutrition supplement

Abstract: With the elderly the fastest growing segment of the US population and many of these dependent on federal and community food programs for a major part of their sustenance, there is concern that many experience food insecurity. This article addresses the nutritional status of the elderly, factors that affect nutrient intake, and documents the impact of adding liquid nutrition supplements for homebound elderly at-risk for poor nutritional status.