Referral

About: Referral is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 27614 publications have been published within this topic receiving 479918 citations.

Helping low birth weight, premature babies : the infant health and development program

Abstract: Each year in the United States, 250,000 infants are born too soon, weighing too little. For these low birth weight, premature infants, the future is uncertain, since they are at risk for a variety of serious medical and developmental problems-including behavioral and learning disorders that may have damaging effects for the rest of their lives. The extent to which a comprehensive early intervention program could improve or prevent these adverse outcomes was examined in the Infant Health and Development Program, a randomized controlled trial involving almost 1,000 infants in eight cities in the United States. This book describes in detail the program, its research methodology, the progress of the program, and the results of the clinical trial. The program was administered by an interdisciplinary team composed of physicians, biostatisticians, child development specialists, and researchers from several disciplines. It was instituted upon the discharge of the infants from the neonatal nursery and was maintained for three years. One-third of the infants were randomly assigned to an intervention group, the remainder to a follow-up group. Infants in both groups received pediatric care and community referral services, but only those in the intervention group participated in a program that included extensive home visits, attendance at a child development center, and group meetings for parents. The results of the program proved to be clinically important; at age three, the children in the intervention group had significantly higher IQ scores, greater cognitive development, and fewer behavioral problems. The implications of the findings for public policy are equally important, for there is increasing interest in the prevention, early detection, and management of developmental disabilities in children, as evidenced by such legislation as the Education for All Children Act. Strategies to minimize the problems of low birth weight children, with their potential for long-term savings through the prevention of disabilities and their attendant costs, could have significant repercussions in such governmental areas as medical care, education, and social welfare.

Original Research Articles Hip Joint Pain Referral Patterns: A Descriptive Study

Abstract: Wyoming; ABSTRACT Objective. To determine hip joint pain referral patterns. Design. Retrospective analysis. Setting. Multicenter. Patients. Fifty-one consecutive patients meeting clinical criteria of a symptomatic hip joint. Interventions. Fluoroscopically guided intra-articular hip joint injection. Outcome Measures. Anatomic pain map before hip injection and visual analog scale both before and after hip injection. Results. The hip joint was shown to cause pain in traditionally accepted referral areas to the groin and thigh in 55% and 57% of patients, respectfully. However, pain referral was also seen in the buttock and lower extremity distal to the knee in 71% and 22%, respectively. Foot and knee pain were seen in only 6% and 2% of patients, respectively, while lower lumbar spine referral did not occur. Fourteen pain referral patterns were observed. Conclusions. Buttock pain is the most common pain referral area from a symptomatic hip joint. Traditionally accepted groin and thigh referral areas were less common. Hip joint pain can occa- sionally refer distally to the foot. Lower lumbar spine referral did not occur.

Why do teachers refer pupils for special education? An analysis of referral records

Abstract: We studied the referral for special education records of children and youth to identify the problems for which referrers said pupils needed help Coders examined 382 forms used by two school systems and recorded demographic information and referrers' statements describing individual pupils' difficulties We found that (a) 69% of the referrals were for boys, (b) regular classroom teachers alone initiated 74% of the referrals and contributed to another 5%, and (c) over two‐thirds of students referred were in earlier grade levels, particularly kindergarten (16%), first (26%), second (15%), or third grade (11%) Problems most likely to be described on referral forms were general academic problems (found on 35% of referrals), reading problems (31%), and attention problems (23%) other problems such as fearfulness (2%), visual‐perceptual difficulties (1%), and depression (1%) were rarely included Factor analysis of the referral reasons revealed five common types of referrals, some of which interacted w

Adult and Child Client Differences in Therapy Dropout Research

Abstract: In spite of the high dropout rate from child and family therapy, few studies have investigated the premature termination of treatment of children We argue that, due to decision-making and motivational differences of children and adults in psychotherapy, different variables would relate to treatment continuance for the two groups We investigated the relationship of demographic, therapist, and treatment variables to premature termination for both children (n = 212) and adults (n = 118) in outpatient therapy Multiple-regression analysis revealed that therapist experience and referral source predicted adult continuance, but none of the variables investigated related to child treatment continuance We conclude that data from children and adults should be analyzed separately in dropout research, that more research should be devoted to the study of the continuance of children in treatment, and that parent variables influencing continuance of their children's treatment should be identified