Showing papers on "Representation (systemics) published in 1981"

On Representations of Problems of Reasoning about Actions

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the basic issues of choice of representation for problems of reasoning about actions The general problem of representation is concerned with the relationship between different ways of formulating a problem to a problem solving system and the efficiency with which the system can be expected to find a solution to the problem An understanding of the relationship between problem formulation and problem solving efficiency is a prerequisite for the design of procedures that can automatically choose the most appropriate representation of a problem—they can find a point of view of the problem that maximally simplifies the process of finding a solution The chapter discusses a specific problem of transportation scheduling—the missionaries and cannibals problem—to evaluate the effects of alternative formulations of this problem on the expected efficiency of mechanical procedures for solving it and also to examine the processes that come into play when a transition takes place from a given problem formulation into a better one

Behavioral Analysis of Movement

Abstract: The sections in this article are: 1 Single-Movement Control 1.1 Fitts' Law 1.2 Theoretical Interpretations of Single-Movement Control 1.3 Summary of Single-Movement Control 2 Representation of Complex Motor Patterns 2.1 Human Evidence for a Program Concept 2.2 Constraints on Coordination 2.3 Summary and Conclusions

A parallel computation that assigns canonical object-based frames of reference

Abstract: A viewpoint-independent description of the shape of an object can be generated by imposing a canonical frame of reference on the object and describing the spatial dispositions of the parts relative to this object-based frame. When a familiar object is in an unusual orientation, the deciding factor in the choice of the canonical object-based frame may be the fact that relative to this frame the object has a familiar shape description. This may suggest that we first hypothesise an object-based frame and then test the resultant shape description for familiarity. However, it is possible to organise the interactions between units in a parallel network so that the pattern of activity in the network simultaneously converges on a representation of the shape and a representation of the object-based frame of reference. The connections in the network are determined by the constraints inherent in the image formation process.

Methods for quantitative representation of the morphology of molds

Abstract: A semiautomatic method for the quantitative representation of mold morphology is described.

Representation of Moving Rigid Objects Based on Visual Observations

Abstract: A single-camera algorithmic system can learn from observations of scenes with moving rigid objects.

On the Representation of Form and Function

Abstract: structure of the latter is not represented (though this characterization is oversimplified in certain respects). Assuming so, the question of how form and meaning are related now resolves to the question of how S-structure is related to D-structure, and how these two levels are related to LF. In substantial part, this is the question of how GF-È representations are related to GF-È representations. The theory of transformational generative grammar (one variety of generative grammar) offers one answer to these questions, an answer that I think is correct in essence though insufficiently general. The answer is that D-structure, determining GF-È, is mapped onto S-structure by a certain class of rules, grammatical transformations, which perform quite independent functions in the grammar apart from expressing this relation. For example, rules of this type relate the quasi-quantifier who in (24) to the abstract variable that it binds (assuming the LF-representation (25) ), and express the fact that in (26) the subject of the predicate is here is the abstract phrase a man whom you know, along with much eise: (24) who did you think would win (25) for which ÷, ÷ a person, you thought [that ÷ would win] (26) a man is here whom you know Thus one basic assumption of transformational generative grammar is that the rules assigning GF-È, the thematically relevant grammatical functions, to elements of surface form are rules of the same kind that serve many other functions in grammar, rather than being rules of some new and distinct type. Early work in this framework attempted to develop some notion of \"grammatical transformation\" rieh enough to capture a wide r nge of properties of surface form and its relation to GF-È. The notion that was developed (e.g., in the references cited above and much related work) was rieh in descriptive power, and correspondingly weak (though not empty) in explanatory power. Since the early 1960s, and particularly in the past ten years, much effort has been devoted to showing that the class of possible transformations can be substantially reduced without loss of descriptive power through the discovery of quite general conditions that all such rules and the representations they operate on and form must meet. Given such conditions, detailed properties of the rules for particular cases need not be stipulated, so that the variety of possible rules can be reduced and explanatory power correspondingly enhanced. Among the ideas that have been explored are, e.g., the A-over-A condition, the condition of recoverability of deletion, Ross's island conditions, Emonds's analysis

Thomas hobbes and the constituent power of the people

Abstract: The paper examines Hobbes's doctrine of representation and argues that implicit in this doctrine is the modern notion of the people as the constituent power of the state. Attention is focused on th...

C1 quintic interpolation over triangles: Two explicit representations

Abstract: Two explicit representation of a C1 quintic interpolant over triangles are given. These representations are derived by generalization of Coons' methods and Bernstein-Bezier methods, respectively.

Redundancy and linear programs

Abstract: The theoretical results are collected in Chapter 3. Dr Telgen builds on earlier work by Boot (1962), Zionts (1965), Thompson, Tonge and Zionts (1966) and others to construct a general theory of redundancy in linear programming. Telgen distinguishes weakly and strictly redundant inegualities, redundant and implicit equalities. He introduces a concept of minimal representation of a system of linear constraints. The new theoretical work is more general than previous work, which mostly can be regarded as special cases of the general theory now developed. There is little previous work on identifying implicit equalities and on minimal representation.

On the representation of additive principles of premium calculation

Abstract: Two characterizations of mixtures of Esscher principles in terms of additivity combined with other conditions are given.

A direct realistic alternative to the traditional conception of memory

Abstract: In this paper we criticize the commonly accepted theory of memory, and offer an alternative. According to the traditional view, memory is a stored men tal representation of things past. We show, through an analysis of a single act of recognition, the logical oddities to which this view leads. Since, however, these are generally ignored, we also consider those characteristics of the traditional view which apparently make it attractive to those who hold it, namely its con sonance with the commonly held conception of time, its explanation for the fallibility of memory, and its way of making behavior predictable. We then pre sent the alternative view, the direct realist theory. According to it, there is no such thing as a stored mental representation. The theory redefines memory as the perception of sequential structure, and in so doing successfully treats of the fallibility of memory and the necessity for making behavior predictable. More over, and perhaps most importantly, it does not lead to the logical difficulties of the traditional theory.

Representation in Political Theory and in Law

Abstract: I propose to treat here three aspects of the problem of representation. First, I shall try to discover what, basically, we mean by \"representation\" or \"being represented,\" and thus to order and make sensible the apparent variety of meanings exhibited by Beer, Pitkin, and others.' Second, I shall use that basic meaning to attack anew some basic problems in the liberal theory of representation. Finally, I shall suggest how the first two sets of results may help to resolve some of the difficulties in recent American legislation and jurisprudence about representation, including particularly the problems of legislative districting and apportionment. In each case, I will be trying to show how some of the concepts of formal theory can lend clarity and precision; but I am aware that I am neither a mathematician nor a lawyer and that these efforts are therefore perilous. I have been encouraged, however, by recalling an experience from my days as an associate editor of a major political science journal. We received a rather statistical piece on, I think, an African country. Our statistical referee did not think well of it but wrote that it might be of interest to Africanists; the Africanist whom we consulted found little new in it but conceded it might be methodologically interesting; and of course.we published it.

Recent Developments in Representation in the Science of Design

Abstract: A recent goal in computer aided design is the representation of a design artifact in a form sufficient to support all analyses and to determine that the design is realizable. Some aspects of a theory of design representations are presented. Benefits of developing such a theory is discussed.

Spatial Representation in Blind Children. 3: Effects of Individual Differences:

Abstract: Theories of spatial representation in blind people have focused on the type of representation of which they, as a group, are capable. This approach overlooks an important issue, namely, the differe...