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Reinforcement

About: Reinforcement is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 9207 publications have been published within this topic receiving 265106 citations. The topic is also known as: Reinforcement & Reinforcement, Psychology.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the construct of generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement is used as a model to present a brief on the importance of broad theory and training in theory construction and evaluation in psychology.
Abstract: In this article the construct of generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement is used as a model to present a brief on the importance of broad theory and training in theory construction and evaluation in psychology. Specifically, the extraordinary heuristic

1,181 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The introduction of positive incentives completely wiped out the previously observed performance differences, revealing an equivalent amount of learning among children in the model-rewarded, model-punished, and the no-consequences conditions.
Abstract: The acquisition of imitative responses under the latter conditions appears to be accounted for more adequately by a contiguity theory of observational learning. Some suggestive evidence that the acquisition of matching responses may take place through contiguity, whereas reinforcements administered to a model exert their major influence on the performance of imitatively learned responses, is provided in a study in which models were rewarded or punished for exhibiting aggressive behavior. The number of different physical and verbal imitative responses emitted spontaneously by the children constituted the performance measure. It is evident from the differences reported separately for boys and girls, that the significant effect of the model's reinforcement contingencies is based predominantly on differences among the girls' subgroups. It is evident, however, that contemporaneous reinforcements are unnecessary for the acquisition of new matching responses.

1,177 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors conducted a meta-analysis on the effects of reinforcement/reward on intrinsic motivation and found that reward does not decrease intrinsic motivation, while expected tangible rewards are given to individuals simply for doing a task.
Abstract: This article reviews research on the effects of reinforcement/reward on intrinsic motivation. The main meta-analysis included 96 experimental studies that used between-groups designs to compare rewarded subjects to nonrewarded controls on four measures of intrinsic motivation. Results indicate that, overall, reward does not decrease intrinsic motivation. When interaction effects are examined, findings show that verbal praise produces an increase in intrinsic motivation. The only negative effect appears when expected tangible rewards are given to individuals simply for doing a task. Under this condition, there is a minimal negative effect on intrinsic motivation as measured by time spent on task following the removal of reward. A second analysis was conducted on five studies that used within-subject designs to evaluate the effects of reinforcement on intrinsic motivation; results suggest that reinforcement does not harm an individual’s intrinsic motivation.

1,160 citations

Book
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: The study of conditioning in animals Classical and instrumental conditioning Theoretical analysis of classical conditioning Appetitive and aversive reinforcement Avoidance learning Contiguity and contingency: excitatory and inhibitory conditioning Laws of association Discrimination learning.
Abstract: The study of conditioning in animals Classical and instrumental conditioning Theoretical analysis of classical conditioning Theoretical analysis of instrumental conditioning Appetitive and aversive reinforcement Avoidance learning Contiguity and contingency: excitatory and inhibitory conditioning Laws of association Discrimination learning References Indexes.

1,134 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proposed theoretical scheme represents a shift away from hypothetical "laws of learning" toward an interpretation of behavioral change in terms of interaction and competition among tendencies to action according to principles evolved in phylogeny.
Abstract: Replication and extension of Skinner's "superstition" experiment showed the development of two kinds of behavior at asymptote: interim activities (related to adjunctive behavior) occurred just after food delivery; the terminal response (a discriminated operant) occurred toward the end of the interval and continued until food delivery. These data suggest a view of operant conditioning (the terminal response) in terms of two sets of principles: principles of behavioral variation that describe the origins of behavior "appropriate" to a situation, in advance of reinforcement; and principles of reinforcement that describe the selective elimination of behavior so produced. This approach was supported by (a) an account of the parallels between the Law of Effect and evolution by means of natural selection, (fc) its ability to shed light on persistent problems in learning (e.g., continuity vs. noncontinuity, variability associated with extinction, the relationship between classical and instrumental conditioning, the controversy between behaviorist and cognitive approaches to learning), and (c) its ability to deal with a number of recent anomalies in the learning literature ("instinctive drift," auto-shaping, and auto-maintenance). The interim activities were interpreted in terms of interactions among motivational systems, and this view was supported by a review of the literature on adjunctive behavior and by comparison with similar phenomena in ethology (displacement, redirection, and "vacuum" activities). The proposed theoretical scheme represents a shift away from hypothetical "laws of learning" toward an interpretation of behavioral change in terms of interaction and competition among tendencies to action according to principles evolved in phylogeny.

1,063 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20251
20241
20232,165
20223,914
2021281
2020253