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Showing papers on "Representation (systemics) published in 1991"



01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: This chapter contains sections titled connectionist Representation and Tensor Product Binding: Definition and Examples, and tensor Product Representation: Properties.
Abstract: This chapter contains sections titled: 1 Introduction, 2 Connectionist Representation and Tensor Product Binding: Definition and Examples, 3 Tensor Product Representation: Properties, 4 Conclusion

515 citations



Patent
09 May 1991
TL;DR: In this paper, a computer user interface that represents information stored in a computer as reprentation objects located on at least one reference surface is disclosed, and a user can magnify or reduce the displayed information by "zooming" in or out.
Abstract: A computer user interface that represents information stored in a computer as reprentation objects located on at least one reference surface is disclosed. A user can magnify or reduce the displayed information by "zooming" in or out. The magnification operation displays a smaller portion of a particular surface, but each object that remains in view is displayed in greater size and/or detail. Similarly, the reduction operation displays a larger portion of a given surface, but each object within such surface is displayed in a smaller size and/or less detail. In order to view one part of the surface from another part of the surface or from another surface, a special type of an object, called a representation portal object, is provided. A graphical description of each object is physically stored in computer memory essentially as a sequence of compressed image representations. The first image in the sequence is a bit-mapped representation of an object as it was created, and each subsequent image is a reduced copy of the first image.

373 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a representation of decision-making in principle consistent with behavioural evidence is proposed, and the endogenous emergence of "innovations" in the forms of unexpected events and novel behaviours is also examined.
Abstract: Different sources of uncertainty are analysed and a representation of decision-making in principle consistent with behavioural evidence is proposed. The endogenous emergence of “innovations”, in the forms of unexpected events and novel behaviours is also examined.

265 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 1991-Synthese
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that a number of important, and seemingly disparate, types of representation are species of a single relation, here called structural representation, that can be described in detail and studied in a way that is of considerable philosophical interest.
Abstract: It is argued that a number of important, and seemingly disparate, types of representation are species of a single relation, here called structural representation, that can be described in detail and studied in a way that is of considerable philosophical interest. A structural representation depends on the existence of a common structure between a representation and that which it represents, and it is important because it allows us to reason directly about the representation in order to draw conclusions about the phenomenon that it depicts. The present goal is to give a general and precise account of structural representation, then to use that account to illuminate several problems of current philosophical interest — including some that do not initially seem to involve representation at all. In particular, it is argued that ontological reductions (like that of the natural numbers to sets), compositional accounts of semantics, several important sorts of mental representation, and (perhaps) possible worlds semantics for intensional logics are all species of structural representation and are fruitfully studied in the framework developed here.

256 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that logical soundness, completeness, and worst-case complexity are inadequate measures for evaluating the utility of representation services, and that this evaluation should employ the broader notions of utility and rationality found in decision theory.

216 citations


Journal ArticleDOI

214 citations


Book
01 Mar 1991
TL;DR: Representation and models - knowledge representation, general aspects, logic and objects, situational versus analytical knowledge symbolic reasoning - search, production systems, problem solving uncertainty and belief revision - representation of uncertainty, belief revision human-machine interaction - sharing intelligence, user interfaces, advanced interaction media, knowledge acquisition.
Abstract: Representation and models - knowledge representation, general aspects, logic and objects, situational versus analytical knowledge symbolic reasoning - search, production systems, problem solving uncertainty and belief revision - representation of uncertainty, belief revision human-machine interaction - sharing intelligence, user interfaces, advanced interaction media, knowledge acquisition.

200 citations


ReportDOI
01 Feb 1991
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the nature of representations in connectionist models and show that connectionist representations can indeed possess internal structure and enable systematic behavior, and that a mechanism which is sensitive to context is capable of capturing generalizations of varying degrees of abstractness.
Abstract: : This paper focuses on the nature of representations in connectionist models. It addresses two issues: Can connectionist models develop representations which possess internal structure and which provide the basis for productive and systematic behavior; and Can representations which are fundamentally context-sensitive support grammatical behavior which appears to be abstract and general? Results from two simulations are reported.. The simulations address problems in the distinction between type and token, the representation of lexical categories, and the representation of grammatical structure. The results suggest that connectionist representations can indeed possess internal structure and enable systematic behavior, and that a mechanism which is sensitive to context is capable of capturing generalizations of varying degrees of abstractness.

186 citations


Patent
29 Jan 1991
TL;DR: In this article, a method of classifying cells based upon their morphology was proposed, including the steps of obtaining a first image of at least part of a cytological specimen, classifying objects in the first image on the basis of a predetermined criteria, obtaining a second image of one of the objects most likely to have a predefined criteria, and displaying at least some of the second image to produce a visual display of the object most likely having a pre-defined criteria.
Abstract: A method of classifying cells based upon their morphology includes a method of classifying objects in a cytological specimen, including the steps of obtaining a first image of at least part of a cytological specimen, classifying objects in the first image on the basis of a predetermined criteria, obtaining a second image of at least one of the objects most likely to have a predetermined criteria, and displaying at least part of the second image to produce a visual display of at least one of the objects most likely to have a predetermined criteria. The method of classifying objects in a specimen includes the steps of obtaining a first digital representation of at least part of the cytological specimen, storing the first digital representation, performing a first filtering operation to filter out images in the first representation that are the approximate size of a malignant or premalignant cell or smaller to produce a second digital representation, removing the images in the second representation from the images in the first representation to produce a third representation, performing a second filtering operation to filter out images in the first representation that are the approximate size of premalignant or malignant cell or larger than the approximate size of a premalignant or malignant cell to produce a fourth representation, and eliminating the images in the fourth representation from the images in the third representation to produce a representation having substantially only images the approximate size of a premalignant or malignant cell.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This is, to the authors' knowledge, the first implemented system to explore the use of a purely function-based definition of an object category (that is, no explicit geometric or structural model) to recognize 3D objects.
Abstract: An attempt is made to demonstrate the feasibility of defining an object category in terms of the functional properties shared by all objects in the category. This form of representation should allow much greater generality. A complete system has been implemented that takes the boundary surface description of a 3D object as its input and attempts to recognize whether the object belongs to the category 'chair' and, if so, into which subcategory if falls. This is, to the authors' knowledge, the first implemented system to explore the use of a purely function-based definition of an object category (that is, no explicit geometric or structural model) to recognize 3D objects. System competence has been evaluated on a database of over 100 objects, and the results largely agree with human interpretation of the objects. >


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Progress toward a device representation that organizes knowledge based on functionality is described, and the functional representation described provides a package that shows the relationship among structure, function, and behavior.
Abstract: Progress toward a device representation that organizes knowledge based on functionality is described. Device representation involves theories about languages for representing structure, commitments for representing behavior, and kinds of causation needed to represent behaviors. The current focus is on the first two issues. The functional representation described provides a package that shows the relationship among structure, function, and behavior. Knowledge of this relationship provides basic, task-independent, intrinsic capabilities: simulation, i.e., given changes in a devices structure, what can be determined about changes in functionality; identification of structural cause. i.e. given changes in function (malfunction or reduced effects), what changes in structure could account for them; and identification of functional components, i.e. given a specific component, what functional purpose it provides. The structure of this functional representation, organized around functional packages, provides the means by which these capabilities can be accomplished. >

Book
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: Part 1 Defining thinking: thinking as association of ideas, response to biological demands, adaption to the environment, cognitive restructuring of situations, resolving discrepancies, and definition of representation.
Abstract: Part 1 Defining thinking: thinking as association of ideas, response to biological demands, adaption to the environment, cognitive restructuring of situations, resolving discrepancies. Part 2 Reasoning: insight learning - a chimpanzee insight cognitive style - uses for a brick human reasoning - processing negative statements, probabilistic reasoning. Part 3 Representation: concept formation schemas scripts cognitive maps. Part 4 The development of representation: modes of representation - enactive representation, iconic representation, symbolic representation, representation and revision strategies the development of schemata, the body schema, assimilation, accommodation. Part 5 Problem-solving: trial and error learning learning sets mental sets lateral thinking brainstorming. Part 6 Computer modelling: computer simulation artificial intelligence - expert systems.


Proceedings Article
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: A reasoning system based on a temporal logic that can solve planning problems along the lines of traditional planning systems and other modes of plan reasoning, such as plan recognition or plan monitoring, can be formalized within the same framework.
Abstract: This paper describes a reasoning system based on a temporal logic that can solve planning problems along the lines of traditional planning systems. Because it is cast as inference in a general representation, however, the ranges of problems that can be described is considerably greater than in traditional planning systems. In addition, other modes of plan reasoning, such as plan recognition or plan monitoring, can be formalized within the same framework.

Book
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the relationship between siciety and the physical world through representation, the artistic re-creation of the physical worlds, which reflects interpretation, and explore the relationships between the two.
Abstract: This volume explores the relationship between siciety and the physical world through representation - the artistic re-creation of the physical world - which reflects interpretation.

Book
31 Jul 1991
TL;DR: The foundations of education -the foundations of free-flow play existing theories of play -were important influences of the development of Free-Flow Play and its features firsthand experiences.
Abstract: The foundations of education - the foundations of free-flow play existing theories of play important influences of the development of free-flow play free-flow play and its features firsthand experiences - the bedrock of free-flow play games, humour and representation better theoretical support practical strategies the three Rs of early chidhood education.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper gave explicit expressions for the singular vectors in highest weight representations of the Virasoro algebra using a precise definition of fusion, and gave explicit expression for singular vectors for the highest weight representation of the algebra.

Book
01 May 1991
TL;DR: This text discusses the most popular knowledge representation languages - logic, production rules, semantics (networked and frames), and also provides a short introduction to AI systems that combine various knowlege representation languages.
Abstract: Most researchers to date in artificial intelligence has been based on the knowledge representation hypothesis, that is, the assumption that in any artificial intelligence (AI) programme there is a separate module which represents the information that the programme has about the world. As a result, a number of so-called knowlege representation formalisms have been developed for representing this kind of information in a computer. This text discusses the most popular knowledge representation languages - logic, production rules, semantics (networked and frames), and also provides a short introduction to AI systems that combine various knowledge representation languages. The knowlege representation hypothesis has been challenged by the re-emergence of a new style of computing, variously called parallel distributed processing, connectionism, or neural networks. These approaches are discussed in a separate chapter, and the arguments in favour of and against parallel distributed processing are reviewed.

Book
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a representation of SFP and a logic of the SFP, and a Mu-Calculus for stable domains, including stable neighborhoods and disjunctive logics.
Abstract: I SFP Domains.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Prerequisites.- 3 A Representation of SFP.- 4 A Logic of SFP.- 5 A Mu-Calculus.- II Stable Domains.- 6 Categories.- 7 A Representation of DI.- 8 Stable Neighborhoods.- 9 Disjunctive Logics.- 10 Research Topics.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The process of matching the type of information of interest with the ability of the different representation properties to convey this information is formalized in a generic framework and the advantages over ad hoc display approaches are examined.
Abstract: The process of matching the type of information of interest with the ability of the different representation properties to convey this information is formalized in a generic framework. Visualization approaches are discussed, and the natural scene paradigm on which the methodology for choosing a representation is based is described. Data types and interpretation aims are explored. The use of the paradigm, the matching process, and implementation and display of the representation are described. The advantages of the methodology over ad hoc display approaches are examined. >

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Sep 1991
TL;DR: The system the authors have designed utilizes visually displayed graphic structures and a direct manipulation interface style to supply an integrated environment for retrieval to help overcome some of the difficulties of orientation and navigation in large information structures.
Abstract: Document retrieval is a highly interactive process dealing with large amounts of information. Visual representations em both provide a means for managing the complexity of large information structures and support an interface style well suited to interactive manipulation. The system we have designed utilizes visually displayed graphic structures and a direct manipulation interface style to supply an integrated environment for retrieval. A common visually displayed network structure is used for query, document conteng and term relations. A query can be modified through direct manipulation of its visual form by incorporating terms from any other information structure the system displays An associative thesaurus of terms and an interdocument network provide information about a document collection that can complement other retrieval aids Visualization of these large data structures makes use of fisheye views and overview diagrams to help overcome some of the difficulties of orientation and navigation in large information structures

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A procedure that integrates several techniques for recognizing causal relationships in expository text is described, which yields a knowledge representation consisting of classifications of the causal relationships contained in a text.