Reference Daily Intake

About: Reference Daily Intake is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1564 publications have been published within this topic receiving 52794 citations.

Dietary intake in adolescents with asthma--potential for improvement.

Abstract: Associations between an unhealthy diet and overweight and the presence of asthma are reported. The aims of this study were to assess whether the intake of nutrients and food items in adolescents with asthma differs from that of healthy adolescents, whether the intake was in accordance with the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) or whether possible relationships were confounded by body composition. A four-day-validated 18-page pre-coded food diary was completed by 169 13- to 14-year-old adolescents, 93 with asthma and 76 healthy control subjects, in addition to clinical assessment, anthropometric measurements, lung function and skin prick tests. Neither intake of added sugar, snacks nor saturated fat was associated with asthma. All groups had an intake of saturated fat and added sugars exceeding the NNR, while the intake of fruits and vegetables, fibre and vitamin D was lower than recommended. The intake of folate, calcium, magnesium and iron was lower than recommended for girls with asthma and healthy girls. The intake of vitamin C was satisfactory for all groups. Body composition did not influence eating habits, and the prevalence of overweight was similar in the two groups. The dietary intake among Norwegian adolescents in general had a potential for improvement. As girls have a lower energy intake than boys, they have a larger demand of quality of the diet. Additional dietary research in adolescents with asthma is recommended.

The Revised Nutrition Facts Label: A Step Forward and More Room for Improvement.

Abstract: As the obesity epidemic continues unabated in the United States, costing more than $190 billion per year in health care expenditures,1 a public health crisis is unfolding that warrants careful reevaluation of existing policies to combat obesity and related chronic diseases. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced the first major amendment of the Nutrition Facts Label in more than 2 decades, to be implemented in the next 2 to 3 years, to reflect the evolving evidence related to dietary factors and risk of chronic diseases. The collective changes update the list of nutrients that are required or permitted to be declared, provide reference Daily Values based on current dietary recommendations or consensus reports, adjust serving sizes and labeling requirements for certain package sizes, and revise the overall format and appearance of the label for enhanced interpretability.2 The Nutrition Facts label was introduced in May 1993 with the passage of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 and has become an iconic fixture on food packaging. The label provides point-of-purchase nutrition information in a standardized format to help guide consumers’ food and beverage choices. All packaged food items regulated by the FDA—everything from breads and cereals to canned and frozen foods, snacks, desserts, and beverages—are required to display information on the label pertaining to serving size, number of servings, total energy, and a selection of nutrients based on their role in chronic disease etiology or nutrient deficiency: energy from fat, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, sugar, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, iron, and, most recently, trans fat. With more than 61% of US adults reporting that they use the Nutrition Facts panel when deciding to purchase food, these labels have great visibility and potential to be important tools for public education and policy.3 Prior to the current ruling, the only amendment to the original label was the addition of a required line for trans fat content, implemented in 2006 in response to substantial evidence linking intake of trans fat to adverse cardiometabolic health. This provided a strong incentive for manufacturers to eliminate trans fat; together with cityand statelevel regulatory action limiting trans fat use in restaurants it has been largely eliminated from the US food supply. The FDA recently announced removing trans fat from the “generally regarded as safe” category, setting a 2018 deadline for the US food industry to eliminate it from all products. The substantial reduction in trans fat intake, from 4.6 to 1.3 g/d,4 accounted for about half of the improvement inUSdietqualitysince2000andislikelyamajorfactorcontributing to improvements in blood lipid levels5 and a decline in type 2 diabetes in the United States.6 The new changes will further align the label with current dietary guidelines.7 One important change is the addition of a line disclosing “added sugar” content. The Daily Value (% DV) for added sugar is 10% of calories, representing a limit of 50 g (roughly 12 teaspoons) of added sugar for a 2000-calorie diet, a typical daily intake for adults (Figure). Although intake of added sugar has decreased in recentyearsintheUnitedStates,consumptionstillexceeds recommendations, with the average adult consuming 22 teaspoons of added sugar per day. Sugar-sweetened beverages alone account for 39% of all added sugar intake.7 Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and added sugar is associatedwithweightgainandincreasedriskoftype2diabetes and cardiovascular disease.8 Based on these data, the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend limiting added sugar intake to less than 10% of daily calories.7 Once the changes are implemented, the label on a 20-oz (591 mL) bottle of soda, for example, would indicate that individuals are consuming 130% of their added sugar limit for the day (for a 2000-calorie diet). Thenewlabelingrequirementforaddedsugaristimely and accompanies other policy initiatives aiming to reduce intakeofsugar-sweetenedbeveragesandaddedsugars.For example, in 2015 Berkeley, California, implemented an excise tax of 1¢ per ounce on sugar-sweetened beverages, and San Francisco, California, recently passed a ruling to issue health warning labels on sugar-sweetened beverages. Boston, Massachusetts, has prohibited the sale of sugarsweetened beverages on city property, and many school districtshavebannedsalesandvendingofthesebeverages as strategies to help curb childhood obesity. Similar to the case of trans fat, these collective legislative actions to reduce added sugar intake can create an environment that fosters and supports behavioral change toward more healthful choices and are more effective and efficient at reducing dietary risk factors than actions that depend solely on voluntary behavioral change. Consumer perceptions of addedsugarmaybeparticularlyeffectiveatmotivatingbehavioral change, as illustrated in a recent analysis in which health warning labels on sugar-sweetened beverages improved parental understanding of their harms and may potentially reduce parent purchasing habits.9 In addition to helping consumers make more informed decisions about food and beverage choices, the new disclosure of added sugar may also motivate food manufacturers to reduce sugar in their products. However, an unintended consequence, discouraged by the Dietary Guidelines, may be the addition of noncaloric artificial sweeteners to preserve sweetness, particularly in items marketed to children. This wouldbeofconcerngiventhelackoflong-termdataonthe health effects of artificial sweeteners. In addition to highlighting added sugar, the Nutrition Facts label updates are also consistent with current dietary guidelines in the removal of the line for “calories from fat,” reflecting evidence that fat quality is more important that VIEWPOINT

Dietary intakes of Canadians in the 1990s using population-weighted data derived from the provincial nutrition surveys.

Abstract: Provincial nutrition surveys of adults were conducted between 1990 and 1999 in Canada. Eight reports have been issued, and one is forthcoming. The purpose of this study was to estimate the national dietary intake of adult Canadians, using the publicly available data. Group mean-nutrient-intake data from 16 915 adults, aged 18 to 84 years, from published provincial reports were collated by age and sex for each of 9 provinces (Manitoba data were unavailable). Using Canadian census data appropriate to the year of collection, intake data were weighted to provide 1 national intake value for each nutrient, by 8 age and sex categories. In general, the energy and nutrient intake of adults decreased with age. For every age group, with the exception of vitamin C, intake of nutrients by men was greater than that by women. On the basis of a comparison of recently recommended intakes (Dietary Reference Intakes), the nutrients that are of concern because of inadequate intake include dietary fibre, calcium, magnesium, and folate. The data demonstrate the impact of folate fortification on folate intake; the mean intake became twice that of prefortification levels. This study used group mean-intake data; therefore, we cannot make definitive conclusions about the prevalence of inadequacy for the nutrients. Because of limitations with some provincial response rates, our data should not be construed as representative of the Canadian population. However, because these surveys were completed between the 19701972 Nutrition Canada Survey and the 2004 Canadian Community Health Survey, these population-weighted data might be a useful point of comparison for monitoring trends in nutrient intake from food.

Ingestão de alimentos e adequação de nutrientes no final da infância

Abstract: This study analyzes the results of a dietary intake survey. The main goal was to estimate the nutrient and energy intake of children in final phase of childhood and the nutritional adequacy of their diet. The studied group was composed of 247 schoolchildren (150 females and 97 males, aged nine to ten years old) from public schools of the city of Maceio, state of Alagoas. Food intake data were collected through a 24-hour dietary recall and compared with the standards of National Research Council-Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA, 1989). According to the results, the children food intake, independently of the sex, was deficient in energy and micronutrients, specially vitamins and some minerals, with the exception of iron. These findings suggest that in this group specific nutrients deficits can be a limiting factor which may contribute to an inadequate growth performance during adolescence.