Topic
Reference Daily Intake
About: Reference Daily Intake is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1564 publications have been published within this topic receiving 52794 citations.
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TL;DR: This study shows that most of the dietary nutrient's intake is related to socio-economic and physical factors, and subjects with a lower dietary intake of those nutrients had a higher risk of death.
Abstract: Many observations agree on the existence, in older ages, of nutritional deficiencies secondary to dietary intake. This study investigated to what extent dietary intake of calories, protein, iron and vitamins influences the 6-year mortality in an elderly population living at home. To prevent the confounding effect of non-dietary factors, such as gender, functional and health status, socio-economic conditions and health risk habits, these variable have also been considered. The dietary intake was calculated comparing the content of nutrients in self-reported, 24-hour diet, with the 1980 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) obtaining a percentage for each nutrient. The percentage difference from the RDA was tested on 6-year mortality using a bivariate regression model. The intake of protein, vitamin A, thiamin, niacin, vitamin B6 and folate was significantly related to mortality: subjects with a lower dietary intake of those nutrients had a higher risk of death. When nutrient intake was tested in a multiple regression model, adjusted for non-dietary potential confounders, only folate was an independent predictor of mortality. This study shows that most of the dietary nutrient's intake is related to socio-economic and physical factors.
21 citations
TL;DR: This article defines the four DRIs (the Estimated Average Requirement, the Recommended Dietary Allowance, the Adequate Intake, and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level), and describes two other reference standards--the Estimated Energy Requirement and the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range.
Abstract: Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are now available for energy, macronutrients, fiber, vitamins, and minerals, and can be used to plan diets for individuals. This article defines the four DRIs (the Estimated Average Requirement, the Recommended Dietary Allowance, the Adequate Intake, and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level), and describes two other reference standards—the Estimated Energy Requirement and the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range. Planning diets for individuals involves identifying the appropriate nutrient intake goals, translating the nutrient goals into food intake (and supplement use, if warranted), assessing the plan, and revising it if required. This process is illustrated using case studies of a female vegetarian marathon runner and an older male smoker.
21 citations
TL;DR: At a population level, young children in the UK are exceeding recommended daily intakes of energy and protein, potentially increasing their risk of obesity and needing more guidance on how to achieve healthy energy and nutrient intakes.
Abstract: Data on the diets of young children in the UK are limited, despite growing evidence of the importance of early diet for long-term health. We used the largest contemporary dietary data set to describe the intake of 21-month-old children in the UK. Parents of 2336 children aged 21 months from the UK Gemini twin cohort completed 3-d diet diaries in 2008/2009. Family background information was obtained from questionnaires completed 8 months after birth. Mean total daily intakes of energy, macronutrients (g and %E) and micronutrients from food and beverages, including and excluding supplements, were derived. Comparisons with UK dietary reference values (DRV) were made using t tests and general linear regression models, respectively. Daily energy intake (kJ), protein (g) and most micronutrients exceeded DRV, except for vitamin D and Fe, where 96 or 84 % and 70 or 6 % of children did not achieve the reference nutrient intake or lower reference nutrient intake (LRNI), respectively, even with supplementation. These findings reflect similar observations in the smaller sample of children aged 18-36 months in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey. At a population level, young children in the UK are exceeding recommended daily intakes of energy and protein, potentially increasing their risk of obesity. The majority of children are not meeting the LRNI for vitamin D, largely reflecting inadequate use of the supplements recommended at this age. Parents may need more guidance on how to achieve healthy energy and nutrient intakes for young children.
21 citations
TL;DR: The nutritional intake of Austrian children with IDDM was similar to that of healthy children of the same age and thus reflected regional dietary habits, and dietary educational measures on a national basis are needed to change harmful local eating patterns.
Abstract: Background: The dietary intake of 63 children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM; age 10 to 14 years) was weighed by dietitians for 2 days during a summer camp for youth with diabetes. Data were analyzed for the content of macronutrients with the help of a computer database program. Methods: The dietary intake of children with diabetes was compared with that of healthy Austrian school children and with the current nutritional recommendations for children with IDDM. Results: The mean intake of carbohydrate did not meet the recommended level, whereas sucrose, fiber, and protein intake approximated the recommendations. The total consumption of fat and cholesterol, however, exceeded the recommended values. The nutritional intake of Austrian children with IDDM was similar to that of healthy children of the same age and thus reflected regional dietary habits. Conclusion: Dietary educational measures on a national basis are needed to change harmful local eating patterns.
21 citations
TL;DR: Vitamin A fortification levels for foods targeted for children aged 6-23 mo to meet the existing intake gap among both breast-fed and weaned infants and young children are proposed.
Abstract: Fortified complementary foods could be effective in preventing and controlling vitamin A and other common nutritional deficiencies in young children. Milk from well-nourished women is an excellent source of vitamin A. However, in Latin America many children are weaned prematurely and must receive the entire requirement of vitamin A from food. This paper proposes vitamin A fortification levels for foods targeted for children aged 6-23 mo to meet the existing intake gap among both breast-fed and weaned infants and young children. Estimates assume a nonsignificant contribution of common complementary foods and average levels of human milk intake by breast-fed infants and children. The estimated vitamin A gap for breast-fed infants aged 6-11 mo amounts to 63-92 microg RE [16-23% of recommended daily intake (RDI)] and for breast-fed children reaches 125 microg RE (31% of RDI). Weaned infants and children would have to fully meet the RDI (400 microg RE) from complementary foods. A fortified complementary food with 500 mg RE/100 g of dry product provided daily in a single ration of 40 g would meet 50% of the gap for weaned infants aged 6-11 mo and would raise the total intake above RDI for breast-fed infants aged 6-8 mo (125%) and 9-11 mo (127%). The same fortified food given in a daily ration of 60 mg would meet most of the gap (75%) for weaned children aged 12-23 mo and would increase total intake of breast-fed children aged 12-23 mo well above the RDI (144%), with no risk of exceeding established upper tolerable intake levels.
21 citations