Showing papers on "Reference Daily Intake published in 2006"

DRI, Dietary reference intakes : the essential guide to nutrient requirements

Abstract: Widely regarded as the classic reference work for the nutrition, dietetic, and allied health professions since its introduction in 1943, Recommended Dietary Allowances has been the accepted source in nutrient allowances for healthy people. Responding to the expansion of scientific knowledge about the roles of nutrients in human health, the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, in partnership with Health Canada, has updated what used to be known as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and renamed their new approach to these guidelines Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). Since 1998, the Institute of Medicine has issued eight exhaustive volumes of DRIs that offer quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets applicable to healthy individuals in the United States and Canada. Now, for the first time, all eight volumes are summarized in one easy-to-use reference volume, Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Reference for Dietary Planning and Assessment. Organized by nutrient for ready use, this popular reference volume reviews the function of each nutrient in the human body, food sources, usual dietary intakes, and effects of deficiencies and excessive intakes. For each nutrient of food component, information includes: * Estimated average requirement and its standard deviation by age and gender. * Recommended dietary allowance, based on the estimated average requirement and deviation. * Adequate intake level, where a recommended dietary allowance cannot be based on an estimated average requirement. * Tolerable upper intake levels above which risk of toxicity would increase. Along with dietary reference values for the intakes of nutrients by Americans and Canadians, this book presents recommendations for health maintenance and the reduction of chronic disease risk. Also included is a "Summary Table of Dietary Reference Intakes," an updated practical summary of the recommendations. In addition, Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Reference for Dietary Planning and Assessment provides information about: * Guiding principles for nutrition labeling and fortification * Applications in dietary planning * Proposed definition of dietary fiber * A risk assessment model for establishing upper intake levels for nutrients * Proposed definition and plan for review of dietary antioxidants and related compounds Dietitians, community nutritionists, nutrition educators, nutritionists working in government agencies, and nutrition students at the postsecondary level, as well as other health professionals, will find Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Reference for Dietary Planning and Assessment an invaluable resource.

Bioavailability of selenium from foods.

Abstract: Selenium (Se), an essential nutrient, is needed for activity of several important proteins. Additionally, the consumption of Se in amounts that exceed the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) may protect against prostate and colorectal cancer. Supplemental Se may be acquired through the diet, but Se bioavailability depends on the source. Therefore, dietary advice concerning improvement of Se intake depends on characterization of Se bioavailability from Se-containing food sources.

Food consumption patterns in an adult urban population in Beirut, Lebanon

Abstract: Objectives: To investigate, measure and assess the food consumption pattern of the adult population living in Beirut, Lebanon, and to identify inadequate or excessive intake of food groups particularly linked to non-communicable diseases. Design: A cross-sectional food consumption survey was conducted in 2001. Dietary habits were assessed by means of a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire. Setting: Dietary survey of the urban population (Beirut). Subjects: Random sample of 444 adult subjects (aged 25–54 years) in Beirut. Results: The mean consumption of food by the study population was estimated to be 3030 g day 21 , providing an energy intake of 2523.57 kcal day 21 . Fat contributed 38.9% to the average daily energy intake, protein 13.4% and carbohydrates 47.2%. Mean consumption of fruits and vegetables was approximately 367 g day 21 and 45.3% of subjects consumed less than the recommended 400 g daily. Cereals contributed 324.5 g day 21 , providing 35.0% of daily energy intake, with bread being the most highly consumed (146.2 g day 21 ) in this food group. The mean intake of meat and poultry products was 91.7 g day 21 and provided 8.8% of daily energy intake, with consumption of butchery products especially beef being the highest (47.6 g day 21 ) followed by poultry (36.1 g day 21 ). A low consumption of fish was noted (19.7 g day 21 ), with 73.6% of subjects consuming less than the recommended 2 servings of fish per week. Dairy products contributed 243.1 g day 21 or 10.9% of daily energy intake, and milk was the least consumed dairy product (56.8% of consumers). The intake of added fats and oils, excluding those in cooked recipes, was 20.4 g day 21 ; olive oil was not used in cooking but was added solely at the table and its mean intake was 5 g day 21 . The consumption of butter was low (0.86 g day 21 ) and vegetable oil was the type of fat mostly used in cooking. The average intake of alcoholic beverages was low (33.6 g day 21 ), accounting for 0.7% of total energy intake. Women had significantly higher intakes of milk, dairy products, vegetables and coffee than men (P , 0.05). The percentage of women who reported the use of low-fat items was significantly higher than that of men. Younger people (25–34 years) ate significantly more meat, sugar, alcoholic beverages and soft drinks, and consumed significantly less cooked vegetables and legumes, than older ones (P , 0.05). Conclusions: The rather high contribution of fat to daily energy intake, the low intake of fish and the relatively high percentage of people consuming less than the recommended amount of fruits and vegetables observed in this study suggest that the adult Lebanese population is at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, obesity and other non-communicable diseases, which provides the basis for recommending increased intakes of fish, particularly fatty fish, and fruits and vegetables.

Sodium in the Finnish diet: II trends in dietary sodium intake and comparison between intake and 24-h excretion of sodium.

Abstract: Objective To estimate cross-sectional and long-term dietary sodium intakes and sources in Finland, and to evaluate the validity of 48-h recall to assess sodium intake. Design Cross-sectional dietary surveys and food availability data (Food Balance Sheets). Setting Dietary surveys were carried out in Finland in 1992, 1997 and 2002. Food availability data were collected from 1980 to 1999. Subjects A stratified random sample was drawn from the population register. The total number of participants in the three dietary surveys was 6730. In the subsample for urine collection, the number of participants was 879. Interventions Nutrient intakes were estimated on the basis of a 3-day food diary in 1992, a 24-h recall in 1997 and a 48-h recall in 2002. The 24-h urinary excretion of sodium was used to validate sodium intake. In addition, salt intake was estimated based on Food Balance Sheets. Results Sodium intake has slowly decreased since the early 1980s. Reported daily sodium intake correlated significantly with sodium excretion. Conclusions Sodium intake has decreased during the last two decades, but is still higher than the recommended daily intake. Sodium intake estimation based on dietary surveys and food availability data is a valid method provided that the food composition database is up to date and of good quality. Sponsorship All surveys were funded by the National Public Health Institute in Finland and the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.

Meeting Adequate Intake for Dietary Calcium without Dairy Foods in Adolescents Aged 9 to 18 Years (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2002)

Abstract: Background In the United States, >50% of dietary calcium is provided by milk and milk products. Calcium intakes in the United States are inadequate for many children, and a large proportion do not drink milk or consume dairy products. However, no studies have addressed whether dairy-free diets can provide adequate calcium while meeting other nutrient recommendations. Objective To determine the highest calcium intake for adolescents obtained from dairy-free diets, and to examine the relationship between intakes of calcium-fortified foods, using citrus juice as an example, and maximal calcium intakes. Design In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001 to 2002, 65 females and 62 males, aged 9 to 18 years, reported no intake of dairy. We used linear programming to generate diets with maximal calcium intake, while meeting Dietary Reference Intakes for a set of nutrients, limiting energy and fat intakes, and not selecting food quantities exceeding amounts usually eaten in the population. Results With food use and energy and fat constraints, diets formulated by linear programming provided 1,150 and 1,411 mg/day of calcium for girls and boys, respectively. With the Dietary Reference Intakes constraints, these decreased to 869 and 1,160 mg/day. When we introduced 1.5 servings of fortified juice to the diets, the highest calcium intake increased to 1,302 mg/day for girls and to 1,640 mg/day for boys. Conclusions Adequate intake for calcium cannot be met with dairy-free diets while meeting other nutrient recommendations. To meet the adequate intake for calcium without large changes in dietary patterns, calcium-fortified foods are needed. In addition, greater physical activity and responsible sunlight exposure should be encouraged to promote vitamin D adequacy.

The Maximal Amount of Dietary α-Tocopherol Intake in U.S. Adults (NHANES 2001–2002)

Abstract: The current study was designed to determine the maximal amount of alpha-tocopherol intake obtained from food in the U.S. diet, and to examine the effect of different food group intakes on this amount. Data from 2138 men and 2213 women aged >18 y were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2002. Linear programming was used to generate diets with maximal alpha-tocopherol intake, with the conditions of meeting the recommended daily allowances or adequate intakes for a set of nutrients, sodium and fat recommendations, and energy limits, and that were compatible with the observed dietary patterns in the population. With food use and energy constraints in models, diets formulated by linear programming provided 19.3-24.9 mg alpha-tocopherol for men and women aged 19-50 or >50 y. These amounts decreased to 15.4-19.9 mg with the addition of the sodium, dietary reference intake, and fat constraints. The relations between maximal alpha-tocopherol intake and food group intakes were influenced by total fat restrictions. Although meeting current recommendations (15 mg/d) appears feasible for individuals, dramatic dietary changes that include greater intakes of nuts and seeds, and fruit and vegetables, are needed. Careful selection of the highest vitamin E source foods within these groups could further increase the likelihood of meeting the current recommended daily allowance.

Protein intake in Parkinsonian patients using the EPIC food frequency questionnaire

Abstract: The dietary habits of 45 Italian patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and their spouses were investigated using the EPIC food frequency questionnaire. Average daily energy intake was similar, but PD patients consumed significantly more vegetable proteins and carbohydrates (both +18%; P = 0.01 and P = 0.001, respectively). Daily protein intake, which interferes with levodopa absorption, was 50% higher than the recommended daily allowance (1.2 vs. 0.8 g/kg) in both PD patients and spouses and was significantly higher in patients with moderate/severe symptoms (1.27 ± 0.29 vs. 1.07 ± 0.28 g/kg; P < 0.001). In patients taking levodopa, there was a correlation between daily levodopa dosage and protein intake (P = 0.027). Dietary habits of patients with advanced and/or fluctuating PD should always be checked, with particular reference to protein intake. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society

Can self-reported dieting and dietary restraint identify underreporters of energy intake in dietary surveys?

Abstract: Underreporting is endemic in most dietary studies and ways to reliably identify individuals who may underreport energy intake are needed. Whether questions on self-reported dieting and dietary restraint, in addition to weight status, would identify individuals who may underreport energy intakes was examined in a United Kingdom representative survey. Mean daily energy intake was calculated from the 7-day dietary record of 668 men and 826 women. Reported physical activity was used to assign each subject's activity level and to calculate estimated energy requirements from published equations. Underreporting was calculated as estimated energy requirements minus energy intake with adjustment for daily variation. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire assessed dietary restraint. Underreporting was higher in men and women reporting current dieting than nondieters (P<0.001) and higher in high-restrained (P<0.001) than low-restrained. When stratified by body mass index category, in men these associations were only significant in the overweight (P<0.001). Dieting was associated with greater underreporting in both lean (P<0.01) and overweight women (P<0.001). Underreporting was higher in lean high-restrained women than low-restrained (P=0.02), but similar in overweight women regardless of restraint score. Questions to assess dietary restraint and current dieting may be useful tools to identify and evaluate underreporting at an individual level in dietary surveys.

Vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 supplementation is needed among adults with phenylketonuria (PKU)

Abstract: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is caused by an autosomal recessive deficiency of the enzyme phelnylalanine hydroxylase leading to a failure to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine. To avoid irreversible neurological damage because of increased phenylalanine, treatment is instituted rapidly after birth. We examined 31 adult PKU patients living on a less protein-restricted diet. Theoretically, these PKU patients had an increased risk of developing vitamin B(12) and B(6) deficiency because of a limited intake of animal products. Besides laboratory tests (n = 31) we obtained clinical information (n = 30) and detailed information on food consumption (n = 28). Three-quarters of the patients had early biochemical signs of vitamin B(12) deficiency. In spite of a normal folate status, 9 (29%) had a plasma homocysteine above 12 micromol/L. In accord with these findings, the food questionnaires indicated that 11 (39%) patients received less than the recommended daily vitamin B(12), and 20 (71%) received less vitamin B(6) than recommended. A significant association was found between reduced vitamin B(12) intake and both reduced serum cobalamins (p = 0.04) and reduced serum transcobalamin saturation (p = 0.03). Eleven patients took a vitamin pill daily, and these patients had a significantly lower plasma homocysteine compared to the rest. The present study suggests that adult PKU patients were at increased risk of developing vitamin B(12) deficiency, and their intake of vitamin B(6) was below the recommended daily intake. In conclusion PKU patients need continuing dietary guidance throughout adult life, and considering the risks, costs and potential benefits, daily vitamin supplementation seems justified in these patients.

The effects of dieting on food and nutrient intake of lactating women.

Abstract: The purpose of this report was to identify and evaluate dietary changes in women who were participating in a study on the effects of weight loss in overweight lactating women on the growth of their infants. Women were randomly assigned at 4 weeks postpartum to either restrict energy intake by 500 kcal/day (diet and exercise group) or to maintain usual dietary intake (control group) for 10 weeks. The diet and exercise group significantly decreased fats, sweetened drinks, sweets and desserts, snack foods, and energy intake. Micronutrient intake decreased in the diet and exercise group; however, mean intakes were not significantly different from those of the control group except for calcium and vitamin D. Both groups consumed less than 76% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamins E and C at the end of the study. Mean intake of all other nutrients was adequate in both groups. These results suggest that overweight lactating women can restrict their energy intake by 500 kcal per day by decreasing consumption of foods high in fat and simple sugars. However, they must be advised to increase their intakes of foods high in calcium and vitamin D. Increased intake of fruits and vegetables should also be recommended to all lactating women, as well as multivitamin and calcium supplements to those who do not consume adequate amounts of these foods.

Food intake of children with short stature born small for gestational age before and during a randomized GH trial.

Abstract: Parents of short children born SGA often report that their children have a serious lack of appetite and a low food intake. In this study we investigated food intake, by using a standardized 7-day food

The 2005 USDA Food Guide Pyramid Is Associated with More Adequate Nutrient Intakes within Energy Constraints than the 1992 Pyramid

Abstract: The USDA issued the Food Guide Pyramid (FGP) to help Americans choose healthy diets. We examined whether adherence to the 1992 and 2005 FGP was associated with moderate energy and adequate nutrient intakes. We used data for 2138 men and 2213 women > 18 y old, from the 2001-2002 U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Quadratic programming was used to generate diets with minimal departure from intakes reported for the NHANES 2001-02. We examined the effect of the number of servings/d of Food Pyramid groups set at 1992 and at 2005 FGP recommendations for 1600, 2200, and 2800 kcal (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ) levels. We calculated energy and nutrients provided by different FGP dietary patterns. Within current U.S. dietary practices, following the 1992 FGP without sodium restriction may provide 200 more kcal than recommended for each energy level. Although it can meet most of old nutrient recommendations (1989), it fails to meet the latest dietary reference intakes, especially for the 1600 kcal level. The 2005 FGP appears to provide less energy and more adequate nutrient intakes, with the exception of vitamin E and potassium for some groups. However, without discretionary energy restriction, Americans are at risk of having excessive energy intake even if they follow the 2005 FGP food serving recommendations. Our analysis suggests that following the 2005 FGP may be associated with lower energy and optimal nutrient intake. Careful restriction of discretionary calories appears necessary for appropriate energy intakes to be maintained.

Salt intake in an urban, developing South African community.

Abstract: Introduction Present guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hypertension indicate that a reduction in sodium (Na(+)) intake levels and an increase in potassium (K(+)) intake levels are critical components of blood pressure (BP) control. Whether this is being successfully implemented in urban, developing communities in South Africa is uncertain. Aims The first was to assess how mean 24-hour urinary Na(+) and K(+) excretion rates, used as an index of salt intake, compared against recommended daily allowances (RDA) for Na(+) and K(+) intake in an urban, developing South African community. The second was to determine the relationship between hypertension awareness and treatment, and 24- hour urinary Na(+) and K(+)excretion rates in this community. Methods Four hundred and thirty-eight subjects living in metropolitan areas of Johannesburg, of whom 291 had complete 24-hour urine collections and BP measurements, obtained on three separate occasions, were randomly recruited. Thirty-one per cent of the sample of 291 subjects were hypertensive (either receiving therapy or with an average BP measured on three separate occasions > or =140/90 mmHg). Sixty-seven per cent of hypertensives were aware of their hypertension and were being treated for it. On average, 82% of subjects had 24-hour Na+ excretion values above the RDA for Na(+) intake of 65 mmol/day. All subjects had 24- hour K(+) excretion rates below the RDA for K(+) intake (120 mmol/day). The mean value for 24-hour urinary Na(+) and K(+) excretion rates (mmol/24 hours) in patients who were aware of their hypertension and receiving treatment for it (n = 61; Na(+) = 112 +/- 54, K(+) = 32 +/- 16) was similar to that of patients who were unaware of their hypertension (n = 30; Na(+) = 102 +/- 49, K(+) = 28 +/- 13), or to normotensives (n = 200; Na(+) = 117 +/- 56, K(+) = 33 +/- 17). Hypertension awareness and treatment were not associated with electrolyte excretion rates either when considered alone or after adjusting for age, gender, body mass index, alcohol and tobacco intake, the presence of diabetes mellitus and the type of antihypertensive therapy (multivariate regression analysis). Moreover, the proportion of patients who were aware of their hypertension, were receiving treatment for it, and who had 24-hour Na(+) excretion values above the RDA for Na(+) intake (80%) was similar to the proportion noted in those who were unaware of their hypertension (73%), and to normotensives (84%). Conclusions The lack of relationship between either hypertension awareness and treatment, and Na(+) and K(+) intake levels suggests that current recommendations for a reduced Na(+) and increased K(+) intake in hypertensives do not translate into clinical practice in urban, developing communities of South Africa.

A Critical Assessment of the Upper Intake Levels for Infants and Children

Abstract: The dietary reference intake (DRI) committees of the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine were charged with establishing DRIs for all of the essential nutrients, including fat and energy. These reference values are quantitative estimates of the nutrient intakes to be used to plan and assess the diets of healthy people. The reference values include both recommended intakes and tolerable upper intake levels (ULs). The ULs are defined as "the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population." As intake increases above the UL, the risk of adverse effects increases. The term "tolerable intake" was chosen to avoid the implication of a possible beneficial effect. Instead, the term is intended to connote a level of intake that can, with a high probability, be tolerated biologically. Yet, with intakes above the ULs, the risk of adverse health effects increases. Thus, there is no obvious benefit for healthy individuals to consume quantities of nutrients above the UL.

Energy and nutrient intake of Swiss women aged 75-87 years.

Abstract: Objective Reliable data about the nutrient intake of elderly noninstitutionalized women in Switzerland is lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the energy and nutrient intake in this specific population. Subjects The 401 subjects were randomly selected women of mean age of 80.4 years (range 75–87) recruited from the Swiss SEMOF (Swiss Evaluation of the Methods of Measurement of Osteoporotic Fracture Risk) cohort study. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was submitted to the 401 subjects to assess dietary intake. Results The FFQ showed a mean daily energy intake of 1544 kcal (±447.7). Protein intake was 65.2 g (±19.9), that is 1.03 g kg−1 body weight per day. The mean daily intake for energy, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, magnesium, vitamin C, D and E were below the RNI. However, protein, phosphorus, potassium, iron and vitamin B6 were above the RNI. Conclusion The mean nutrient intake of these free living Swiss elderly women was low compared with standards. Energy dense foods rich in carbohydrate, magnesium, calcium, vitamin D and E as well as regular sunshine exposure is recommended in order to optimise dietary intake.

Applications of Dietary Reference Intakes in dietary assessment and planning.

Abstract: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are used for assessing and planning diets of individuals and groups. Assessing individual intakes is complicated by the fact that neither the individual's usual nut...

Using Dietary Reference Intake–Based Methods to Estimate Prevalence of Inadequate Nutrient Intake among Female Students in Brazil

Abstract: The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of inadequate usual nutrient intake among female university students. This was a cross-sectional study in which 119 students at a public university in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, completed 3-day estimated food records. These were analyzed for nutrient content, and intake distributions were determined. Nutrient intake distributions were estimated using the National Research Council method. For nutrients for which an Estimated Average Requirement has been established, the Estimated Average Requirement cutpoint method was used to determine the proportion of students with inadequate intake. The students' food records indicated inadequate intakes of folate (99%), zinc (47%), and copper (33%). For approximately 95% of the students in this study, calcium was less than the Adequate Intake. The results showed the need for improvement in dietary choices to minimize the prevalence of inadequate intake of folate, zinc, copper, and calcium in this group.

Introduction to Dietary Reference Intakes

Abstract: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are nutrient reference standards used for planning and assessing the diets of apparently healthy Canadians and Americans. The development of DRIs reflects a joint i...

Research Articles Magnesium supplement intake and C-reactive protein levels in adults

Abstract: Previous research has indicated that dietary magnesium may be a key component in the association between diet and inflammation; however, the role of intake from magnesium supplements has not been elucidated. The objective of this study was to determine the likelihood of elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) in people taking magnesium-containing supplements of 50 mg/d or more. We examined this issue in a study sample derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002, a nationally representative, survey of the civilian, noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Among US adults, 25.6% were taking a magnesium supplement of at least 50 mg daily. Only 21.9% of individuals not taking supplemental magnesium met or exceeded the recommended daily allowances (RDA) for magnesium intake compared with 60.2% of adults who were taking magnesium supplements. In adjusted logistic regression analyses, people whose total daily magnesium intake was below the RDA were significantly 40% more likely to have elevated CRP regardless of whether they were taking magnesium supplements (P b .05). Among people with dietary magnesium intake less than 50% RDA, individuals taking magnesium supplements were 22% less likely to have elevated CRP. Magnesium supplement intake is associated with a lower likelihood of elevated CRP in people with low dietary magnesium intake. Prospective studies are needed to examine whether magnesium supplementation can reduce levels of CRP.

When is an individual an individual versus a member of a group? An issue in the application of the dietary reference intakes.

Abstract: The Institute of Medicine (IOM) reports on Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) present a new paradigm for the description of nutrient requirements. Tradition and the DRI reports themselves have created an erroneous impression that the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is intended for use with individuals and the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is to be used with populations. Two recent IOM committee reports (one on nutrition labeling and one on Women, Infants and Children [WIC] food packages) challenge that interpretation, revealing the critical issues surrounding individuals versus groups or populations. The present paper examines the issues and concludes that the median requirement and Tolerable Upper Limit (UL) are the critical reference values for both individuals and populations. The RDA is both unneeded and lacking a sound scientific basis.

Which Dietary Reference Intake Is Best Suited to Serve as the Basis for Nutrition Labeling for Daily Values

Abstract: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is currently reviewing regulations on nutrition labeling to better address current health issues as well as updating nutrient daily values (DVs), most of which are still based on recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) established in 1968. In 2003 the Committee on Use of Dietary Reference Intakes in Nutrition Labeling of the Institute of Medicine recommended that the DVs be based on the estimated average requirement (EAR) rather than the RDA and that a population-weighted mean of EARs be used. The rationale given is that the EAR is the best statistical approximation of the nutrient requirement for any one individual in the population, and its use would result in a food appearing more nutritious, as it would provide a greater percentage of the DV if the DV were a smaller amount. Concerns about these recommendations focus on the appropriate role of the Nutrition Facts panel, 1 of the 3 major public nutrition education tools in the United States (along with MyPyramid and Dietary Guidelines for Americans). Providing a benchmark or standard that knowingly has only a 50% chance of meeting a consuming individual's requirement is not appropriate. The DV on a Nutrition Facts panel should provide useful guidance to the individual about how a serving will assist in meeting that person's goal for consumption, and thus it should be based on the RDA or adequate intake, rather than the EAR, and be derived from the highest recommended intake, as has been the practice since 1973. J. Nutr. 136: 2457-2462, 2006.