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Reference electrode
About: Reference electrode is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 16901 publications have been published within this topic receiving 259568 citations.
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Patent•
16 Apr 1992
TL;DR: In this article, a combination catheter for both detecting monophasic action potentials and ablating surface tissue in an in vivo heart of a patient is provided, which includes a catheter probe having a terminal tip portion (10) and an electrode (20) carried on the tip such that a portion of the tip electrode(20) is exposed to ambient.
Abstract: A combination catheter for both detecting monophasic action potentials and ablating surface tissue in an in vivo heart of a patient is provided. The apparatus includes a catheter probe having a terminal tip portion (10) and an electrode (20) carried on the tip such that a portion of the tip electrode (20) is exposed to ambient. A reference electrode (50) is spaced along the tip from the first electrode for supplying a reference potential signal. An ablating electrode (30) is located adjacent to but electrically insulated from both the tip (20) and reference (50) electrodes for providing electromagnetic energy to the tip. The electrodes are electrically connected to the proximal end of the catheter through individual conductors or wires (22, 32, and 50) that run through an insulated cable. An electronic filter is provided to permit the recording of MAPs during ablation without radiofrequency interference. The catheter may also include standard mapping and/or pacing electrodes (80 and 75) respectively. The catheter may further include a steering mechanism for positioning the catheter at various treatment sites in the heart, and a structure for holding the tip electrode in substantially perpendicular contact with heart tissue with a positive pressure, and for spacing the reference electrode from the heart tissue.
516 citations
Patent•
13 Jun 1985TL;DR: An electrochemical cell sensor for monitoring oxidizable enzyme substrates in biological fluids is described in this article, where at least one oxygen or hydrogen peroxide sensing electrode containing a suitable oxidase enzyme, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode all in communication with biological fluids through one or more openings in the walls of the housing.
Abstract: An electrochemical cell sensor for monitoring oxidizable enzyme substrates in biological fluids situated in a housing and suitable for implantation in the body, including at least one oxygen or hydrogen peroxide sensing electrode containing a suitable oxidase enzyme, a reference electrode, and a counter electrode all in communication with biological fluids through one or more openings in the walls of the housing.
483 citations
TL;DR: The redox processes of a glassy carbon electrode in THF were studied by programmed cyclic voltammetry in the range of +1300 to −2000 mV at sweep rates of 2-200 mV/s.
Abstract: The redox processes of at a glassy carbon electrode in THF was studied by programmed cyclic voltammetry in the range of +1300 to −2000 mV (vs. polysulfide reference electrode) at sweep rates of 2–200 mV/s. One anodic and up to three cathodic peaks were detected. The anodic peak seems to result from the oxidation of all PS's through the same intermediate to elemental sulfur. The first cathodic peak is caused by the reduction of all PS to in a diffusion controlled reaction. The second reduction peak most likely arises from the reduction of to . This is apparently preceded by a chemical step. The third reduction peak is caused by the reduction of to or S2− or a mixture of both in a diffusion‐controlled reaction. The high Tafel slope of the third peak apparently results from passivation of the electrode by the precipitation of and .
479 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a Kelvin probe as a reference electrode for the measurement of electrode potentials and showed that the potential drop across the oxide scale formed on top of the iron surface is small if the surface is kept in a humid environment (e.g. 95% relative humidity).
450 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the potential distribution through plastic Li-ion cells during electrochemical testing was monitored by means of three or four-electrode measurements in order to determine the origin of the poor electrochemical performance (namely, premature cell failure, poor storage performance in the discharged state) of LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4}/C Liion cells encountered at 55 C.
Abstract: The potential distribution through plastic Li-ion cells during electrochemical testing was monitored by means of three- or four-electrode measurements in order to determine the origin of the poor electrochemical performance (namely, premature cell failure, poor storage performance in the discharged state) of LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4}/C Li-ion cells encountered at 55 C. Several approaches to insert reliably one or two reference electrodes that can be either metallic lithium or an insertion compound such as Li{sub 4}Ti{sub 5}O{sub 12} into plastic Li-ion batteries are reported. Using a reference electrode, information regarding the evolution of (1) the state of charge of each electrode within a Li-ion cell, (2) their polarization, and (3) their rate capability can be obtained. From these three-electrode electrochemical measurements, coupled with chemical analyses, X-ray diffraction, and microscopy studies, one unambiguously concludes that the poor 55 C performance is mainly due to the instability of the LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} phase toward Mn dissolution in LiPF{sub 6}-type electrolytes. A mechanism, based on Mn dissolution, is proposed to account for the poor storage performance of LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4}/C Li-ion cells.
423 citations