scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "Reference Daily Intake published in 2018"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proposed that it should be recommended that older individuals consume ≥1.2 g protein · kg-1 · d-1 and that there should be an emphasis on the intake of the amino acid leucine, which plays a central role in stimulating skeletal muscle anabolism.

131 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The majority of the US population exceeds minimum recommendations for protein intake and protein intake remains well below the upper end of the AMDR, indicating that protein intake, as a percentage of energy intake, is not excessive in the American diet.

96 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Protein intake exceeding the RDA did not increase LBM, muscle performance, physical function, or well-being measures or augment anabolic response to testosterone in older men with physical function limitations whose usual protein intakes were within the R DA.
Abstract: Importance The Institute of Medicine set the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for protein at 0.8 g/kg/d for the entire adult population. It remains controversial whether protein intake greater than the RDA is needed to maintain protein anabolism in older adults. Objective To investigate whether increasing protein intake to 1.3 g/kg/d in older adults with physical function limitations and usual protein intake within the RDA improves lean body mass (LBM), muscle performance, physical function, fatigue, and well-being and augments LBM response to a muscle anabolic drug. Design, Setting, and Participants This randomized clinical trial with a 2 × 2 factorial design was conducted in a research center. A modified intent-to-treat analytic strategy was used. Participants were 92 functionally limited men 65 years or older with usual protein intake less thanor equal to 0.83 g/kg/d within the RDA. The first participant was randomized on September 21, 2011, and the last participant completed the study on January 19, 2017. Interventions Participants were randomized for 6 months to controlled diets with 0.8 g/kg/d of protein plus placebo, 1.3 g/kg/d of protein plus placebo, 0.8 g/kg/d of protein plus testosterone enanthate (100 mg weekly), or 1.3 g/kg/d of protein plus testosterone. Prespecified energy and protein contents were provided through custom-prepared meals and supplements. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was change in LBM. Secondary outcomes were muscle strength, power, physical function, health-related quality of life, fatigue, affect balance, and well-being. Results Among 92 men (mean [SD] age, 73.0 [5.8] years), the 4 study groups did not differ in baseline characteristics. Changes from baseline in LBM (0.31 kg; 95% CI, −0.46 to 1.08 kg; P = .43) and appendicular (0.04 kg; 95% CI, −0.48 to 0.55 kg; P = .89) and trunk (0.24 kg; 95% CI, −0.17 to 0.66 kg; P = .24) lean mass, as well as muscle strength and power, walking speed and stair-climbing power, health-related quality of life, fatigue, and well-being, did not differ between men assigned to 0.8 vs 1.3 g/kg/d of protein regardless of whether they received testosterone or placebo. Fat mass decreased in participants given higher protein but did not change in those given the RDA: between-group differences were significant (difference, −1.12 kg; 95% CI, −2.04 to −0.21; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance Protein intake exceeding the RDA did not increase LBM, muscle performance, physical function, or well-being measures or augment anabolic response to testosterone in older men with physical function limitations whose usual protein intakes were within the RDA. The RDA for protein is sufficient to maintain LBM, and protein intake exceeding the RDA does not promote LBM accretion or augment anabolic response to testosterone. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier:NCT01275365

86 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An adequate intake of calcium is recommended for general bone health and an increased risk for cardiovascular events, urolithiasis and even fractures has been found in association with excessive calcium intake, but this issue remains unresolved.

80 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The energy- and fat-dense CF diet is primarily achieved by overconsumption of EDNP foods, rather than ND sources, which may not be optimal for the future health of children with CF, who are now expected to survive well into adulthood.

50 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that dietary protein intakes above the current US Recommended Daily Allowance may slow functional decline in older adults.
Abstract: Dietary protein may help prevent age-related declines in strength and functional capacity. This study examines the independent relationship between dietary protein and longitudinal changes in physical functioning among adults participating in the Framingham Offspring Study from examination 5 (1991-1995) to examination 8 (2005-2008). Protein intakes were derived from 3-day diet records during examinations 3 and 5; functional status was determined over 12 years using 7 items selected from standardized questionnaires. Multivariable models adjusted for age, sex, education, physical activity, smoking, height, and energy intake. Functional tasks that benefitted most from a higher-protein diet (≥1.2 g/kg/day vs. <0.8 g/kg/day) were doing heavy work at home, walking 1/2 mile (0.8 km), going up and down stairs, stooping/kneeling/crouching, and lifting heavy items. Those with higher protein intakes were 41% less likely (95% CI: 0.43, 0.82) to become dependent in 1 or more of the functional tasks over follow-up. Higher physical activity and lower body mass index were both independently associated with less functional decline. The greatest risk reductions were found among those with higher protein intakes combined with either higher physical activity, more skeletal muscle mass, or lower body mass index. This study demonstrates that dietary protein intakes above the current US Recommended Daily Allowance may slow functional decline in older adults.

37 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that fiber consumption meeting or exceeding current ADA recommendations is associated with lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure in patients with T1D.
Abstract: Objective The present investigation sought to evaluate the potential association between dietary fiber intake and blood pressure (BP) in adult patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Subjects and methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in 111 outpatients with T1D from Porto Alegre, Brazil. Patients were predominantly male (56%) and white (88%), with a mean age of 40 ± 10 years, diabetes duration of 18 ± 9 years, BMI 24.8 ± 3.85 kg/m2, and HbA1c 9.0 ± 2.0%. After clinical and laboratory evaluation, dietary intake was evaluated by 3-day weighed-diet records, whose reliability was confirmed by 24-h urinary nitrogen output. Patients were stratified into two groups according to adequacy of fiber intake in relation to American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommendations: below recommended daily intake (< 14g fiber/1000 kcal) or at/above recommended intake (≥ 14g/1000 kcal). Results Patients in the higher fiber intake group exhibited significantly lower systolic (SBP) (115.9 ± 12.2 vs 125.1 ± 25.0 mmHg, p = 0.016) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (72.9 ± 9.2 vs 78.5 ± 9.3 mmHg, p = 0.009), higher energy intake (2164.0 ± 626.0 vs 1632.8 ± 502.0 kcal, p < 0.001), and lower BMI (24.4 ± 3.5 vs 26.2 ± 4.8, p = 0.044). Linear regression modelling, adjusted for age, energy intake, sodium intake, and BMI, indicated that higher fiber intake was associated with lower SBP and DBP levels. No significant between-group differences were observed with regard to duration of diabetes, glycemic control, insulin dosage, or presence of hypertension, nephropathy, or retinopathy. Conclusion We conclude that fiber consumption meeting or exceeding current ADA recommendations is associated with lower SBP and DBP in patients with T1D.

26 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence reported here suggests that protein intake above the US RDA has no adverse effect on blood pressure and, at least in the short term, higher protein intake within the range of recommended intakes for protein is consistent with normal kidney function in healthy individuals.

25 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Hyun Ah Park1
TL;DR: The quantity and quality of protein intake were inadequate in the elderly Korean population and only one-third of the protein intake came from animal sources.
Abstract: Background Protein intake in South Korea is generally considered to be adequate; however, there is concern that it may be inadequate among the elderly. This study evaluated the adequacy of protein intake, the source of protein, and the distribution of protein intake in daily meals in the Korean elderly population. Methods Data were obtained from 1,484 men and 2,028 women aged 60 years or older who had participated in the nutrition survey of the 2013-2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. One-day (24-hour) recall data were used to estimate the daily protein intake. Results The mean protein intake was 65.3±1.0 g/d (13.1%±0.1% of energy) and 49.7±0.7 g/d (12.6%±0.1% of energy) for men and women, respectively. The protein intake was less than the estimated average requirement in 30.8%±1.4% of men and 42.6%±1.3% of women, and 47.9%±1.6% and 60.1%±1.4%, respectively, consumed less than the recommended daily allowance. The protein intake was relatively evenly distributed among meals; however, the absolute amount of protein consumption per meal was very low. Only one-third of the protein intake came from animal sources. Conclusion The quantity and quality of protein intake were inadequate in the elderly Korean population.

24 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The higher prevalence of non-anemic iron deficiency than IDA is a potential risk factor for increasing the prevalence of IDA in the future, and iron intake in all subjects was found to be less compared to the recommended daily allowance.
Abstract: Background: The aim of this study was to determine the iron status and the prevalence and risk factors of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) among adolescent girls in Central Jakarta, Indonesia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 12- to 15-year-old girls studying in junior high schools that were categorized into high and low socioeconomic status (SES). Their menstrual and nutritional status, parents’ education level and income, and iron intake were assessed. Tuberculin test and assessments for C-reactive protein levels and hematologic and iron parameters were also conducted. Results: Iron status was normal in 69.3% of 163 subjects. The prevalence of non-anemic iron deficiency was higher (17.2%; 3.1% iron depletion and 14.1% iron deficiency) than that of IDA (13.5%). The prevalence of IDA was lower among girls from the high SES than that among girls from the low SES (11.5% and 15.8%, respectively). There was no significant relationship among IDA and nutritional status, menstrual status and characteristics, SES, iron intake, and parents’ education level and income; however, bioavailable iron intake in all subjects was found to be less compared to the recommended daily allowance (RDA). Conclusions: The higher prevalence of non-anemic iron deficiency than IDA is a potential risk factor for increasing the prevalence of IDA in the future. No significant relationship was found between IDA and its risk factors; however, iron intake was less compared to the RDA in all subjects, which requires further attention.

23 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The aim was to determine in old mice the impact of reduced dietary intake of vitamins A/E/B6/B12/folate, selenium, and zinc on muscle mass, oxidative capacity, strength, and physical activity over time.
Abstract: Background: Inadequate intake of micronutrients with antioxidant properties is common among older adults and has been associated with higher risk of frailty, adverse functional outcome, and impaired muscle health. However, a causal relationship is less well known. The aim was to determine in old mice the impact of reduced dietary intake of vitamins A/E/B6/B12/folate, selenium, and zinc on muscle mass, oxidative capacity, strength, and physical activity (PA) over time. Methods: Twenty-one-month-old male mice were fed either AIN-93-M (control) or a diet low in micronutrients with antioxidant properties (=LOWOX-B: 50% of mouse recommended daily intake of vitamins A, E, B6, and B12, folate, selenium, and zinc) for 4 months. Muscle mass, grip strength, physical activity (PA), and general oxidative status were assessed. Moreover, muscle fatigue was measured of m. extensor digitorum longus (EDL) during an ex vivo moderate exercise protocol. Effects on oxidative capacity [succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity], muscle fibre type, number, and fibre cross-sectional area (fCSA) were assessed on m. plantaris (PL) using histochemistry. Results: After 2 months on the diet, bodyweight of LOWOX-B mice was lower compared with control (P < 0.0001), mainly due to lower fat mass (P < 0.0001), without significant differences in food intake. After 4 months, oxidative status of LOWOX-B mice was lower, demonstrated by decreased vitamin E plasma levels (P < 0.05) and increased liver malondialdehyde levels (P = 0.018). PA was lower in LOWOX-B mice (P < 0.001 vs. control). Muscle mass was not affected, although PL-fCSA was decreased (~16%; P = 0.028 vs. control). SDH activity and muscle fibre type distribution remained unaffected. In LOWOX-B mice, EDL force production was decreased by 49.7% at lower stimulation frequencies (P = 0.038), and fatigue resistance was diminished (P = 0.023) compared with control. Conclusions: Reduced dietary intake of vitamins A, E, B6, and B12, folate, selenium, and zinc resulted in a lower oxidative capacity and has major impact on muscle health as shown by decreased force production and PA, without effects on muscle mass. The reduced fCSA in combination with similar SDH activity per fibre might explain the reduced oxidative capacity resulting in the increased fatigue after exercise in LOWOX-B mice.

Journal ArticleDOI
31 Dec 2018
TL;DR: It is found that the current studies are insufficient to build population-based guidelines for older adults, and it is called for further researches in Korea.
Abstract: Sarcopenia, a common clinical syndrome in older adults, is defined as decreased muscle mass, strength, and physical performance. Since sarcopenia is associated with the incidence of functional decline, falls, and even mortality in older adults, researchers and health care providers have been keen to accumulate clinical evidence to advocate the screening and prevention of sarcopenia progression in older adults. The factors that may accelerate the loss of muscle mass and function include chronic diseases, inactivity, and deficiency in appropriate nutritional support. Among these, nutritional support is considered an initial step to delay the progression of muscle wasting and improve physical performance in community-dwelling older adults. However, a nationwide study suggested that most Korean older adults do not consume sufficient dietary protein to maintain their muscle mass. Furthermore, considering age-associated anabolic resistance to dietary protein, higher protein intake should be emphasized in older adults than in younger people. To develop a dietary protein recommendation for older adults in Korea, we reviewed the relevant literature, including interventional studies from Korea. From these, we recommend that older adults consume at least 1.2 g of protein per kg of body weight per day (g/kg/day) to delay the progression of muscle wasting. The amount we recommend (1.2 g/kg/day) is 31.4% higher than the previously suggested recommended daily allowance (i.e., 0.91 g/kg/day) for the general population of Korea. Also, evidence to date suggests that the combination of exercise and nutritional support may enhance the beneficial effects of protein intake in older adults in Korea. We found that the current studies are insufficient to build population-based guidelines for older adults, and we call for further researches in Korea.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Meeting protein requirements is required before protein distribution may influence nutritional status in institutionalized elderly, and achieving adequate protein and energy intakes is more likely when protein is distributed evenly throughout the day.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In all groups, P and protein supply was in excess of the recommended daily allowances (RDA; Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats (2006), National Research Council, National Academy Press).
Abstract: There is evidence that nutritional phosphorus (P) excess may be a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in humans and pets (Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal (2014), 5, 104;The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, (2013), 98, 6;Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, (2017);The source of phosphorus influences serum PTH, apparent digestibility and blood levels of calcium and phosphorus in dogs fed high phosphorus diets with balanced Ca/P ratio. Proc. Waltham International Nutritional Sciences Symposium, USA;Clinical aspects of natural and added phosphorus in foods, 2017, Springer Science+Business, Media). A retrospective study was conducted in order to gather data about P and protein intake in the feeding history of dogs and cats prior to the diagnosis of CKD. Cases of 75 dogs and 16 cats with CKD with comprehensive nutritional history presented to the nutrition consultation service of the Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, between October 2009 and March 2016, were evaluated. Cases of age-matched dogs (n=57) and cats (n=18) without diagnosed or suspected CKD served as controls. The most frequent type of diet used in the four groups (cats CKD, cats control, dogs CKD and dogs control) was home-made. In all groups, P and protein supply was in excess (>150%) of the recommended daily allowances (RDA;Nutrient requirements of dogs and cats (2006), National Research Council, National Academy Press). Between the dog groups, no differences regarding P and protein intake existed. The P and protein intake relative to the RDA was altogether higher in cats than in dogs. Cats with CKD showed significantly higher P and protein intakes prior to diagnosis than the control cats (170 +/- 36 vs. 123 +/- 34mg P/kg BW0.67;p<.05). These observations call for further investigations into the long-term effects of P excess.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: There is no case for vitamin supplementation in normal, healthy, non‐pregnant or lactating adults who are receiving the recommended daily intake of nutrients.
Abstract: Complementary medicines are a multibillion-dollar industry of which vitamin supplements are an important component. Most of the claims of benefit are not evidenced-based, and vitamin supplements may be associated with severe adverse reactions that are uncommon but can occur with high doses of some vitamins. There is no case for vitamin supplementation in normal, healthy, non-pregnant or lactating adults who are receiving the recommended daily intake of nutrients.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: More control is needed given the numerous dietary sources of fluoride that can contribute to a high intake, thereby increasing the risk of dental fluorosis in the child population.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a community-based cross-sectional study was carried out in five selected schools of Udupi Taluk by adopting stratified random sampling technique and 422 adolescent girls were enrolled in the study.

Journal ArticleDOI
25 Jan 2018
TL;DR: There was a relationship between waist circumference (central o besity) and fat intake above recommended daily intake with h ypertension, while calcium magnesium intake ratio had no signifi cant relationship with h Ypertension.
Abstract: In the epidemiological transition, death due to degenerative disease is higher than infectious disease. One of degenerative disease is hypertension. Some modifi able risk factors of hypertension are obesity and nutrient intake. Many studies showed that o besity, especially central o besity can lead h ypertension. Dietary factors related high fat intake and imbalance calcium magnesium intake ratio also can lead hypertension. The aims of this study was to determine the relationship between waist circumference, fat intake, and calcium magnesium intake ratio with hypertension. The subject in this case control study was selected by simple random sampling in 27 hypertensive patients and 27 non hypertensive patients, then they were measured blood pressure and anthropometry, daily intake recalled, and interviewed. Chi Square test showed that waist circumference (p=0.000) and fat intake (p=0.024) had a signifi cant relationship with h ypertension, while the calcium magnesium intake ratio (p=0.573) had no signifi cant relationship with hypertension. The logistic regression showed that waist circumference had the most signifi cant relationship with h ypertension (p=0.012; OR=9.508). In this study, there was a relationship between waist circumference (central o besity) and fat intake above recommended daily intake with h ypertension, while calcium magnesium intake ratio had no signifi cant relationship with h ypertension. People with central o besity had a 9.508 risk to be hypertensive person than people with normal waist circumference.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: As in other European countries, the diet of Swiss toddlers in general seems adequate but does not meet all nutritional requirements, in particular, the quality of the fats and vitamin D supplementation should be improved.
Abstract: During the first years of life, food preferences are shaped that might last throughout a person’s entire life affecting his/her health in the long term. However, knowledge on early feeding habits is still limited for toddlers. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to: (1) assess toddlers’ nutrient intake; (2) compare the findings to past studies as well as to national feeding recommendations and (3) identify major food sources for energy and macronutrients. A food survey using a 4-day diary was conducted. The dietary software nut.s® was used to analyse the data. A cohort of 188 healthy toddlers (aged 1–3 years) was analysed. The energy intake of most toddlers was below the recommended daily intake (RDI) but in accordance with earlier studies. Protein intake was three- to fourfold higher than the RDI and reached the proposed upper limit of 15% of total energy intake. Fat intake was in accordance with the RDI, but the balance of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids should be improved. Carbohydrate intake met the RDI. For the micronutrients, iron and vitamin D intakes showed critical values. As in other European countries, the diet of Swiss toddlers in general seems adequate but does not meet all nutritional requirements. In particular, the quality of the fats and vitamin D supplementation should be improved. For proteins and iron, additional research is needed to gain more confidence in the recommendations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Education can positively affect the quality of nutrition; however, introduction of the legal nutritional regulations should be recommended.
Abstract: To ensure the adequate supply of nutrients, a model food ration (MFR) should be used for planning the menu. The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of the nutrition education program on the compliance with MFR in 231 preschools. The average supply of food products (per child/day) with reference to the MFR was examined on the baseline and 3 to 6 months after education on the basis of 10-day menus and daily inventory reports (4620 in total). According to the recommendations, preschool should implement 70–75% of the recommended daily intake standards. Examined menus had too high content of meat and meat products, whereas vegetables, milk and fermented milk beverages, cottage cheese and eggs were served in scarce. Education significantly reduced the amount of meat (47.7 vs. 44.5 g), processed meat (16.2 vs. 14.4 g), sugar and sweets (15.9 vs. 14.4 g) and increased the amount of cereals, groats, rice (17.7 vs. 18.5 g), vegetables (164.3 vs. 170.8 g), milk and fermented milk beverages (200.3 vs. 209.5 g) but the compliance with the MFR remained poor. The evaluation of menus stressed the need for further modifying their composition. Education can positively affect the quality of nutrition; however, introduction of the legal nutritional regulations should be recommended.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The literature data and the results of studies of domestic industrially produced tomato juices conducted by the Russian Juice Producers Union (RSPS) and its members have been analyzed and summarized to characterize the nutritional profile of tomato juice.
Abstract: Every juice contains a unique set of nutritive and biologically active substances, exhibiting the properties of the named fruit or vegetable. To characterize the nutritional profile of tomato juice, the literature data (including official reference books) and the results of studies of domestic industrially produced tomato juices conducted by the Russian Juice Producers Union (RSPS) and its members have been analyzed and summarized. From the point of view of providing a man with micronutrients and minor biologically active substances, tomato juice is a significant source of antioxidants - carotenoids and vitamin E, as well as several minerals and trace elements. The amount of lycopene in a glass of tomato juice (200-250 ml) completely satisfies or exceeds the recommended daily intake of this carotenoid; the level of β-carotene in the same volume of juice provides about 20% of the recommended daily intake of vitamin A; potassium and copper - 12-15%, magnesium, iron, manganese and phosphorus - about 5%. Tomato juice is a source of dietary fiber, including soluble dietary fiber (pectin). A glass of tomato juice contains about 12% of the recommended daily intake of pectins and about 8% of dietary fiber. Wherein the calorie content of tomato juice is low - an average of 19 kcal/100 ml. The article continues a series of publications on juices nutrient profiles.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An overview of the current evidence relating to protein intake in older adults is provided and pulse feeding may be more effective than bolus feeding, but further evidence is needed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study supports the usefulness of nutritional interventions in all occupational asthma patients, targeting both the reduction of the fat mass and the achievement of the recommended daily intake of vitamin D.
Abstract: Background Occupational asthma occurs in a significant number of adult unset forms of asthma. Even after exposure cessation, persistent asthma is frequent. Although recognized as important, nutrition, specifically vitamin D intake, was rarely evaluated in occupational asthma. Objective To assess the vitamin D intake in occupational asthma patients and the relation with body mass index, co-morbidities related to vitamin D deficit, lung function and quality of life. Results We found a reduced vitamin D intake in both irritant and allergic asthma, in obese and nonobese patients. The average intake in non-obese patients, although higher, did not reach statistical significance. We also found lower vitamin D intake in the mild asthma group versus the severe group, marginally reaching the significance level (p=0.056) at the median test. Regression analysis in asthma subpopulations revealed a different pattern of correlation, with a stronger relationship between the BMI and the impact score in irritant asthma and a closer link between vitamin D intake and symptoms score (p= 0.027) in the allergic asthma group. Conclusion The relation between obesity and vitamin D on clinical scores and lung function seems to be different according to the asthma phenotype. However, our study supports the usefulness of nutritional interventions in all occupational asthma patients, targeting both the reduction of the fat mass and the achievement of the recommended daily intake of vitamin D. When analyzing the impact of the weight loss effect on asthma evolution, the vitamin D status should also be considered as an influencer.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The estimated daily intake (EDI) of the three essential elements was subpar, and ranged between 0.14 % and 0.72 % of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for Zn, Cu, and Fe.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the levels of Zn, Cu, and Fe in three canned fish species marketed Serbia to see if they meet recommended daily intake requirements or exceed safety limits. We collected a total of 207 samples of canned tuna, sardine, and mackerel, in oil or tomato sauce and analysed them with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after acid digestion. The highest levels were obtained for Zn (15.1 mg kg-1) and Cu (1.37 mg kg-1) in sardine in oil and tomato sauce, respectively, and for Fe (18.98 mg kg-1) in mackerel in tomato sauce. Our results keep within the ranges reported by several national food databases and available literature data, with a few exceptions. Our findings also single out canned sardines as the richest source of the three essential elements combined. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of the three essential elements, however, was subpar, and ranged between 0.14 % and 0.72 % of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for Zn, Cu, and Fe.

Journal ArticleDOI
28 Feb 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assessed dietary intake and factors affecting food service among male prisoners living with HIV at selected prisons in Kenya and found that slightly more than half the prisoners (50.4%) were aged 36-53 years.
Abstract: Adequate dietary intake is important in achieving optimal nutrition and health for people before and during treatment of HIV. Inadequate nutrition causes health issues and fatalities among prisoners. Thus, this study assesses dietary intake and factors affecting food service among male prisoners living with HIV at selected prisons in Kenya. A cross sectional analytical study design was adopted on a sample of 113 male prisoners living with HIV, randomly sampled from 4 prisons. Data collection tools included a structured questionnaire used to collect demographic, 24 h recall and food frequency data. During data analysis, 24 h recall data was analyzed using Nutri-survey software, and further analysis via SPSS software. Results revealed that slightly more than half the prisoners (50.4%) were aged 36-53 years. Primary education was attained by 60.2% and secondary education by 21.2%. Mean dietary intake for macronutrients was: Energy (1815±218 Kcal), Protein (56±12 g), fat (32±6 g), Carbohydrates (322±45 g), Fiber (41±23 g) and PUFA (8±1 g). None attained Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA) for energy, fat and PUFAs. Mean key micronutrients were: Vitamin A (1195.1±812.7), Vitamin B6 (1.9±0.9), Vitamin C (55.7±18.4), Iron (10.2±2.7), Magnesium (488.1±152.3) and Zinc (13.9±6.7). None met RDA for Iron. Therefore, provision of a nutritionally balanced diet in prisons can ensure nutrients adequacy. Key words: Dietary intake, food service, prisoners living with HIV.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Diet inadequacy and in particular for protein and potassium was identified in patients of RA and any form of dietary restriction did not seem to improve RA.
Abstract: Summary Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a painful disabling difficult to treat disease. Clinicians and guidelines invariably focus on drugs. Diet is important but lacks robust data. We carried out a comprehensive analytical study in Indian (Asian) patients. Methods 141 consenting symptomatic chronic RA patients [mean age 46 years) center and 165 unrelated healthy control subjects (mean age 36 years) completed a a-priori validated food frequency questionnaire in a cross-sectional non-random design study under the supervision of a nutritionist. All patients were under standard rheumatology care. A 3 day retrospective recall record captured dietary data for all subjects. National Indian guidelines were adopted for diet analytics. Standard statistical analysis was carried out; significant p Results Daily diet was found to be significantly deficient in calories and consumption of proteins, calcium and potassium when compared to healthy subjects. It was also inadequate for several nutrients when compacted to recommended daily allowance. The proportion of carbohydrates (65%), proteins (15%) and fat (25%) in daily diet was consistent with Indian standards (healthy). Women patients reported higher deficiency. 44% patients consumed vegetarian diet and showed lesser pain and better function compared to non-vegetarians (not significant). 44% patients reported dietary restriction; higher swollen joint counts in patients following any dietary restriction (p = 0.01) or Ayurveda (ancient Indian medicinal system) advise (p = 0.01) or consuming night shade vegetables (p = 0.002). Conclusion Dietary inadequacy and in particular for protein and potassium was identified in patients of RA. Any form of dietary restriction did not seem to improve RA. Specific dietary needs of RA patients and in particular impact of potassium deficiency needs further research.

01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: This study found significant and clinical differences in micro and macronutrient intake among participants with and without PU indicating persons with SCI are at some nutritional risk.
Abstract: Author(s): Finney, Arneta | Advisor(s): Bates-Jensen, Barbara M | Abstract: Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) can be a devastating event causing a significant burden to individuals, their family members and society. In the United States (US), it is estimated 276,000 individuals are living with a SCI and it is projected that 12,500 new SCI cases are reported each year. Individuals with a physical impairment such as SCI often develop a pressure ulcer (PU), which may be prevented. There is a correlation to the development of PU’s from poor nutritional status and poor nutritional intake. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between macronutrient and micronutrient intake, anthropometric measurements, psychosocial, disability, and nutritional status measurements among community dwelling non-ambulatory persons with a (SCI) with and without (PU’s). Methods: Participants were SCI individuals living in the community with and without a PU and were recruited from home health agencies and SCI rehabilitation facilities. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, nutritional assessment tools, skin assessment, and anthropometric measurement over 4 days consisting of one initial visit and a second visit on day four. Macro and micronutrient intake data was collected using a 3-day self-reported food log. Psychosocial factors were measured via structured questionnaire administered during the initial home visit. Nutritional status measurements included the Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form.Disability status measurements included World Health Organization Assessment Schedule (WHODAS) 2.0, and Spinal Cord Injury-Secondary Condition Scale (SCI-SCS). The sample included 80 participants, 40 with and 40 without PUs. Results: This study found significant and clinical differences in micro and macronutrient intake among participants with and without PU indicating persons with SCI are at some nutritional risk.Conclusions: Participants consumed inadequate dietary intake in both quantity and quality. Participants with PU are not getting enough protein. Calories are within the recommended daily allowances; however, those calories are coming from cholesterol, carbohydrates, saturated fat, and can lead to decrease in wound healing and increase their risk for secondary condition such as cardiovascular disease.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In all gender groups, the leading sources of lycopene are fresh tomatoes, ketchup and tomato-containing fast food products (pizza, lasagna, pasta and sandwiches), and Evaluation of the results of the frequency method shows that more often than other sources in the weekly diet of students, regardless of gender, there are fresh Tomato-containing sandwiches.
Abstract: Aim. Comparative characteristics of the level of alimentary admission of lycopene and analysis of the frequency of inclusion of the main sources of lycopene in the diet of students of different age and sex. Materials and methods. To study the frequency of inclusion in the diet of food sources of lycopene and its quantitative assessment, specially designed questionnaires were used, in which products with a significant content of lycopene were included. Results. Comparative analysis of the levels of lycopene did not reveal significant differences between the percentages of men and women (φ emp < φ cr at P<0.05) in the groups with high level of intake. In all gender groups, the leading sources of lycopene are fresh tomatoes, ketchup and tomato-containing fast food products (pizza, lasagna, pasta and sandwiches). Evaluation of the results of the frequency method shows that more often than other sources in the weekly diet of students, regardless of gender, there are fresh tomatoes, ketchup and sandwiches. Analysis of the levels of lycopene intake in 1st and 5th year students did not reveal significant differences in all groups of consumption (φ emp < φ cr at P<0.05), except for the group with the intake of lycopene in the amount of 50.0-74.9% of the recommended, which is dominated by 5th year students. Sources of lycopene in students of different age groups do not differ - the main contribution to the recommended level is made by fresh tomatoes, ketchup and tomato-containing fast food products. Conclusions. In 39.8% of students, due to the presence in the diet of fresh tomatoes, ketchup and tomato-containing fast food products, the recommended daily intake of lycopene was achieved. At the same time, 29.6% of the respondents did not have registered sources of lycopene in their diet; and 16.7% of the respondents included them in the diet in an insufficient amount, thereby ensuring the intake of lycopene in the amount of less than half of the recommended level. Most often, the weekly diet included fresh tomatoes, ketchup and tomato sandwiches. Watermelon, pink and red grapefruit, persimmon in the diets of the most of participants were absent.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Between the two groups, the pre-GDM women had a significantly better nutrient intake and this could be attributed to a greater exposure to nutrition counselling that they have received during the earlier part of their diabetes care.
Abstract: Diabetes is the most common condition in pregnancy with a worldwide prevalence of 16.9%. To determine the adequacy of the nutrient intake of pregnant women with diabetes mellitus. This is a cross-sectional study of 85 pregnant women who met the diagnostic inclusion criteria for diabetes mellitus (gestational and pre-gestational diabetes mellitus) and who were being managed at the outpatient clinic of a tertiary care teaching hospital. Their demography, clinical characteristics (from updated medical records), anthropometric measures (using standard procedures), nutrient intake and meal pattern (obtained using 24 h recall, food frequency and their log diaries) were collected. The mean age of the group was 29.9 + 4.5 years, 54% were in the second trimester of pregnancy with a mean glycosylated haemoglobin level of 6.3 + 1.4%. The mean BMI indicated that 47% of them were in the obese grade 1 category. Insulin was used in one-third of the population. The overall macronutrient and micronutrient intakes of the population were below the recommended daily allowances for Indians (60–70% of RDA). There was a deficit in the intake of calories, fibre, proteins, iron, calcium, carotene, folic acid, thiamine, riboflavin and niacin. Between the two groups, the pre-GDM women had a significantly better nutrient intake and this could be attributed to a greater exposure to nutrition counselling that they have received during the earlier part of their diabetes care. The gestational period should be viewed as a window of opportunity to modify dietary patterns and introduce healthy lifestyle practices for the woman and her family.

Book ChapterDOI
06 Nov 2018
TL;DR: Magnesium has been used as a treatment medication for cardiac arrhythmias as serum magnesium concentration of 1.44 mEq/L to 1.8 mEQ/L has been found to have a statistically significant inverse association with cardiovascular disease events as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: With magnesium being the second most common intracellular cation in the human body and the presence of hypomagnesemia in 10% of hospital admissions, magnesium deficiency has become a clinically significant nutritional deficiency in context of heart health. Magnesium has long been used as a treatment modality for cardiac arrhythmias as serum magnesium concentration of 1.44 mEq/L to 1.8 mEq/L has been found to have a statistically significant inverse association with cardiovascular disease events. Patients with the highest intake of magnesium were found to have incidents of sudden cardiac death reduced by 77% while hypomagnesemia is found to be associated with increased risk of congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias. It has also been demonstrated that high dietary intake of serum magnesium is associated with decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure secondary to reduction in vascular tone and an increase in vasodilatory substances, like Prostaglandin E. Association of cardiovascular diseases with hypomagnesemia and the need for the fulfilment of RDA goals, authenticates the use of oral magnesium supplements, with established safety profile and lack of potential for toxicity.