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Showing papers on "Renewable energy published in 1985"


Book
01 Jun 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the first phase of solar involvement of the utility industry with a large amount of data analyzed, including success and failures of different types of experiments.
Abstract: In Volume 6 of the Advances in Solar Energy we have specifically targeted for a review the rich experience of the Power Utilities. Their hands-on experience in a large variety of means to employ solar energy conversion and to evaluate the technical and economical feasibilities is of great importance to their future use. In designing the lay-out for this volume, we wanted to collect all relevant information, including success and failures and wanted to emphasize the lessons learned from each type of experiment. The publication of such a review now has the advantage of a settled experience in the first phase of solar involvement of the utility industry with a large amount of data analyzed. We are confident that this information will be of great value to direct the future development of the solar energy mix within this industry. We have added to this set of reviews three articles which deal with the most promising high-technology part of solar energy conversion using exclusively solid state devices: solar cells. The development over the last two decades from barely 10% to now in excess of 30% conversion efficiency is breathtaking. In addition, the feasibility of economic midrange efficient thin-film technology holds the promise of opening large sc ale markets in the near future. This field will enter head-on competition for large power generation with more conventional technology.

51 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed an economic model for the conversion of water to hydrogen through electrolysis, and then converting hydrogen to electricity via a gas turbine or fuel cells, which would improve the economy of the project and generate additional revenues to the owner.

29 citations


BookDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a spatial-economic analysis of coal-bed Methane, renewable energy, and nuclear power plants in the UK and the US, with the focus on the role of power plant sites in safety philosophy.
Abstract: I. Research Contributions in Energy Geography.- 1. Coal.- 2. Petroleum and Natural Gas.- 3. Nuclear Energy.- 4. Renewable Energy.- 5. Energy Conservation.- II. Resource Development Issues.- 6. Offshore Oil and Gas Development in the North Sea and the Gulf of Mexico.- 7. Location and the Development of Energy Supplies from Biomass Sources.- 8. The Development Potential of New Energy Resources: A Spatial-Economic Analysis of Coalbed Methane.- 9. Planning for Nuclear Power Plant Accidents: Some Neglected Spatial and Behavioral Considerations.- III. Power Plant Siting and Land Use.- 10. Existing and Future Siting Patterns of Electric Utility Power Plants.- 11. Modeling Imperfect Spatial Energy Markets.- 12. Nuclear Power in the US and UK: The Role of Siting in Safety Philosophy.- 13. Energy, Participation and Planning: The Case of Electricity Generation in Great Britain.- 14. Land Requirements for Solar Electricity Alternatives.- IV. Patterns of Energy Use.- 15. The Urban Geography of Residential Energy Consumption.- 16. Spatially-Oriented Energy Consumption Scenarios: Method and Application to Holland.- 17. House Prices and House Buyers: Does Energy Matter?.- 18. Residential Energy Conservation Among the Elderly.- V. Multiregional and Environmental Issues.- 19. Energy-Economic Measures for Selected Economies of the World, 1960-81.- 20. Regional Development as an Entropic Process: A Canadian Example.- 21. Changing Energy Prices and State Revenue.- 22. Constraints on Regional Coal Production in the US: A Time Series Analysis.- 23. Regional Economic Trade-Offs in Sulfur Emissions Control Policy.- 24. Hydroelectric Energy: An Agent of Change in Amazonia (Northern Brazil).- VI. Prospects in Energy Geography.- 25. Geography and Energy: The Quest for Roles and Missions.

29 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the present role of biomass energy, the resource base for future development, some promising energy conversion technologies and uses and a few constraints on the development of bioenergy.

24 citations


DOI
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extend the loss-of-energy-expectation method to evaluate the generation reliability including novel energy sources, and the results are then used to calculate the economic benefits of such sources.
Abstract: There is much interest in using renewable energy sources, such as wind, wave and solar, to generate electrical energy. Unfortunately, such energy sources are intermittent, and, therefore, conventional sources must still be available to meet the demand during quiescent periods. Hence, the reliability and economic assessment of these novel sources cannot be made using standard capacity-replacement-based methods; instead, energyreplacement methods are required. The paper extends the loss-of-energy-expectation method to evaluate the generation reliability including novel energy sources. These results are then used to calculate the economic benefits of such sources. The approach is illustrated using the IEEE reliability test system. Although the paper concentrates on wind energy sources, the technique and approach are applicable to a generation system containing any type of intermittent energy source.

20 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the availability of abundant, inexpensive petroleum fuels and industrial feedstocks lessens, it is important that consideration be given to renewable sources of organic compounds and fuels as alternatives to non-renewable petroleum-based substances.
Abstract: As the availability of abundant, inexpensive petroleum fuels and industrial feedstocks lessens, it is important that consideration be given to renewable sources of organic compounds and fuels as alternatives to non-renewable petroleum-based substances. The actual use of bioenergy has been increasing steadily in recent years indicating that biomass may be destined to become a major source of energy in the world.

19 citations


01 Sep 1985
TL;DR: The thermal energy used was found to be 23,957 GWh, in most instances above a reference temperature of 35 to 40C as mentioned in this paper, and the amount of oil saved by geothermal energy direct uses worldwide was estimated to be about 2.8 million tons per year.
Abstract: District heating is the largest sector of geothermal energy direct use in the world. It holds great promise for further development, especially when operated in conjunction with district cooling. At the end of 1984, the installed thermal power of all direct use projects in the world was about 7072 MW and the associated flow rate, 57,803 kg/s. The thermal energy used was found to be 23,957 GWh, in most instances above a reference temperature of 35 to 40C. The amount of oil saved by geothermal energy direct uses worldwide was estimated to be about 2.8 million tons per year.

16 citations



01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the papers given at a conference on renewable energy sources, which included community energy systems and experience, photovoltaic power generation, biomass conversion plants, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and United Nations Devleopment Program (UNDP) projects, hydroelectric power plants, tidal power plants and wind power plants.
Abstract: This book presents the papers given at a conference on renewable energy sources. Topics considered at the conference included community energy systems and experience, photovoltaic power generation, biomass conversion plants, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and United Nations Devleopment Program (UNDP) projects, hydroelectric power plants, tidal power plants, wind power plants, wave power plants, geothermal resources, solar power plants, and building design.

10 citations


01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the development of efficient solar power systems is dependent on their placement in GEO (SPS) or on the moon (LPS), which poses unacceptably high environmental risks.
Abstract: It is asserted that the development of efficient solar power systems is dependent on their placement in GEO (SPS) or on the moon (LPS). Conventional large scale power sources (fission, coal, hydrocarbons) will eventually be depleted and pose unacceptably high environmental risks. Fusion power plants will need an infrastructure that cannot yet be envisioned. Terrestrial solar, biomass and wind energy plants require large land areas and massive quantities of materials to achieve significant outputs. Orbiting SPS stations offer greater energy output/mass ratios than available on earth. The receiving rectenna would be of nearly the same mass of a large coal-burning power plant. Lunar materials could be used to build the SPS, or power plants on the moon. Lunar and terrestrial rotations would require relays in space to maintain a continuous power stream. The lunar soil, a good dielectric, could be made into a glass or ceramic to support solar cells in arrays covering 10,000 sq km. Finally, actual system features, as well as the necessity of planning for long payoff times in financing, are discussed. 36 references.

01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the papers given at a conference on solar energy, which included solar thermal power plants, central receivers, heliostat flux measurement, ocean thermal Power plants, solar ponds, photovoltaic power supplies, silicon solar cells, solar concentrators, heat storage, wind turbines, hybrid systems, economics, energy policy, hydroelectric power plants and meteorology.
Abstract: This book presents the papers given at a conference on solar energy. Topics considered at the conference included solar thermal power plants, central receivers, heliostat flux measurement, ocean thermal power plants, solar ponds, photovoltaic power supplies, silicon solar cells, solar concentrators, heat storage, wind turbines, hybrid systems, economics, energy policy, hydroelectric power plants, meteorology, the measurement of solar insolation, financing, solar architecture, and photosynthesis.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the development and progress of solar thermal application in Japan and highlighted the role of the government in promoting commercialization of solar heating, cooling and DHW systems, agricultural use, standardization and certification programmes, besides funding the basic R,D and Demonstration projects.

Dissertation
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this article, Bagasse is described as a typical lignocellulosic waste which forms part of a larger class of renewable energy sources called biomass, and various physical methods of conserving renewable energy by improving on the extraction efficiency of such energy from bagasse are investigated.
Abstract: This work was stimulated by the fact that supplies of fossil fuels are finite, while there are abundant renewable forms of energy waiting to be tapped. The current fossil fuels store is reviewed before identifying usable forms of renewable energy which could replace or supplement fossil fuels. Bagasse - a solid byproduct in sugarcane milling - is then described in detail as a typical lignocellulosic waste which forms part of a larger class of renewable energy sources called biomass. The chemical and physical characteristics, as well as world-wide regions of production of bagasse are described. The research work therefore concerned itself with investigating various physical methods of conserving renewable energy by improving on the extraction efficiency of such energy from bagasse. The equipment used for carrying out the research work is described in detail in chapter two. The methods employed in carrying out the investigations are similarly described in the same chapter, detailing every step in the investigations, including any precautions which had to be taken. The crude results from the investigations are analysed in detail in chapter three so that fuel combustion, combustion oxygen demand, heat and mass balances for the process are considered. An analysis of the boiler system - the main equipment in the investigations - is also carried out in chapter three so that temperatures, gas flow patterns, particle elutriations and size distributions of the fuel in the system are established. Conclusions of the investigations are then drawn from the analyses of chapter three. As a prelude to the conclusion of the work, an industrial biomass survey carried out in Tanzania is analysed to show that bagasse is not the only lignocellulosic which is produced industrially, and that reasonable financial savings can be obtained from these other lignocellulosics. The work concludes by describing a few areas of related research interest for further investigation.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The concept of biomass production involves "energy plantations" which produce crops that are used: (a) directly in combustion to replace coal in industrial plants or provide fuel wood for heating and cooling, or (b) used indirectly as biochemically-transformed fuels such as alcohol or methane.
Abstract: As supplies of non-renewable fossil fuels decrease and their costs increase, the need for identification and production of renewable energy resources becomes more urgent. Biomass production from terrestrial plants is renewable, and it could contribute significantly to the world’s energy needs. The concept of biomass production involves ‘energy plantations’ which produce crops that are used: (a) directly in combustion to replace coal in industrial plants or provide fuel wood for heating and cooling, or (b) used indirectly as biochemically-transformed fuels such as alcohol or methane.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a chemical closed-loop cycle based upon catalytic reversible reactions was proposed as a means to transmit hydrogen, and a real example for the application of the proposed system for transportation of secondary energy was considered.

Book
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: RENEWABLE ENERGY EDUCATION and INDUSTRIAL ARTS: LINKING KNOWLEDGE PRODUCERS with Knowledge USERS as discussed by the authors, linking knowledge producers with knowledge consumers.
Abstract: RENEWABLE ENERGY EDUCATION AND INDUSTRIAL ARTS: LINKING KNOWLEDGE PRODUCERS WITH KNOWLEDGE USERS

Book
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy: A Review as mentioned in this paper examines the technological and economic prospects and the problems involved in application of new and renewable energy technologies for development.
Abstract: After an introduction by Morris Miller, Deputy Secretary-General of this conference, the book examines the technological and economic prospects and the problems involved in application of new and renewable energy technologies for development. Next a summary of national developments in both industrialized and Third World countries is followed by the full text of the Nairobi Plan of Action and an examination of the potentials and constraints on applying new and renewable energy sources in the development process. Contents: Preface. The Challenge of the Energy Transition: The UN Response; Synthesis of Technical Reports Prepared for the Conference. National Activities and Trends; The Nairobi Programme of Action. The United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources of Energy: A Review.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An integrated system which utilizes three types of solar energy subsystems for the purpose of air-conditioning (i.e., heating and cooling) in residential buildings has been designed, installed and tested in the KISR solar house, Kuwait.

Book
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed to use geothermal energy as an alternative to the established nuclear fission process and showed that the better use of available heat can be obtained by combined heat and power and by total energy plants.
Abstract: Renewable energy sources (wind, wave, solar, tidal) do not employ finite and dwindling reserves of fossil fuel; their technology is costly; and as their availability is subject to the vagaries of weather or the lunar cycle, they cannot fully replace conventional plant. Geothermal energy is a vast resource, often considered as ‘renewable’. Direct-conversion processes not requiring rotating machinery are small-scale and experimental. Nuclear fusion offers an alternative to the established nuclear fission process. Although not strictly ‘alternative’, schemes for the better use of available heat can be obtained by combined heat and power and by total energy plants.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an energy cost accounting system was developed to encourage the user to minimize his electric consumption during periods of low solar radiation, and a mathematical energy model for the power plant was utilized to predict its output and suggest the optimum operational strategy according to the user's priorities.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In Ireland, the potential use of solar energy in Ireland began shortly after the oil crisis of 1973-74 as discussed by the authors, and various EEC programmes were joined, and national programmes established.
Abstract: SYNOPSIS Consideration of the potential use of solar energy in Ireland began shortly after the oil crisis of 1973–74. Subsequently, various EEC programmes were joined, and national programmes established. In solar thermal energy, work has been ongoing involving collector testing, computer modelling, pilot test facilities, and performance monitoring. Individual projects have included ones connected with absorption cooling systems, ultra-high absorptivity spectral selective surfaces, and demonstration of active air and liquid collector systems including heat pumps, as well as passive systems, in real houses. In the solar photovoltaic area, Ireland houses one of the EEC pilot facilities—a 50 kW,-peak plant running a dairy, where the load is well matched to the supply. National programmes exist in wind energy, biomass, and small-scale hydropower. Wind energy converters are generating electricity or providing mechanical energy for draining land or for water heating. Some research work has been pursued in wave ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the capacity of the canal and the rate of water evaporation in the basin, and showed that the optimal flow of water through the canal depends on the relationship between the optimal canal capacity and the evaporic rate.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 1985-Energy
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compare in detail energy use in California for 1973 and 1983; they also compare U.S. and California patterns for 1983 alone, showing that although energy usage decreased slightly over the decade, it did so concurrently with a 20.5% increase in population.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors point out an idealization of considerable significance in a recent numerical model of a solar pond due to Wang and Akbarzadeh and outline the refinements required in the formulation of the above model.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, methods and techniques for transporting and desalting groundwater supplies using the renewable energy derived from solar photovoltaic systems are discussed, and emphasis is given to the reliability of this type of equipment operating in remote areas far from other power supplies and maintenance facilities.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1985-Geoforum
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of an extensive survey of forest energy development projects throughout the world are presented, therein providing an international perspective on the status of energy plantations and the potential contribution of these projects in the developing nations is examined in greater detail.