Showing papers on "Reflection (physics) published in 2016"

From the generalized reflection law to the realization of perfect anomalous reflectors

Abstract: The use of the generalized Snell's law opens wide possibilities for the manipulation of transmitted and reflected wavefronts. However, known structures designed to shape reflection wave fronts suffer from significant parasitic reflections in undesired directions: In fact, the desired field distributions do not satisfy Maxwell's equations if the boundary conditions are specified in accordance with the generalized Snell's law. In this work, we explore the limitations of the existing solutions for the design of passive planar reflectors and demonstrate that strongly non-local response is required for perfect performance. Ideal reflective surfaces capable of steering the energy into any desired direction have to localize and carry energy along the inhomogeneous reflective surface. A new paradigm for the design of perfect reflectors based on energy surface channeling is introduced. We realize and experimentally verify a theoretically perfect design of an anomalously reflective surface using an array of rectangular metal patches backed by a metallic plate. This conceptually new mechanism for wavefront manipulation allows the design of thin perfect reflectors, offering a versatile design method applicable to other scenarios such as focusing reflectors or surface wave manipulations, extendible to other frequencies.

A metasurface carpet cloak for electromagnetic, acoustic and water waves

Abstract: We propose a single low-profile skin metasurface carpet cloak to hide objects with arbitrary shape and size under three different waves, i.e., electromagnetic (EM) waves, acoustic waves and water waves. We first present a metasurface which can control the local reflection phase of these three waves. By taking advantage of this metasurface, we then design a metasurface carpet cloak which provides an additional phase to compensate the phase distortion introduced by a bump, thus restoring the reflection waves as if the incident waves impinge onto a flat mirror. The finite element simulation results demonstrate that an object can be hidden under these three kinds of waves with a single metasurface cloak.

A sound absorbing metasurface with coupled resonators

Abstract: An impedance matched surface is able, in principle, to totally absorb the incident sound and yield no reflection, and this is desired in many acoustic applications. Here we demonstrate a design of impedance matched sound absorbing surface with a simple construction. By coupling different resonators and generating a hybrid resonance mode, we designed and fabricated a metasurface that is impedance-matched to airborne sound at tunable frequencies with subwavelength scale unit cells. With careful design of the coupled resonators, over 99% energy absorption at central frequency of 511 Hz with a 50% absorption bandwidth of 140 Hz is achieved experimentally. The proposed design can be easily fabricated, and is mechanically stable. The proposed metasurface can be used in many sound absorption applications such as loudspeaker design and architectural acoustics.

Acoustic carpet cloak based on an ultrathin metasurface

Abstract: An acoustic metasurface carpet cloak based on membrane-capped cavities is proposed and investigated numerically. This design has been chosen for allowing ultrathin geometries, although adapted to airborne sound frequencies in the range of 1 kHz ($\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\approx}30$ cm), surpassing the designs reported in the literature in terms of thinness. A formulation of generalized Snell's laws is first proposed, mapping the directions of the incident and reflected waves to the metasurface phase function. This relation is then applied to achieve a prescribed wavefront reflection direction, for a given incident direction, by controlling the acoustic impedance grading along the metasurface. The carpet cloak performance of the proposed acoustic metasurface is then assessed on a triangular bump obstacle, generally considered as a baseline configuration in the literature.

Modeling of landslide generated impulsive waves considering complex topography in reservoir area

Abstract: The impulsive wave is considered as one of the most notably secondary hazards induced by landslides in reservoir areas. The impulsive wave with considerable wave amplitude is able to cause serious damage to the dam body, shoreline properties and lives. To investigate and predict the wave characteristics, many experimental studies employed the generalized channels rather than the realistic topography. Deviation from the idealized geometries may result in non-negligible effects due to the wave refraction or reflection with complex topography. To consider the topography effect, a prototype scaled experiment was conducted. A series of tests with different collocation of parameters were performed. The experimental results were then summarized to propose empirical equations to predict the maximum wave amplitude, and wave decay in channel direction. The generalized empirical equations can obtain better results for wave features prediction by compared with those derived from the idealized models. Furthermore, a 3D numerical modeling corresponding to the physical experiment was conducted based on the SPH method. The wave characteristics in the sliding and channel directions were investigated in detail including the maximum wave amplitude, wave run-up, wave arrival time and wave crest amplitude decay. The comparison between the simulation and experiment indicates the promising accuracy of the SPH simulation in determining the general features even with complex river topography. Finally, the limitation and applicability of both the experimental and numerical methods in analyzing the practical engineering problems were discussed. Combination of the both methods can benefit the hazard prevention and reduction for landslide generated impulsive waves in reservoir area.

Theory of metascreen-based acoustic passive phased array

Abstract: The metascreen-based acoustic passive phased array provides a new degree of freedom for manipulating acoustic waves due to their fascinating properties, such as a fully shifting phase, keeping impedance matching, and holding subwavelength spatial resolution. We develop acoustic theories to analyze the transmission/reflection spectra and the refracted pressure fields of a metascreen composed of elements with four Helmholtz resonators (HRs) in series and a straight pipe. We find that these properties are also valid under oblique incidence with large angles, with the underlying physics stemming from the hybrid resonances between the HRs and the straight pipe. By imposing the desired phase profiles, the refracted fields can be tailored in an anomalous yet controllable manner. In particular, two types of negative refraction are exhibited, based on two distinct mechanisms: one is formed from classical diffraction theory and the other is dominated by the periodicity of the metascreen. Positive (normal) and negative refractions can be converted by simply changing the incident angle, with the coexistence of two types of refraction in a certain range of incident angles.

High efficiency near diffraction-limited mid-infrared flat lenses based on metasurface reflectarrays

Abstract: We report the first demonstration of a mid-IR reflection-based flat lens with high efficiency and near diffraction-limited focusing. Focusing efficiency as high as 80%, in good agreement with simulations (83%), has been achieved at 45° incidence angle at λ = 4.6 μm. The off-axis geometry considerably simplifies the optical arrangement compared to the common geometry of normal incidence in reflection mode which requires beam splitters. Simulations show that the effects of incidence angle are small compared to parabolic mirrors with the same NA. The use of single-step photolithography allows large scale fabrication. Such a device is important in the development of compact telescopes, microscopes, and spectroscopic designs.

Visco-thermal effects in acoustic metamaterials: from total transmission to total reflection and high absorption

Abstract: We theoretically and experimentally investigate visco–thermal effects on the acoustic propagation through metamaterials consisting of rigid slabs with subwavelength slits embedded in air. We demonstrate that this unavoidable loss mechanism is not merely a refinement, but that it plays a dominant role in the actual acoustic response of the structure. Specifically, in the case of very narrow slits, the visco–thermal losses avoid completely the excitation of Fabry–Perot resonances, leading to 100% reflection. This is exactly opposite to the perfect transmission predicted in the idealised lossless case. Moreover, for a wide range of geometrical parameters, there exists an optimum slit width at which the energy dissipated in the structure can be as high as 50%. This work provides a clear evidence that visco–thermal effects are necessary to describe realistically the acoustic response of locally resonant metamaterials.

Terahertz transmission vs reflection imaging and model-based characterization for excised breast carcinomas

Abstract: This work presents experimental and analytical comparison of terahertz transmission and reflection imaging modes for assessing breast carcinoma in excised paraffin-embedded human breast tissue. Modeling for both transmission and reflection imaging is developed. The refractive index and absorption coefficient of the tissue samples are obtained. The reflection measurements taken at the system’s fixed oblique angle of 30° are shown to be a hybridization of TE and TM modes. The models are validated with transmission spectroscopy at fixed points on fresh bovine muscle and fat tissues. Images based on the calculated absorption coefficient and index of refraction of bovine tissue are successfully compared with the terahertz magnitude and phase measured in the reflection mode. The validated techniques are extended to 20 and 30 μm slices of fixed human lobular carcinoma and infiltrating ductal carcinoma mounted on polystyrene microscope slides in order to investigate the terahertz differentiation of the carcinoma with non-cancerous tissue. Both transmission and reflection imaging show clear differentiation in carcinoma versus healthy tissue. However, when using the reflection mode, in the calculation of the thin tissue properties, the absorption is shown to be sensitive to small phase variations that arise due to deviations in slide and tissue thickness and non-ideal tissue adhesion. On the other hand, the results show that the transmission mode is much less sensitive to these phase variations. The results also demonstrate that reflection imaging provides higher resolution and more clear margins between cancerous and fibroglandular regions, cancerous and fatty regions, and fibroglandular and fatty tissue regions. In addition, more features consistent with high power pathology images are exhibited in the reflection mode images.

A Reconfigurable Graphene Reflectarray for Generation of Vortex THz Waves

Abstract: A reconfigurable graphene reflectarray is proposed for the generation of vortex radio waves at THz. First, a simple sectored circular reflective surface model with a plane wave at normal incidence is constructed to illustrate how vortex radio waves can be generated. Then, a graphene reflective cell is examined to demonstrate that the reflection coefficient can be controlled by changing the chemical potential and size of the graphene patch. Next, the sectored circular reflective surface is realized with the graphene reflective cells that are properly sized, arranged, and biased to satisfy the required reflection coefficients for various modes of vortex radio waves. Finally, the graphene reflectarray is excited with a horn antenna, showing from simulations that it can be dynamically reconfigured to generate the 0, $\pm 1$ , and $\pm 2$ modes of vortex radio waves at 1.6 THz.

Three-dimensional numerical model for wave-induced seabed response around mono-pile

Abstract: In this study, a new three-dimensional model was developed to provide a better understanding of the mechanism for wave-induced seabed response around the mono-pile. Based on the poro-elastic theory, the fully dynamic formulations were adopted in the present model to simulate the pore pressure, soil stresses and the displacements of both soil and mono-pile. Good agreement between the numerical simulation and experimental results was obtained. Based on the parametric study, the numerical results concluded that (1) the wave diffraction and reflection have significant effects on the pore pressure and soil displacements around the mono-pile; (2) the largest discrepancy of pore pressure due to the variation in seabed parameters appears in front of mono-pile, while the smallest discrepancy is at the position of angle 3π/4 with respect to the incident wave direction and (3) the increase in the mono-pile horizontal displacement corresponds to the increase in the wave height and the decrease in the seabed Young's m...

Negative refraction in a laminate

Abstract: This work is concerned with the reflection and transmission of waves at a plane interface between a homogeneous elastic half-space and a half-space of elastic material that is periodically laminated. The lamination is always in the direction of the x1-coordinate axis and the displacement is always longitudinal shear, so that the only non-zero displacement component is u 3 ( x 1 , x 2 , t ) . After an initial discussion of Floquet–Bloch waves in the laminated material, brief consideration is given to the reflection–transmission problem, when the interface between the two media is the plane x 1 = 0 . Nothing unusual emerges: there are just a single reflected wave and a single transmitted wave, undergoing positive group-velocity refraction. Then, the problem is considered when the interface between the two media is the plane x 2 = 0 . The periodic structure of the interface induces an infinite set of reflected waves and an infinite set of transmitted waves. All need to be taken into account, but most decay exponentially away from the interface. It had previously been recognized that, if the incident wave had appropriate frequency and angle of incidence, a propagating transmitted wave would be generated that would undergo negative group-velocity refraction – behaviour usually associated with a metamaterial. It is established by an example in this work that there is, in addition, a propagating transmitted wave with smaller wavelength but larger group velocity that undergoes positive group-velocity refraction. The work concludes with a brief discussion of this finding, including its implications for the utility (or not) of “effective medium” theory.

Lamb wave-based subwavelength damage imaging using the DORT-MUSIC technique in metallic plates:

Abstract: A Lamb wave-based, subwavelength imaging algorithm is developed for damage imaging in a metallic plate based on a decomposition of the time-reversal operator method together with a multiple signal classification imaging condition in the space-frequency domain. In this study, a hybrid non-contact inspection system was proposed to image damage in an aluminum plate using a piezoelectric linear array for actuation and a laser Doppler vibrometer line-scan perpendicular to the piezoelectric array for sensing. The physics of incident waves, reflection, and reflected waves that underlie the transfer matrix in the decomposition of the time-reversal operator method is mathematically formulated in the context of guided waves based on the first-order Born approximation. Singular value decomposition is then employed to decompose the experimentally measured transfer matrix into three matrices, detailing the incident wave propagation from the linear actuator array, reflection from the damage, and followed by reflected w...

Rayleigh and Wood anomalies in the diffraction of light from a perfectly conducting reflection grating

Abstract: By means of a modal method we have calculated the angular dependence of the reflectivity and the efficiencies of several other diffracted orders of a perfectly conducting lamellar reflection grating illuminated by p-polarized light. These dependencies display the signatures of Rayleigh and Wood anomalies, usually associated with diffraction from a metallic grating. The Wood anomalies here are caused by the excitation of the surface electromagnetic waves supported by a periodically corrugated perfectly conducting surface, whose dispersion curves in both the nonradiative and radiative regions of the frequency-wavenumber plane are calculated.

Magnetospheric Multiscale Satellite Observations of Parallel Electron Acceleration in Magnetic Field Reconnection by Fermi Reflection from Time Domain Structures.

Abstract: The same time domain structures (TDS) have been observed on two Magnetospheric Multiscale Satellites near Earth's dayside magnetopause. These TDS, traveling away from the X line along the magnetic field at 4000 km/s, accelerated field-aligned ∼5 eV electrons to ∼200 eV by a single Fermi reflection of the electrons by these overtaking barriers. Additionally, the TDS contained both positive and negative potentials, so they were a mixture of electron holes and double layers. They evolve in ∼10 km of space or 7 ms of time and their spatial scale size is 10-20 km, which is much larger than the electron gyroradius (<1 km) or the electron inertial length (4 km at the observation point, less nearer the X line).

Reconstructing the primary reflections in seismic data by Marchenko redatuming and convolutional interferometry

Abstract: State-of-the-art methods to image the earth’s subsurface using active-source seismic reflection data involve reverse time migration. This and other standard seismic processing methods such as velocity analysis provide best results only when all waves in the data set are primaries (waves reflected only once). A variety of methods are therefore deployed as processing to predict and remove multiples (waves reflected several times); however, accurate removal of those predicted multiples from the recorded data using adaptive subtraction techniques proves challenging, even in cases in which they can be predicted with reasonable accuracy. We present a new, alternative strategy to construct a parallel data set consisting only of primaries, which is calculated directly from recorded data. This obviates the need for multiple prediction and removal methods. Primaries are constructed by using convolutional interferometry to combine the first-arriving events of upgoing and direct-wave downgoing Green’s functions to virtual receivers in the subsurface. The required upgoing wavefields to virtual receivers are constructed by Marchenko redatuming. Crucially, this is possible without detailed models of the earth’s subsurface reflectivity structure: Similar to the most migration techniques, the method only requires surface reflection data and estimates of direct (nonreflected) arrivals between the virtual subsurface sources and the acquisition surface. We evaluate the method on a stratified synclinal model. It is shown to be particularly robust against errors in the reference velocity model used and to improve the migrated images substantially.

Finite element analysis of true and pseudo surface acoustic waves in one-dimensional phononic crystals

Abstract: In this paper, we report a theoretical investigation of surface acoustic waves propagating in one-dimensional phononic crystal. Using finite element method eigenfrequency and frequency response studies, we develop two model geometries suitable to distinguish true and pseudo (or leaky) surface acoustic waves and determine their propagation through finite size phononic crystals, respectively. The novelty of the first model comes from the application of a surface-like criterion and, additionally, functional damping domain. Exemplary calculated band diagrams show sorted branches of true and pseudo surface acoustic waves and their quantified surface confinement. The second model gives a complementary study of transmission, reflection, and surface-to-bulk losses of Rayleigh surface waves in the case of a phononic crystal with a finite number of periods. Here, we demonstrate that a non-zero transmission within non-radiative band gaps can be carried via leaky modes originating from the coupling of local resonances with propagating waves in the substrate. Finally, we show that the transmission, reflection, and surface-to-bulk losses can be effectively optimised by tuning the geometrical properties of a stripe.

Wavefront shaping through emulated curved space in waveguide settings.

Abstract: The past decade has witnessed remarkable progress in wavefront shaping, including shaping of beams in free space, of plasmonic wavepackets and of electronic wavefunctions. In all of these, the wavefront shaping was achieved by external means such as masks, gratings and reflection from metasurfaces. Here, we propose wavefront shaping by exploiting general relativity (GR) effects in waveguide settings. We demonstrate beam shaping within dielectric slab samples with predesigned refractive index varying so as to create curved space environment for light. We use this technique to construct very narrow non-diffracting beams and shape-invariant beams accelerating on arbitrary trajectories. Importantly, the beam transformations occur within a mere distance of 40 wavelengths, suggesting that GR can inspire any wavefront shaping in highly tight waveguide settings. In such settings, we demonstrate Einstein's Rings: a phenomenon dating back to 1936.

Broadband diffuse terahertz wave scattering by flexible metasurface with randomized phase distribution.

Abstract: Suppressing specular electromagnetic wave reflection or backward radar cross section is important and of broad interests in practical electromagnetic engineering. Here, we present a scheme to achieve broadband backward scattering reduction through diffuse terahertz wave reflection by a flexible metasurface. The diffuse scattering of terahertz wave is caused by the randomized reflection phase distribution on the metasurface, which consists of meta-particles of differently sized metallic patches arranged on top of a grounded polyimide substrate simply through a certain computer generated pseudorandom sequence. Both numerical simulations and experimental results demonstrate the ultralow specular reflection over a broad frequency band and wide angle of incidence due to the re-distribution of the incident energy into various directions. The diffuse scattering property is also polarization insensitive and can be well preserved when the flexible metasurface is conformably wrapped on a curved reflective object. The proposed design opens up a new route for specular reflection suppression, and may be applicable in stealth and other technology in the terahertz spectrum.

Focusing, refraction, and asymmetric transmission of elastic waves in solid metamaterials with aligned parallel gaps

Abstract: Gradient index (GRIN), refractive, and asymmetric transmission devices for elastic waves are designed using a solid with aligned parallel gaps. The gaps are assumed to be thin so that they can be considered as parallel cracks separating elastic plate waveguides. The plates do not interact with one another directly, only at their ends where they connect to the exterior solid. To formulate the transmission and reflection coefficients for SV- and P-waves, an analytical model is established using thin plate theory that couples the waveguide modes with the waves in the exterior body. The GRIN lens is designed by varying the thickness of the plates to achieve different flexural wave speeds. The refractive effect of SV-waves is achieved by designing the slope of the edge of the plate array, and keeping the ratio between plate length and flexural wavelength fixed. The asymmetric transmission of P-waves is achieved by sending an incident P-wave at a critical angle, at which total conversion to SV-wave occurs. An array of parallel gaps perpendicular to the propagation direction of the reflected waves stop the SV-wave but let P-waves travel through. Examples of focusing, steering, and asymmetric transmission devices are discussed.

Multi-spectral Metasurface for Different Functional Control of Reflection Waves

Abstract: Metasurface have recently generated much interest due to its strong manipulation of electromagnetic wave and its easy fabrication compared to bulky metamaterial. Here, we propose the design of a multi-spectral metasurface that can achieve beam deflection and broadband diffusion simultaneously at two different frequency bands. The metasurface is composed of two-layered metallic patterns backed by a metallic ground plane. The top-layer metasurface utilizes the cross-line structures with two different dimensions for producing 0 and π reflection phase response, while the bottom-layer metasurface is realized by a topological morphing of the I-shaped patterns for creating the gradient phase distribution. The whole metasurface is demonstrated to independently control the reflected waves to realize different functions at two bands when illuminated by a normal linear-polarized wave. Both simulation and experimental results show that the beam deflection is achieved at K-band with broadband diffusion at X-Ku band.

Apparent Negative Reflection with the Gradient Acoustic Metasurface by Integrating Supercell Periodicity into the Generalized Law of Reflection.

Abstract: Apparent Negative Reflection with the Gradient Acoustic Metasurface by Integrating Supercell Periodicity into the Generalized Law of Reflection

Elastic wave propagation in fractured media using the discontinuous Galerkin method

Abstract: We have formulated and implemented a discontinuous Galerkin method (DGM) for elastic wave propagation that allows for discontinuities in the displacement field to simulate fractures or faults. The approach is based on the interior-penalty formulation of DGM, and the fractures are simulated using the linear-slip model, which is incorporated into the weak formulation by including an additional term that is similar to the penalty term but uses the fracture compliance instead of an arbitrary penalty parameter. We have calibrated our results against an analytic solution of fracture-induced anisotropy for a set of elongated horizontal fractures, and we have evaluated numerical examples that simulate the reflection and transmission of waves at a fracture and at fracture interface waves. This method can further be used with models containing intersecting fractures and multiple fracture sets in 2D or 3D domains.

Calibration of the EDGES High-Band Receiver to Observe the Global 21-cm Signature from the Epoch of Reionization

Abstract: The EDGES High-Band experiment aims to detect the sky-average brightness temperature of the $21$-cm signal from the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) in the redshift range $14.8 \gtrsim z \gtrsim 6.5$. To probe this redshifted signal, EDGES High-Band conducts single-antenna measurements in the frequency range $90-190$ MHz from the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory in Western Australia. In this paper, we describe the current strategy for calibration of the EDGES High-Band receiver and report calibration results for the instrument used in the $2015-2016$ observational campaign. We propagate uncertainties in the receiver calibration measurements to the antenna temperature using a Monte Carlo approach. We define a performance objective of $1$~mK residual RMS after modeling foreground subtraction from a fiducial temperature spectrum using a five-term polynomial. Most of the calibration uncertainties yield residuals of $1$~mK or less at $95\%$ confidence. However, current uncertainties in the antenna and receiver reflection coefficients can lead to residuals of up to $20$ mK even in low-foreground sky regions. These dominant residuals could be reduced by 1) improving the accuracy in reflection measurements, especially their phase 2) improving the impedance match at the antenna-receiver interface, and 3) decreasing the changes with frequency of the antenna reflection phase.

Quantum reflection of bright solitary matter-waves from a narrow attractive potential

Abstract: We report the observation of quantum reflection from a narrow attractive potential using bright solitary matter waves formed from a Rb 85 Bose-Einstein condensate. We create the attractive potential using a tightly focused, red-detuned laser beam, and observe reflection of up to 25% of the atoms, along with the confinement of atoms at the position of the beam. We show that the observed reflected fraction is much larger than theoretical predictions for a simple Gaussian potential well. A more detailed model of bright soliton propagation, accounting for the generic presence of small subsidiary intensity maxima in the red-detuned beam, suggests that these small intensity maxima are the cause of this enhanced reflection.

In-Wall Clutter Suppression Based on Low-Rank and Sparse Representation for Through-the-Wall Radar

Abstract: For through-the-wall-radar signal processing, there exist extensive studies on removing the wall surface reflection signal, while how to eliminate/alleviate the in-wall structure reflection is not well addressed. In many building structures, a layer of reinforced steel bars and utility pipes exist inside the wall which can cause strong clutter to overwhelmingly mask the reflection signal from the targets under test behind the wall. Such clutter cannot be mitigated using the conventional wall clutter removal methods. Thus, a new effective technique to remove the strong inside-wall rebar or pipe reflection is indispensable. Considering the correlated features of the in-wall rebar or pipes and the spatial sparsity of the behind-wall targets under test, a low-rank and sparse representation model-based in-wall clutter suppression algorithm is developed in this letter for target feature enhancement and detection. Experiments on both simulation data and field test data are performed for performance evaluation and validation.

Interfaces in micromorphic materials: Wave transmission and reflection with numerical simulations:

Abstract: Reflection and transmission of elastic waves at the interface between two distinct micromorphic media are considered in the one-dimensional setting. A dual internal variable approach is used for th...