Showing papers on "Representation (systemics) published in 1985"

The role of frame-based representation in reasoning

Abstract: A frame-based representation facility contributes to a knowledge system's ability to reason and can assist the system designer in determining strategies for controlling the system's reasoning.

A Representation for the Adaptive Generation of Simple Sequential Programs

Abstract: The authors would like to acknowledge the support from FCT, given under the project POSI/ROBO/43904/2002, which is partially funded by FEDER.

Readings in Knowledge Representation

Abstract: From the Publisher: In Artificial Intelligence, it is often said that the representation of knowledge is the key to the design of robust intelligent systems. In one form or another the principles of Knowledge Representation are fundamental to work in natural language processing, computer vision, knowledge-based expert systems, and other areas. The papers reprinted in this volume have been collected to allow the reader with a general technical background in AI to explore the subtleties of this key subarea. These seminal articles, spanning a quarter-century of research, cover the most important ideas and developments in the representation field. The editors introduce each paper, discuss its relevance and context, and provide an extensive bibliography of other work. Readings in Knowledge Representation is intended to serve as a complete sourcebook for the study of this crucial subject.

Evolving Hierarchical Systems: Their Structure and Representation

Abstract: PrefaceAn Introduction: Structure and Representation of the WorldThe Individual EntitySome Basics of Hierarchical StructureRepresenting a Dynamic System Hierarchically: The Basic Triadic SystemRepresenting a Dynamic System Hierarchically: The Nontransivity of Effects Across LevelsThe Explicit Elaboration of a Hierarchy of NatureOrganic Evolution and the Hierarchy of NatureOrganic Evolution: Its Origin and Hierarchy StructureAppendixGlossaryReferencesIndex

Fair Representation: Meeting the Ideal of One Man, One Vote.

Abstract: The issue of fair representation will take center stage as U.S. congressional districts are reapportioned based on the 2000 Census. Using U.S. history as a guide, the authors develop a theory of fair representation that establishes various principles for translating state populations --or vote totals of parties --into a fair allocation of congressional seats. They conclude that the current apportionment formula cheats the larger states in favor of the smaller, contrary to the intentions of the founding fathers and compromising the Supreme Court's \"\"one man, one vote\"\" rulings. Balinski and Young interweave the theoretical development with a rich historical account of controversies over representation, and show how many of these principles grew out of political contests in the course of United States history. The result is a work that is at once history, politics, and popular science. The book --updated with data from the 1980 and 1990 Census counts --vividly demonstrates that apportionment deals with the very substance of political power.

"I Lied about the Trees" Or, Defaults and Definitions in Knowledge Representation

Abstract: Over the past few years, the notion of a “prototype” (e.g., TYPICAL-ELEPHANT) seems to have caught on securely in knowledge representation research. Along with a way to specify default properties for instances of a description, proto-representations allow the overriding, or “cancelling” of properties that don’t apply in particular cases. This supposedly makes representing exceptions (three-legged elephants and the like) easy; but, alas, it makes one crucial type of representation impossiblethat of composite descriptions whose meanings are functions of the structure and interrelation of their parts. This article explores this and other ramifications of the emphasis on default properties and “typical” objects.

The restricted language architecture of a hybrid representation system

Abstract: Hybrid architectures have been used in several recent knowledge representation systems. This paper explores some distinctions between various hybrid representation architectures, focusing in particular on systems built around restricted representation languages. This restricted language architecture is illustrated by describing KL-TWO, a hybrid reasoner based on the restricted representation facility RUP. The bulk of this paper discusses KL-TWO, its subcomponents, and the techniques used to interface them.

Two basic properties of space representation in the brain: evidence from unilateral neglect.

Abstract: It is argued, on the grounds of earlier findings, that the neural substrate of egocentric space representation has analogue (non-symbolic) topo-topical properties. It is then argued from fresh evidence that space representation appears to be anchored to the sagittal midplane of the trunk and to the line of sight. A tentative reduction of the suggested properties of space representation to the neuro-physiological level is briefly outlined.

Dual coding: a cognitive model for psychoanalytic research.

Abstract: Four theories of mental representation derived from current experimental work in cognitive psychology have been discussed in relation to psychoanalytic theory. These are: verbal mediation theory, in which language determines or mediates thought; perceptual dominance theory, in which imagistic structures are dominant; common code or propositional models, in which all information, perceptual or linguistic, is represented in an abstract, amodal code; and dual coding, in which nonverbal and verbal information are each encoded, in symbolic form, in separate systems specialized for such representation, and connected by a complex system of referential relations. The weight of current empirical evidence supports the dual code theory. However, psychoanalysis has implicitly accepted a mixed model-perceptual dominance theory applying to unconscious representation, and verbal mediation characterizing mature conscious waking thought. The characterization of psychoanalysis, by Schafer, Spence, and others, as a domain in which reality is constructed rather than discovered, reflects the application of this incomplete mixed model. The representations of experience in the patient's mind are seen as without structure of their own, needing to be organized by words, thus vulnerable to distortion or dissolution by the language of the analyst or the patient himself. In these terms, hypothesis testing becomes a meaningless pursuit; the propositions of the theory are no longer falsifiable; the analyst is always more or less "right." This paper suggests that the integrated dual code formulation provides a more coherent theoretical framework for psychoanalysis than the mixed model, with important implications for theory and technique. In terms of dual coding, the problem is not that the nonverbal representations are vulnerable to distortion by words, but that the words that pass back and forth between analyst and patient will not affect the nonverbal schemata at all. Using the dual code formulation, and applying an investigative methodology derived from experimental cognitive psychology, a new approach to the verification of interpretations is possible. Some constructions of a patient's story may be seen as more accurate than others, by virtue of their linkage to stored perceptual representations in long-term memory. We can demonstrate that such linking has occurred in functional or operational terms--through evaluating the representation of imagistic content in the patient's speech.

Speech Traneformatione Based on a Sinusoidal Representation

Abstract: In this paper a new speech analysis/synthesis technique is presented which provides the basis for a general class of speech transformations including time-scale modification, frequency scaling, and pitch modification. These modifications can be performed with a time-varying change, permitting continuous adjustment of a speaker's fundamental frequency and rate of articulation. The method is based on a sinusoidal representation of the speech production mechanism which has been shown to produce synthetic speech that preserves the wave-form shape and is perceptually indistinguishable from the original. Although the analysis/synthesis system was originally designed for single-speaker signals, it is also capable of recovering and modifying nonspeech signals such as music, multiple speakers, marine biologic sounds, and speakers in the presence of interferences such as noise and musical backgrounds.

Realism and Reality: The Novel and Society in India

Abstract: Extract from review: '...Mukherjee's book is valuable as an original, insightful commentary upon the Indian regional novel. Further, it suggests a methodology for examining the means by which other derivative literatures within the colonized world reconciled the demands of western realism with the representation of indigenous realities.' Modern Fiction Studies

Range data processing: representation of surfaces by edges.

Abstract: Representation of surfaces by edges is an important and integral part of a robust 3-D model based recognition scheme. Edges in a range image describe the intrinsic characteristics about the shape of the objects. In this paper we present three approaches for detecting edges in 3-D range data. The approaches are based on computing the gradient, thresholding, thinning and fitting straight lines or curves; fitting 3-D lines to a set of points, and detecting changes in the direction of unit normal vectors on the surface. These approaches are applied locally in a small neighborhood of a point. The neighbors of a 3-D point are found by using the k-d tree algorithm. As compared to previous work on range processing, the approaches presented here are applicable not only to sensor range data corresponding to anyone view of the scene, but also to 3-D model data obtained using the Computer-Aided Geometric Design (CAGD) techniques, and to 3-D model built using the sensor data such as the data obtained by combining several views of an object. We present several examples where the data is synthetically genetrated, obtained from CAGD methods or obtained from a laser scanner. A comparison of the techniques is presnted.

Describing a Robot's Workspace Using a Sequence of Views from a Moving Camera

Abstract: This correspondence describes a method of building and maintaining a spatial respresentation for the workspace of a robot, using a sensor that moves about in the world. From the known camera position at which an image is obtained, and two-dimensional silhouettes of the image, a series of cones is projected to describe the possible positions of the objects in the space. When an object is seen from several viewpoints, the intersections of the cones constrain the position and size of the object. After several views have been processed, the representation of the object begins to resemble its true shape. At all times, the spatial representation contains the best guess at the true situation in the world with uncertainties in position and shape explicitly represented. An octree is used as the data structure for the representation. It not only provides a relatively compact representation, but also allows fast access to information and enables large parts of the workspace to be ignored. The purpose of constructing this representation is not so much to recognize objects as to describe the volumes in the workspace that are occupied and those that are empty. This enables trajectory planning to be carried out, and also provides a means of spatially indexing objects without needing to represent the objects at an extremely fine resolution. The spatial representation is one part of a more complex representation of the workspace used by the sensory system of a robot manipulator in understanding its environment.

A Model of Design Representation and Synthesis

Abstract: To represent the increasingly complex designs being produced today, we have developed1 a unified model of design representation that uses three hierarchical, non-isomorphic domains of description that can be coordinated to represent the entire design. Each of these domains contains multiple levels of abstraction; both the domains and the levels are described in detail in this paper. We then show how this model of design representation can be used as a model of design synthesis. It is hoped that this work will lead to a better understanding of design representation and its relationship to the synthesis process.

System for and method of enhancing images using multiband information

Abstract: A system and method enhances a first pictorial representation of an image within a first frequency band so as to provide an enhanced pictorial representation of the image. The system and method uses information contained within at least one other registered pictorial representation of the image within a second frequency band and having a better resolution than the first pictorial representation of the image. In accordance with the operation of the system and carrying out the steps of method of the present invention, the other pictorial representation is modified, preferably by effectively blurring the representation to the resolution of the first pictorial representation such that local correlation information between the resulting modified pictorial representation and the first pictorial representation are determined and used to generate the enhanced version of the first pictorial representation.

Method for identifying three-dimensional objects using two-dimensional images

Abstract: For recognizing a three-dimensional object from its two-dimensional image which was produced e.g. by a TV camera, a Hough transform representation is generated of the image and specific configurations or structures of the cluster points which constitute the Hough transform representation are determined. The information about these specific configurations is compared to similar information stored for the Hough representation of known object models. By thus relating portions of the image to portions of one or several object models, vertices of the image which are present at line or edge intersections, are related to vertices of the known object model(s). This knowledge about the correspondence of model and object vertex points allows the exact fitting of vertices and thus recognition of the unknown object and its relative orientation. The models may be either primitive objects and the procedure determines of which primitives the unknown object is composed, or the models may be wire frame models each of which completely describes one more complicated object and the procedure determines to which of the models the entire unknown object fits best.

Producing a Continuous and Distance Preserving 5-D Vector Representation of 3-D Orientation

Abstract: Producing a Continuous and Distance Preserving 5-D Vector Representation of 3-D Orientation

A spatial representation system for mobile robots

Abstract: A two dimensional spatial representation system is presented which makes efficient use of distance information for accomplishing common mobile robot tasks. Ways to use the representation for route planning, positioning, and execution monitoring are presented. The representation is very space efficient, and all the transformations to be performed on it are computationally tractable.

Pollock And After: The Critical Debate

Abstract: Contents Preface Looking Forward, Looking Back: 1985-1999 1The Critical Debate and Its Origins 2History: Representation and Misrepresentation - The Case of Abstract Expressionism: Revisionism in the 1970s and early 1980s 3Revisionism Revisited