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Reference electrode

About: Reference electrode is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 16901 publications have been published within this topic receiving 259568 citations.


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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an Ag/Ag + electrode was constructed as a reference electrode for ion conductive polyethers and its stability was evaluated with cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements.

3 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the main reaction on an anode at current density i = 0.015-1.0 A cm−2 is the oxidation of oxygen-containing anions from a melt with the formation of gaseous O2 and a substantial increase in the oxidation rate of the composite anode is observed at i > 1.
Abstract: In order to fabricate oxide-metallic composites with the composition 25.3NiO-41.2Fe2O3-13.5Cr2O3-20.0Cu (wt %), the temperature and duration of sintering (1350°C, 30 min) that ensure the formation of the solid solution of chromium oxide in nickel ferrite have been determined. This material is tested as an anode for the electrolysis of the low-temperature solution with the composition 12.0NaF-36.8KF-51.2AlF3 (wt %), which was saturated with Al2O3 (t = 800°C). The amount of gaseous oxygen evolved on the anode was measured. It is shown that the main reaction on an anode at current density i = 0.015–1.0 A cm−2 is the oxidation of oxygen-containing anions from a melt with the formation of gaseous O2 and a substantial increase in the oxidation rate of the composite anode is observed at i > 1.0 A cm−2. The voltage across the electrolyzer (4.5 ± 0.5 V) and the anodic potential (2.43 ± 0.2 relative to the Al reference electrode) during a prolonged experiment (for 89 h, i = 0.4 A cm−2) indicate a stable and acceptable electrical conductivity of the material, while the dissolution rate, which was calculated by the weight loss (0.6 kg/yr) and volume loss (0.7 cm/yr), satisfy the requirements to inert anodes.

3 citations

Patent
10 Jul 2018
TL;DR: In this paper, an electrochemical preparation method for metal sulfide was proposed, and the method comprises the steps: taking a load elemental sulfur conductive substrate as a working electrode, taking a noble electrode as a counter electrode, and forming a three-electrode system through combining with a reference electrode, wherein the three electrodes are immersed into metal salt organic solution, applying a reduction potential to the working electrode and preparing a conductive substrategies which is provided with metal sulfides in a mode of in-situ growth.
Abstract: The invention belongs to the preparation field of metal sulfide, specifically an electrochemical preparation method for metal sulfide, and the application of metal sulfide in the fields of cells, supercapacitors and water-electrolytic hydrogen making. The method comprises the steps: taking a load elemental sulfur conductive substrate as a working electrode, taking a noble electrode as a counter electrode, and forming a three-electrode system through combining with a reference electrode, wherein the three electrodes are immersed into metal salt organic solution; applying a reduction potential to the working electrode, and preparing a conductive substrate which is provided with metal sulfide in a mode of in-situ growth. An electrochemical method, compared with water heat and solvent head methods, avoids the high-temperature and high-pressure operation conditions, is simple in preparation technology, is easy to operate, is low in energy consumption, and is short in time consumption. The method takes the elemental sulfur as a sulfur source, so the metal sulfide is green, protects the environment, has many sources, and is low in cost. The electrochemical method can control the reactionprocess through the regulation and control of the reduction potential and time, and achieves the combination of sulfide in different shapes and structures.

3 citations

Patent
31 May 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, a biological sensor with a micro-electrode was provided for detecting salicylic acid of plants, which can be enriched in research on the stress resistance and disease resistance of the plants.
Abstract: The invention provides a biological sensor with a micro-electrode. The length of the micro-electrode is 4-8 cm, the length of a tip of the micro-electrode is 5-30 mm, the width of the tip of the micro-electrode is 2mm, and the thickness of the tip of the micro-electrode is 0.5mm; substrate electrodes of the micro-electrodes are made of silicon wafers, the micro-electrode is provided with a three-electrode system and comprises an Ag/AgCl reference electrode, a platinum counter electrode and a gold working electrode modified by carbon nano-tube materials, and the lengths*the widths of exposed conductive portions of the three electrodes are 0.5mm*0.5mm. The biological sensor has the advantages that the content of salicylic acid of plant bodies can be monitored by the aid of living bodies in an online manner, change conditions of the content of the salicylic acid can be truly recorded and can be analyzed in real time, detection methods are reliable, accurate measurement results can be obtained, the novel methods can be provided for detecting the salicylic acid of plants, and salicylic acid detection means can be enriched in research on the stress resistance and the disease resistance of the plants.

3 citations

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, an experimental setup with two external saturated calomel reference electrodes (SCE) and two flow cells was established for flow battery research application, and the cell voltage, potentials and open circuit potentials of the positive and negative electrodes for a lab-scale flow battery single cell, could be determined simultaneously during charge-discharge (C-D) cycle test.
Abstract: An experimental setup with two external saturated calomel reference electrodes (SCE) and two flow cells was established for flow battery research application. By using this setup, the cell voltage, potentials and open circuit potentials of the positive and negative electrodes for a lab-scale flow battery single cell, could be determined simultaneously during charge-discharge (C-D) cycle test. Then, the ohmic internal resistance drop (iR drop), overpotentials at the negative and positive electrodes of the cell during C-D process, were calculated. The average iR drop accounts for about 74% of the total voltage losses during the C-D cycle at current density of 60mA•cm^(-2), suggesting the voltage efficiency (VE) of vanadium redox-flow battery (VRB) single cell with graphite felt as electrodes and Nafion 117 as battery separator, was limited by the cell ohmic internal resistance. The C-D curves show that the appearance of the end-point of discharge is mainly due to the zoom of negative electrode over potential. The VRB single cell designed in this work achieves an excellent performance, with voltage and energy efficiency up to ca. 89% and 85%, respectively, at C-D current density of 60mA•cm^(-2), indicating structure of the cell is reasonable, and graphite felt is suitable for VRB electrode application.

3 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202344
2022116
2021193
2020370
2019631
2018558