Reference Daily Intake

About: Reference Daily Intake is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1564 publications have been published within this topic receiving 52794 citations.

Diet among people in the Terai region of Nepal, an area of micronutrient deficiency.

Abstract: In the Terai region, despite its ecological richness, the people have long suffered from a deficiency of micronutrients such as vitamin A, iron and zinc. The aim of this study was to investigate dietary and nutritional intakes among people in the Terai region of Nepal. The results were compared by sex and ethnicity. Food consumption surveys (one-day weighed records) were conducted among 114 people (55 Mushar and 59 Tharu). Nutritional intakes were calculated using Nepali food composition and other tables. The diet in the Terai region was characterized by a large amount of rice consumed with a tiny amount of curry or dal as a side dish. Intakes of vitamin A, iron, riboflavin and selenium were less than 50% of the recommended daily allowance irrespective of ethnicity or sex (with the exception of iron intake among Tharu males). Intakes of thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, phosphorus and zinc were higher among the Tharu than the Mushar, while intakes of selenium and iodine were higher among the Mushar than the Tharu. The nutritional significance of these differences was slight. Protein intake (per kg body weight) was lower in females than in males, while the energy-adjusted micronutrient intakes did not differ by sex. Intakes of vitamin A, iron, riboflavin and selenium were deficient among the participants. Intervention projects such as the introduction of kitchen gardens or fish farming may be effective, but will increase the degree of inequality between the two ethnic groups.

Food group intake patterns and nutrient intake vary across low-income Hispanic and African American preschool children in Atlanta: a cross sectional study

Abstract: The food group intake patterns of low income Hispanic and African American preschool children are not well documented. The aim of this study was to perform a food group intake analysis of low income minority preschool children and evaluate how macronutrient and micronutrient intake compares to Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). A cross sectional study design using three-day food diaries analyzed by dietary analysis software (Nutrient Database System for Research) was used. Children were recruited from well-child clinics at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta at Hughes Spalding and North Dekalb Grady Satellite Clinic, Atlanta, GA. Low-income, African American and Hispanic preschool age children (n = 291) were enrolled. A total of 105 completed and returned the 3-day food diaries. Chi-squared tests were used to assess demographic variables. The mean percentage of intake per day of specific food groups and sub-groups were obtained (servings of given food group/total daily servings). Food intake data and proportion of children meeting DRIs for macro- and micronutrients were stratified by race/ethnicity, nutritional status, and caloric intake, and were compared using t-tests. Regression models controlling for age, BMI and sex were obtained to assess the effect of total caloric intake upon the proportional intake of each studied food group. The mean age of African American children was 2.24 ± 1.07 years and Hispanic children 2.84 ± 1.12 years. African Americans consumed more kcal/kg/day than Hispanics (124.7 ± 51 vs. 96.9 ± 33, p < 0.05). Hispanics consumed more fruits (22.0 ± 10.7% vs. 14.7 ± 13.7%, p < 0.05), while African Americans consumed more grains (25.7 ± 7.8% vs. 18.1 ± 6.4%, p < 0.05), meats (20.7 ± 9.0% vs. 15.4 ± 6.1%, p < 0.05), fats (9.8 ± 5.4% vs. 7.0 ± 5.8%, p < 0.05), sweet drinks (58.7 ± 17.1% vs. 41.3 ± 14.8%, p < 0.05) and low-fat dairy products (39.5 ± 19.3% vs. 28.9 ± 12.6%, p < 0.05). Among Hispanics, the proportional intake of fruits, fats and grains varied by total caloric intake, while no difference by total caloric intake was found for the dietary patterns of African Americans. Micronutrient intake also differed significantly between African American and Hispanic children. Food group intake patterns among low-income children differ by ethnic group. There is a need for more research to guide program design and target nutritional interventions for this population.

Potential risks of excess iodine ingestion and exposure: statement by the american thyroid association public health committee.

Abstract: Dear Editor: Iodine is a micronutrient required for normal thyroid function. In the United States, recommended daily allowances (RDA) for iodine intake are 150 μg in adults, 220–250 μg in pregnant women, and 250–290 μg in breastfeeding women (1,2). The U.S. diet generally contains enough iodine to meet these needs, with common sources being iodized salt, dairy products, some breads, and seafood. During pregnancy and lactation, women require higher amounts of iodine for the developing fetus and infant. The American Thyroid Association (ATA) recommends that women take a multivitamin containing 150 μg of iodine daily in the form of potassium iodide (KI) (3) during preconception, pregnancy, and lactation to meet these needs (4). Ingestion of greater than 1100 μg of iodine per day (tolerable upper limits for iodine) (1) is not recommended and may cause thyroid dysfunction. During pregnancy and lactation, when the risk of excess iodine are primarily related to the fetus and newborn infant, the recommendations for the upper limit vary and range from 500–1100 μg of iodine daily (2). In particular, infants, the elderly, pregnant and lactating women, and individuals with preexisting thyroid disease (such as autoimmune Hashimoto's disease, Graves' disease, nontoxic thyroid nodules, history of partial thyroidectomy, and other conditions) are susceptible to adverse effects of excess iodine intake and exposure (5). The public is advised that many iodine, potassium iodide, and kelp supplements contain iodine in amounts that are up to a hundred times higher than the daily tolerable upper limits for iodine. The ATA advises against the ingestion of iodine and kelp supplements containing in excess of 500 μg iodine daily for children and adults and during pregnancy and lactation. Long-term iodine intake in amounts greater than the tolerable upper limits should be closely monitored by a physician. There are only equivocal data supporting the benefit of iodine at higher doses than these, including a possible benefit for patients with fibrocystic breast disease (6). There is no known thyroid benefit of routine daily iodine doses in excess of the U.S. RDA. There are a limited number of medical conditions in which the short-term use of high amounts of iodine is indicated. Exceptions for the recommendations to not exceed the tolerable upper limits include closely monitored patients prescribed Lugol's solution or saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI) in their treatment of severe hyperthyroidism, such as thyroid storm and prior to surgery in patients with Graves' disease, and individuals in the vicinity of a nuclear power plant who are recommended to take KI in the event of a nuclear accident. SSKI is not indicated nor recommended in individuals with thyroid nodules. Finally, patients receiving the large amounts of iodine in iodinated contrast dyes, as required for radiologic studies, should be monitored for iodine-induced thyroid dysfunction if risk factors are present. Key points include: • Adequate iodine intake is required for normal thyroid function. • The recommended iodine intake in nonpregnant adults is 150 μg daily. • Pregnant and breastfeeding women should take a prenatal vitamin that contains 150 μg of potassium iodine daily. • Given a tolerable upper limit of 1100 μg iodine daily, ingestion of an iodine or kelp supplement containing in excess of 500 μg iodine daily should not be done. • Certain exceptions to these recommendations include those for specific medical conditions, which usually require only a limited number of doses for a short-term duration; such individuals should be closely monitored for thyroid dysfunction.

The impact of a nutrition programme on the dietary intake patterns of primary school children

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to improve the dietary intake patterns and food choices of children aged 9-13 years in a periurban community.Methods: Two schools were randomly selected...