Showing papers on "Representation (systemics) published in 1995"

The knowledge level

Abstract: : This paper focuses on a basic substantive problem: the nature of knowledge and representation. There are ample indications that artificial intelligence is in need of substantial work in this area. The paper proposes a theory of the nature of knowledge, namely, that there is another computer system level immediately above the symbol (or program) level. The nature of computer system levels is reviewed, the new level proposed, and its definition is treated in detail. Knowledge itself is the processing medium at this level and the principle of rationality plays a central role. Some consequences of the existence of the knowledge level and some relations to other fields are discussed.

Increased Cortical Representation of the Fingers of the Left Hand in String Players

Abstract: Magnetic source imaging revealed that the cortical representation of the digits of the left hand of string players was larger than that in controls. The effect was smallest for the left thumb, and no such differences were observed for the representations of the right hand digits. The amount of cortical reorganization in the representation of the fingering digits was correlated with the age at which the person had begun to play. These results suggest that the representation of different parts of the body in the primary somatosensory cortex of humans depends on use and changes to conform to the current needs and experiences of the individual.

How Maps Work: Representation, Visualization, and Design

Abstract: Part 1 How meaning is derived from maps: taking a scientific approach in improving map representation and design an information processing view of vision and visual cognition - cartographic implications how maps are seen how maps are understood. Part 2 How maps are imbued with meaning: a Primer On Semiotics For Understanding Map Representation A Functional approach to map representation - semantics and syntactics of map signs a lexical approach to map representation - map pragmatics. Part 3 How maps are used - applications in geographical visualization: GVIS - facilitating visual thinking GVIS - relationship in space and time GVIS - should we believe what we see.

Brain regions associated with retrieval of structurally coherent visual information

Abstract: An object's global, three-dimensional structure may be represented by a specialized brain system involving regions of inferior temporal cortex1–3. This system's role in object representation can be understood by experiments in which people study drawings of novel objects with possible or impossible three-dimensional structures, and later make either possible/impossible object decisions or old/ new recognition decisions about briefly flashed studied and non-studied objects. Although object decisions about possible objects are facilitated by prior study, there is no corresponding facilitation for impossible objects, thereby implicating a system that is specifically involved in the representation of structurally coherent visual objects4. Here we show, by positron emission tomography (PET), that increases in blood flow in inferior temporal regions are associated with object decisions about possible but not impossible objects, and that there are increases in the vicinity of the hippocampal formation associated with episodic recognition of possible objects.

Pushmi-pullyu representations

Abstract: One of the main tenets of current teleosemantic theories is that simple representations are PushmiPullyu states, i.e. they carry descriptive and imperative content at the same time. In the paper I present an argument that shows that if we add this claim to the core tenets of teleosemantics, then (1) it entails that, necessarily, all representations are Pushmi-Pullyu states and (2) it undermines one of the main motivations for the Pushmi-Pullyu account.

Fully proportional representation

Abstract: Even though voters can have complex preferences over multiple candidates or parties, all extant electoral systems provide political representation based solely or primarily on voters' first preferences. I present a new concept of proportional representation that takes account of voters' preferences over the full list of alternatives—fully proportional representation (FPR)—and schemes for its implementation. I outline a “pure” FPR scheme, but because this scheme would have several undesirable features when used by real voters, I also discuss modifications that account for these difficulties. Although there are a variety of interpretations of the role played by voting in democracy, several can be shown to suggest FPR as a normative ideal. Fully proportional representation provides us with new ways to conceptualize existing electoral systems, a new standard against which alternative systems can be evaluated, and several feasible alternatives for approximating this new ideal.

Object-oriented data access framework system

Abstract: An object-oriented user interface utilizes object-oriented controls that operate together and compartmentalize the response code in three separate objects. The first object is called an interactable object and is incorporated into the application program. The interactable object includes a displayable representation generically referred to as an icon and a number of methods for manipulating the icon display. The display itself is managed by a second object called a view object which is associated with the display screen. The view object monitors and tracks the position of the icons on the display screen. The view object and the interactable objects are coordinated by means of an interaction object which receives input messages and event signals generated by mouse movements, mouse button presses, keyboard key presses and position information generated by the view object. Based on a collective determination of all of the information, the interaction object invokes logic in the interactable objects to cause the objects to change the displayed information.

A spherical representation for recognition of free-form surfaces

Abstract: Introduces a new surface representation for recognizing curved objects. The authors approach begins by representing an object by a discrete mesh of points built from range data or from a geometric model of the object. The mesh is computed from the data by deforming a standard shaped mesh, for example, an ellipsoid, until it fits the surface of the object. The authors define local regularity constraints that the mesh must satisfy. The authors then define a canonical mapping between the mesh describing the object and a standard spherical mesh. A surface curvature index that is pose-invariant is stored at every node of the mesh. The authors use this object representation for recognition by comparing the spherical model of a reference object with the model extracted from a new observed scene. The authors show how the similarity between reference model and observed data can be evaluated and they show how the pose of the reference object in the observed scene can be easily computed using this representation. The authors present results on real range images which show that this approach to modelling and recognizing 3D objects has three main advantages: (1) it is applicable to complex curved surfaces that cannot be handled by conventional techniques; (2) it reduces the recognition problem to the computation of similarity between spherical distributions; in particular, the recognition algorithm does not require any combinatorial search; and (3) even though it is based on a spherical mapping, the approach can handle occlusions and partial views. >

Visual programming tool for developing software applications

Abstract: A visual programming method implemented on a computer having a display screen and an input device which a user employs to draw visual representations on the display screen, including the steps of defining and supporting by computer implemented steps a set of object classes including a linking object class; in response to input from the user, selecting a first object class; in response to the user using the input device to draw a first visual representation on the display screen, generating a source object, which is an instance of the first object class and having a first set of events associated therewith; in response to input from the user, selecting a second object class; and in response to the user using the input device to draw a second visual representation on the display screen, generating a destination object, which is an instance of the second object class; in response to input from the user, selecting the linking object class; and in response to the user using the input device to draw a third visual representation that connects the first and second visual representations, generating a linking object, which is an instance of the linking object class and has associated therewith a set of user selectable predefined behaviors, each of which is in the form of a set of commands that defines actions that occur to the destination object in response to an occurrence of one of the events of the first set of events.

Geometrical Pictures: Kinds of Representation and Specific Processings

Abstract: It seems obvious to contrast physical representation (a drawing on paper or on a screen) of an object with mental images of this same object. However, there is an important contrast which attracts less attention, between a drawing of a physical object (a house, for example, outlined by a square with a triangle at the top and rectangles for the door…) and a drawing of a geometrical figure (square, circle, triangle…).

Artificial Intelligence: Theory and Practice

Abstract: 1. Introduction. 2. Symbolic Reasoning. 3. Representation and Logic. 4. Search. 5. Learning. 6. Advanced Representation. 7. Planning. 8. Uncertainty. 9. Image Understanding. 10. Natural Language Processing. 0805325476T04062001

The appeal of parallel distributed processing

Abstract: This chapter contains sections titled: Parallel Distributed Processing, Examples Of PDP Models, Representation and Learning in PDP Models, Origins of Parallel Distributed Processing, Acknowledgments

System and method for the time representation of tasks

Abstract: The graphical time representation of tasks for depicting both graphical representation of tasks and alphanumeric representation of tasks. The graphical and alphanumeric representation of tasks are linked so that designation of a timebar results in the designation of a corresponding timecell and vice versa. The timebars and timecells can be manipulated in a coordinated manner. Timebars automatically display symbols indication of the type of manipulation permitted upon designation by a user.

On representation of

Abstract: A construction is presented which gives a possibility of describing ternary relations. Graphical representation of ternary relations is noted.

Authentication of articles

Abstract: A method and apparatus for authenticating articles using the steps of determining a distinguishing physical or chemical characteristic of an article, encoding that physical or chemical characteristic as an encoded characteristic, encrypting the encoded characteristic so derived to form an encrypted representation using a secret encryption key, applying that encrypted representation to the article, subsequently authenticating the article by redetermining the physical or chemical characteristic and reading and decrypting the encrypted representation and comparing the resulting encoded characteristic of the recorded physical or chemical characteristic with the redetermined physical or chemical characteristic to determine the authenticity of the article.

Method and apparatus for displaying translucent overlapping graphical objects on a computer monitor

Abstract: A method and apparatus for displaying translucent, overlapping graphical objects, e.g., windows, on a computer monitor. In the system, a graphical representation of a first object is displayed on the monitor of the computer. Then, a graphical representation of a second object is displayed on the monitor overlaying and obscuring at least a portion of the first object. The system displays a vestigial representation of a portion of the first object obscured by the second object through the second object. Typically, the vestigial representation comprises an outline of the object, although other graphical representations could also be used. Moreover, multiple such overlapping objects may be displayed on the monitor in a similar manner. The system accepts a command from the user to identify and designate a lower level object as a top level object. In pen-based PCs, the command is a pen gesture, and preferably, the drawing of the Greek “gamma” character or γ.

Neural representation of temporal patterns

Abstract: Papers from the April 1993 workshop present findings on questions related to temporal pattern representation and discuss possible future strategies for studying temporal pattern analysis, detailing the many approaches to the representation of time-varying information in the nervous system Contains