Reference Daily Intake

About: Reference Daily Intake is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1564 publications have been published within this topic receiving 52794 citations.

Diet quality in Croatian university students: energy, macronutrient and micronutrient intakes according to gender.

Abstract: The aim of the study was to evaluate diet quality and nutrient intakes in Croatian university students, which are missing for the past 15 years, and also to report the prevalence of overweight/obesity and underweight. The subjects were 663 students (average age 22 years), representing 0.6% of all Croatian university students. The Quantified Food Frequency Questionnaire, checked for reproducibility and validity, was used for dietary assessment. Students on average had an adequate number of daily meals and snacks, but consumption of breakfast was irregular, particularly for men. The average energy intake was 130.1% of the dietary reference intake and the protein intake was more than double the dietary reference intake in 64.3% students. Dietary fiber, iron (in females), calcium, zinc, folate, and vitamins C, A and E intake were below recommendations in both genders. Only 3.8% of females and 21.9% of males were overweight/obese (body mass index >25 kg/m(2)). Nutrient intakes significantly differed according to gender and better macronutrient but not micronutrient intakes were observed in females.

Supplement use: is there any nutritional benefit?

Abstract: Objective To examine the role of dietary supplements in improving total nutrient intakes in adults. Design Dietitian-administered 24-hour recalls (of intake including supplements) were conducted in 1997 and 1998. Supplement users were categorized into groups based on the types of supplements used and nutrient intake was examined. Subjects Using a multistage, stratified random sampling, 1,530 Canadian adults aged 19 to 65 years were surveyed. Statistical analyses performed Intakes from diet, supplements, and diet plus supplements were examined by age/gender stratification. Results Supplement users had dietary intakes, from food alone, similar to nonusers with mean intakes in some age/sex groups below the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)/Adequate Intake (AI) for iron, calcium, and folate. Multivitamin users had mean intakes (from diet plus supplement) of folate above the RDA and iron intakes also increased to RDA levels among women aged 19 to 50 years. Calcium supplement users had lower calcium and vitamin D intakes than nonusers from diet alone in some age/sex groups. Calcium tablets increased mean calcium intakes to AI levels among all age/sex groups. Many supplement users exceeded the new Upper Limits of safe intake; 47% in the case of niacin. Applications Supplements are commonly used and can help some persons adhere to Dietary Reference Intake recommendations concerning intake of folate, calcium, vitamin D, and iron. We found multivitamin users to have higher total intakes of folic acid, iron, calcium, and vitamin D. Also, targeted use of calcium supplements effectively enhanced intakes. However, concurrent vitamin D supplementation is important and awareness of product composition with respect to Upper Limits is essential. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002; 102: 818-825 .

Top food sources contributing to vitamin D intake and the association of ready-to-eat cereal and breakfast consumption habits to vitamin D intake in Canadians and United States Americans.

Abstract: This study aimed to determine dietary vitamin D intake of U.S. Americans and Canadians and contributions of food sources to total vitamin D intake. Total of 7- or 14-d food intake data were analyzed for vitamin D by a proprietary nutrient assessment methodology that utilized food intake data from the Natl. Eating Trends® service, portion size data from NHANES 1999–2004, and nutrient values using the Univ. of Minnesota's Nutrition Data System for Research software. Study participants were 7837 U.S. Americans and 4025 Canadians, ≥2-y-old males and females. The main outcome measures were total dietary vitamin D intake, percent contribution of foods to total vitamin D intake, and vitamin D intake by cereal and breakfast consumption habits. ANOVA was used to determine differences in means or proportions by age and gender and according to breakfast consumption habits. Mean vitamin D intake ranged from 152 to 220 IU/d. Less than 2% of participants in all age groups from the United States and Canada met the 2011 Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for vitamin D from foods. Milk, meat, and fish were the top food sources for vitamin D for both Americans and Canadians. Ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal was a top 10 source of vitamin D for Americans but not Canadians. Vitamin D intake was higher with more frequent RTE cereal and breakfast consumption in both countries, largely attributable to greater milk intake. Practical Application: Most U.S. Americans and Canadians do not meet the 2011 Inst. of Medicine recommended daily allowance (RDA) for vitamin D for their age groups from foods. Increasing breakfast and cereal consumption may be a useful strategy to increase dietary vitamin D intake to help individuals meet the RDA for vitamin D, particularly by increasing milk intake. However, it is likely that additional food fortification or vitamin D supplementation is required to achieve the RDA.

High sodium intake of children through 'hidden' food sources and its association with the Mediterranean diet: the GRECO study.

Abstract: Objectives Sodium is the mineral that has been, mainly, linked to hypertension and cardiovascular disease. It is found naturally in many foods, but is also used in the food industry and manufacturing. Identification of total sodium intake, as well as 'hidden' sodium intake from food sources early in life is necessary. Methods Four thousand, five hundred and eighty children aged 10-12 years were enrolled, in a cross-sectional, population-based survey. Among other measurements, dietary data were obtained by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and sodium intake was calculated. High sodium consumption was considered an intake over 2200 mg/day. Adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern was evaluated using the Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for children and adolescent score (KIDMED score). Results Twenty-three percent of Greek children had sodium intake which exceeded the 2200 mg/day recommendation, excluding salt added at table and during cooking. Sodium intake was found elevated in children with moderate and high adherence to the Mediterranean Diet. Additionally, 1 unit increase in KIDMED score (i.e. higher adherence) was associated with 10% [odds ratio (OR) 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.13] increased likelihood of consuming sodium above the median intake (i.e. >1500 mg/day). Thirty-four percent of sodium intake from 'hidden' sources came from bread, processed cereals and white cheese. Conclusions Greek children have an elevated sodium intake from 'hidden' sources and main contributors are foods which are recommended to be consumed on a daily basis according to the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid. These findings should induce manufacturers to reduce the amount of sodium added during processing of 'healthy' foods, especially bread and cheese.