Reference Daily Intake

About: Reference Daily Intake is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1564 publications have been published within this topic receiving 52794 citations.

Changes in Food and Nutrient Intakes of College Students between 1999 and 2009

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to examine the changes of food and nutrient intakes of college students between 1999 and 2009. Dietary survey of 169 college students was conducted by a 24-hour recall method for three days in 2009. Food and nutrient intakes in 2009 were compared with the data from 106 students collected by the same methods in 1999. The intakes of cereals & grain products and vegetables in 2009 were lower than those of 1999, but the intakes of meats, eggs, milk & milk products, and manufactured food were higher. The intake of rice per person decreased greatly from 452.2 g in 1999 to 351.4 g in 2009 in males, and from 306.9 g to 237.2 g in females. While the intakes of protein, fat, thiamin, niacin, vitamin B 6 , phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and cholesterol were significantly higher, the intakes of dietary fiber were significantly lower in 2009 compared to 1999 both in males and females. The nutrients consumed less than the Recommended Intakes were vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin C, and calcium in males and additionally folate, iron, and zinc in females in both 1999 and 2009. The ratio of carbohydrate, protein and fat as energy was 61 : 15 : 24 and 60 : 14 : 26 in 1999, and 54 : 16 : 30 and 56 : 15 : 29 in 2009 in males and females respectively, showing that carbohydrate intake decreased and fat intake increased greatly. Our data suggest that nutrition education is necessary for college students to help them consume more vegetables and fruits and less fat and cholesterol. (Korean J Community Nutr 16(3) : 324~336, 2011)

Determination of the daily selenium intake in slovakia

Abstract: Three models were used to determine the daily dietary Selenium intake in Slovakia. The Selenium content of food produced and consumed in the Slovak Republic was used to estimate and calculate the daily Selenium intake based on food consumption data per capita and seven days, (24 h) eating protocol models. In a duplicate portion model, Selenium was analyzed in a whole day hospital diet during an eight-day period. According to these models the daily dietary Selenium intake was 38.2 μg; 43.3 ±6.5 μg for men and 32.6 ±6.6 μg for women; 27.1 ±7.8 μg for normal and 32.3 ±4.8 μg for nourishing hospital diets. The main contributors of Selenium to daily intake were the following: eggs, pork, and poultry. The obtained results indicate that the daily dietary intake of Selenium of the Slovak people is below the recommended values.

Dietary intake in 6-year-old children from southern Poland: part 1 - energy and macronutrient intakes

Abstract: The studies on dietary intake in Polish children are sparse and the information about dietary intake in 6-year-olds in Europe is limited. The published studies on dietary intake in children rarely provide information on the intake of animal protein, plant protein and water. The purpose of the study was to analyse energy and macronutrient intakes in 6-year-old children from southern Poland. The studied population comprised 120 children, 64 girls and 56 boys. Energy and macronutrient intakes were estimated from a three-day food record. Weight and height were measured, and body mass index was calculated. Intakes of energy (kJ, kcal), plant protein (g), total fat (g), saturated fatty acids (g, % of energy, g/1000 kcal), monounsaturated fatty acids (g) and starch (g, % of energy, g/1000 kcal) were significantly higher in boys, while intakes of sucrose (% of energy, g/1000 kcal) and total water (g/1000 kcal) were significantly higher in girls. The children’s diets were characterised by excessive intake of total fat, saturated fatty acids, sucrose, and by inadequate intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids, available carbohydrates and starch. The observed adverse characteristics of the children’s diets are similar to those observed in the diets of children in other European countries and show the need to work out a common educational programme to improve nutrition in young European children. It is also important to provide the lacking information about the intake of animal protein, plant protein and water in young children.

The contribution of at-home and away-from-home food to dietary intake among 2-13-year-old Mexican children.

Abstract: Objective Away-from-home foods have been shown to have lower nutritional quality and larger portion sizes than many foods prepared at home. We aimed to describe energy and nutrient intakes among 2-13-year-old Mexican children by eating location (at home and away from home), overall, by socio-economic status (SES) and by urbanicity. Design Dietary intake was collected via one 24 h recall in the 2012 Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey (ENSANUT). Location was reported for each food consumed. Results were adjusted for sex, day of recall, region, weight status, SES and urbanicity. Setting Mexico (nationally representative). Subjects Children aged 2-5 years (n 1905) and 6-13 years (n 2868). Results Children consumed the majority of daily energy at home (89% of 2-5-year-olds; 82 % of 6-13-year-olds). The most common away-from-home eating location was school (22 % of 2-5-year-olds; 43 % of 6-13-year-olds), followed by the street (14 % of 2-5-year-olds; 13 % of 6-13-year-olds). The most common foods consumed away from home were wheat/rice and corn mixed dishes, sugar-sweetened beverages, pastries/candy/desserts, milk (2-5-year-olds only) and salty snacks (6-13-year-olds). Multivariate models showed that high-SES 2-5-year-olds consumed 14 % of daily energy away from home v. 8 % among low-SES 2-5-year-olds, and high-SES 6-13-year-olds consumed 21 % of daily energy away from home v. 14 % among low-SES 6-13 year-olds. There were no differences by urban residence. Conclusions Among Mexican children, most foods and beverages were consumed at home. However, the percentage of foods consumed or purchased away from home increased with age and with SES.

Macronutrient and micronutrient intakes of children in Oklahoma child-care centres, USA.

Abstract: A nutrition paradox exists such that children can be overweight or obese and still be deficient in vital nutrients needed for growth and development due to the overconsumption of poor-quality food(1). For example, child Fe deficiency is linked to both cognitive and behavioural delays as well as obesity(2), and is an example of the ‘double burden’ of malnutrition from a vital micronutrient in coexistence with obesity(3,4). In the USA, obesity prevalence for children aged 2–5 years more than doubled between 1976 (5 %) and 2012 (14 %)(5), and declined to 8 % in 2014(6). The prevalence of obesity (14 %) in low-income children in Oklahoma(7) is higher than the national average (8 %)(5,6). Fifty-six per cent of children of pre-school age (3–5 years) in the USA attend full- or part-time child care and children with full-time working mothers spend an average of 38 h/week in non-parent care(8). Pre-school children are at a critical stage for appropriate growth, cognitive development and establishment of healthy food preferences(9). However, dietary reports by caregivers reveal that the intake of US pre-school children fell short of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans for total (saturated and unsaturated) fat and vitamin E by 47 % and 37 %, respectively(10). Since child-care centres (CCC) serve as a primary social environment to the majority of children in the USA, they play a significant role in influencing eating behaviours in this nation’s young children. Oklahoma state regulations and policies require that CCC menus provide nutritionally adequate meals fulfilling at least one-half to two-thirds of macronutrient and micronutrient RDA for children in full-day child care(11). Few studies have both analysed and compared the nutrient content of CCC menus with Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)(12–14). DRI are determined by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine as a cohesive estimation of nutrient intakes for Americans and include the Recommended Daily Allowance, Adequate Intake, Tolerable Upper Intake Level and Estimated Average Requirement(15). Most studies that have evaluated CCC menus based on the Food Guide Pyramid established by the US Department of Agriculture were published a decade or more ago(16,17). A recent study reported that the lunch menu for children attending CCC did not meet the DRI for carbohydrate, dietary fibre, Fe, vitamin D and vitamin E(14). Evaluation of CCC menus provides valuable insight into what is reportedly served to children over a larger area and more feasible than in-person visits. However, it does not provide information on food preparation methods or what was actually consumed, demonstrating the need for observational studies to expand upon CCC meals. An observational study in North Carolina found that children consumed only 13 %, 17 % and 21 % of whole grains, vegetables and fruits, respectively, in reference to the MyPyramid daily requirements(18). A similar study in New York City reported that only 17 % of 3–4-year-old children met at least half of the MyPyramid requirements for vegetables and 58 % did not consume enough fruits(19); consistent with a 1997 survey by the US Department of Agriculture that found 16 % of older children failed to meet any food group requirements for vegetables, grains, meats, beans or milk(17). The above studies, in addition to the limited nutritional observations and CCC menu deficiencies in this state, support the need for observation of CCC lunches and dietary intake in Oklahoma CCC. The purpose of the present study was to assess the energy, macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein and total fat) and micronutrients (Ca, Fe, Mg, Zn, vitamins A and E and folate) served to and consumed by children of pre-school age (3–5 years) in Oklahoma CCC during lunch and compare them with the RDA established in the DRI. Examining the macronutrient and micronutrient consumption among pre-school children attending CCC, especially in a geographic region of high overweight and obesity risk, is of significance to evaluate healthy eating practices. Discovering the nutrient intakes of children in Oklahoma CCC will assist in providing information on possible areas to improve CCC nutrition standards and, consequently, how health and early-care education professionals can influence those dietary changes.